Skip to main content

Gender and Electoral Behavior

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights

Part of the book series: Gender and Politics ((GAP))

Abstract

Kittilson examines the general contours of men and women’s electoral participation and voting preferences in the post-World War II era through the theoretical lens of the “gender gap.” She provides an overview of gender gaps in voter participation and vote preferences around the world, focusing on cross-national and cross-temporal variations. Although early research was largely limited to the USA and Western Europe, more recent literature examines Eastern and Central Europe, Latin America, and Africa. Overall, gender differences in voter participation have narrowed in recent decades, such that today women are as likely as men to cast a ballot on election day. At the same time, gaps in vote choice have reversed direction: Whereas women tended to vote more conservatively than men, they now vote more progressively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abendschon, Simone, and Stephanie Steinmetz. 2014. The Gender Gap in Voting Revisited: Women’s Party Preferences in a European Context. Social Politics 21 (2): 315–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, Kristi. 1975. Working Women and Political Participation, 1952–1972. American Journal of Political Science 19 (3): 439–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Nancy Carrillo. 2007. More Is Better: The Influence of Collective Female Descriptive Representation on External Efficacy. Politics & Gender 3 (1): 79–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith, Karen. 1986. American Women and Political Participation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bejarano, Christina E. 2014. Latino Gender and Generation Gaps in Political Ideology. Politics & Gender 10 (1): 62–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Suzanna De Boef, and Tse-Min Lin. 2004. The Dynamics of the Partisan Gender Gap. American Political Science Review 98 (3): 515–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, Nancy. 2007. Gender in the Aggregate, Gender in the Individual, Gender and Political Action. Politics & Gender 3 (1): 104–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Rosie. 2006. Gender and the Vote in Britain. Colchester: ECPR Press Monographs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents. Journal of Politics 68 (2): 233–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donal Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, Susan. 1988. Women’s Autonomy and the Gender Gap. In Politics of the Gender Gap, ed. Carol Mueller. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • CAWP. 2000. Sex Differences in Voting Turnout. www.cawp.org.

  • Cheney, Carol Kennedy, R. Michael Alvarez, and Jonathan Nagler. 1998. Explaining the Gender Gap in U.S. Presidential Elections. Political Research Quarterly 51 (2): 311–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christy, Carol A. 1987. Sex Differences in Political Participation: Processes of Change in Fourteen Nations. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, Amanda. 2015. Women’s Political Engagement Under Quota-Mandated Female Representation: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment. Comparative Political Studies 48 (3): 333–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffé, Hilde, and Catherine Bolzendahl. 2010. Same Game, Different Rules? Gender Differences in Political Participation. Sex Roles 62 (5–6): 318–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, M. Margaret. 2001. Women and Political Participation. Political Science and Politics 34 (2): 231–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpini, Delli, X. Michael, and Scott Keeter. 1997. What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desposato, Scott, and Barbara Norrander. 2009. The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and Individual Influences on Gender and Political Participation. British Journal of Political Science 39 (1): 141–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, Kathleen. 2006. Symbolic Mobilization? The Impact of Candidate Sex in American Elections. American Politics Research 34 (6): 687–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duverger, Maurice. 1955. The Political Role of Women. UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmenegger, Patrick, and Philip Manow. 2014. Religion and the Gender Vote Gap: Women’s Changed Political Preferences from the 1970s to 2010. Politics & Society 42 (2): 166–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espinal, Rosario, and Shanyang Zhao. 2015. Gender Gaps in Civic and Political Participation in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 57 (1): 123–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschet, Susan, Mona Lena Krook, and Jennifer M. Piscopo (eds.). 2012. The Impact of Gender Quotas. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giger, Nathalie. 2009. Toward a Modern Gender Gap in Europe? A Comparative Analysis of Voting Behavior in 12 Countries. Social Science Journal 46: 474–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinojosa, Magda, Kim Fridkin, and Miki Kittilson. 2017. The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Persistent Gender Gaps. Politics, Groups and Identities 5 (3): 435–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Immerzeel, Tim, Hilde Coffe, and Tanja van der Lippe. 2015. Explaining the Gender Gap in Radical Right Voting: A Cross-National Investigation in 12 Western European Countries. Comparative European Politics 12 (2): 263–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. 2000. The Developmental Theory of the Gender Gap: Women’s and Men’s Voting Behavior in Global Perspective. International Political Science Review 21 (4): 441–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, Torben, and Frances Rosenbluth. 2006. The Political Economy of Gender: Explaining Cross-National Variation in the Gender Division of Labor and Gender Voting Gap. American Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, M. Kent, and Richard Niemi. 1981. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, Karen M., and John R. Petrocik. 1999. The Changing Politics of American Men: Understanding the Sources of the Gender Gap. American Journal of Political Science 43 (3): 864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karp, Jeffrey A., and Susan A. Banducci. 2008. When Politics Is Not Just a Man’s Game: Women’s Representation and Political Engagement. Electoral Studies 27 (1): 105–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2010. Comparing Gender, Institutions and Political Behavior: Toward an Integrated Theoretical Framework. Perspectives on Politics 8 (1): 217–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2015. Gender and Political Behavior. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittilson, Miki Caul, and Leslie Schwindt-Bayer. 2012. The Gendered Effects of Electoral Institutions: Political Engagement and Participation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Shan-Jan Sarah, and Lee Ann Banaszak. 2017. Do Government Positions Held by Women Matter? A Cross-National Examination of Female Ministers’ Impacts on Women’s Political Participation. Politics & Gender 13 (1): 132–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, Pippa. 1999. Women’s Power at the Ballot Box: Voter Turnout from 1945 to 2000, A Global Report on Political Participation. Stockholm: International IDEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quota Project. 2017. Gender Quotas Database. IDEA. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender-quotas. Accessed 20 Aug 2017.

  • Sapiro, Virginia, and Pamela Conover. 1997. The Variable Gender Basis of Electoral Politics: Gender and Context in the 1992 US Election. British Journal of Political Science 27 (4): 497–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2011. Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Participation in Latin America. Working Paper, Americas Barometer Small Grants and Data Award Recipients.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spierings, Niels, and Andrej Zaslove. 2015. Gendering the Vote for Populist Radical-Right Parties. Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1): 135–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Verba, Sidney, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim. 1978. Participation and Political Equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolbrecht, Christina, and David E. Campbell. 2007. Leading by Example: Female Members of Parliament as Political Role Models. American Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 921–939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zetterberg, Pär. 2008. The Downside of Gender Quotas? Institutional Constraints on Women in Mexican State Legislatures. Parliamentary Affairs 61 (3): 442–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zetterberg, Pär. 2009. Do Gender Quotas Foster Women’s Political Engagement? Lessons from Latin America. Political Research Quarterly 62 (4): 715–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miki Caul Kittilson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kittilson, M.C. (2019). Gender and Electoral Behavior. In: Franceschet, S., Krook, M.L., Tan, N. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights. Gender and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics