Der Einfluss von Infektionen auf die Entstehung von Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter

 

 Permissions and Reprints

Die Entstehung von Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter wird schon seit langem mit dem Auftreten von Atemwegsinfektionen in Verbindung gebracht. Im Folgenden soll die Rolle von Infektionen bei der Auslösung akuter obstruktiver Atemwegssymptome und ihr Einfluss auf die Entstehung allergischen Asthmas behandelt werden.

Literatur

• 1 Busse W W. Respiratory infections: Their role in airway responsiveness and the pathogenesis of asthma.  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;  85 671-683
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Cypar D, Stark J, Lemanske Jr R F. The impact of respiratory infections on asthma.  Ped Clin North Am. 1992;  39 1259-1276
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Johnston S L, Pattemore P K, Sanderson G, Smith S, Lampe F, Josephs L K, Symington P, O'Toole S, Myint S H, Tyrrell D AJ, Holgate S T. Community study of the role of virus infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9 - 11 year old children.  Br Med J. 1995;  310 1225-1228
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Johnston S L, Pattemore P K, Sanderson G, Smith S, Campbell M J, Josephs L K, Cunningham A, Robinson B S, Myint S H, Ward M J, Tyrrell D AJ, Holgate S T. The association of upper respiratory infections with hospital admissions for asthma in adults and children: a time trend analysis.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1996;  154 654-660
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Johnston S L. The role of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in asthma pathogenesis.  Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999;  Supp 18 141-143
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 McIntosh K, Ellis E F, Hoffman L S, Lybass T G, Eller J J, Fulginiti V A. The association of viral and bacterial respiratory infections with the exacerbation of wheezing in young asthmatic children.  J Pediatr. 1973;  82 578-590
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Pattemore P K, Johnson S L, Bardin P G. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. I. Epidemiology.  Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;  22 325-336
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Duff A L, Pomeranz E S, Gelber L E, Price W, Farris H, Hayden F G, Platts-Mills T AE, Heymann P W. Risk factors for acute wheezing in infants and children: viruses, passive smoke, and IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens.  Pediatrics. 1993;  92 535-540
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Martinez F D, Morgan W J, Wright A L, Holberg C J, Taussig L M. Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants.  N Engl J Med. 1988;  319 1112-1117
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Martinez F D, Morgan W J, Wright A L, Holberg C J, Taussig L M. Initial airway function is a risk factor for recurrent wheezing respiratory illness during the first 3 years of life.  Am Rev Resp Dis. 1991;  143 312-316
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Martinez F D, Wright A L, Taussig L M, Holberg C J, Halonen M, Morgan W J. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life.  N Engl J Med. 1995;  332 133-137
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Martinez F D, Stern D A, Wright A L, Taussig L M, Halonen M. Differential immune responses to acute lower respiratory illness in early life and subsequent development of persistent wheezing and asthma.  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;  102 915-920
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Gern J E, Galagan D M, Jarjour N N, Dick E C, Busse W W. Detection of rhinovirus RNA in lower airway cells during experimentally induced infection.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;  155 1159-1161
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Fraenkel D J, Bardin P G, Sanderson G, Lampe F, Johnston S L, Holgate S T. Lower airways inflammation during rhinovirus colds in normal and asthmatic subjects.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1995;  151 879-886
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 Wohl M EB. Bronchiolitis. In: Chernick V, Kendrig Jr EL, eds. Disorders of the respiratory tract in children. 5th ed W. B. Saunders 1990: 360-370
  Google Scholar
• 16 Neilson K A, Yunis E J. Demonstration of respiratory syncytial virus in an autopsy series.  Pediatr Pathol. 1990;  10 491-502
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Wang S Z, Forsyth K D. Asthma and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy: is there a link.  Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;  28 927-935
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Garofalo R, Kimpen J LL, Welliver R C, Ogra P L. Eosinophil degranulation in the respiratory tract during naturally acquired respiratory syncytial virus infection.  J Pediatr. 1992;  120 28-32
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Garofalo R, Dorris A, Ahlstedt S, Welliver R C. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic protein content of respiratory secretions in bronchiolitis: relationship to severity of disease.  Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1994;  5 111-117
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Kimpen J LL, Garofalo R, Welliver R C, Ogra P L. Activation of human eosinophils in vitro by respiratory syncytial virus.  Pediatr Res. 1992;  32 160-164
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Noah T L, Becker S. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced cytokine production by a human bronchial epithelial cell line.  Am J Physiol. 1993;  265 L472-L478
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Arnold R, Humbert B, Werchau H, Gallati H, Konig W. Interleukin-8, interleukin-6, and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type I release from a human pulmonary epithelial cell line (A549) exposed to respiratory syncytial virus.  Immunology. 1994;  82 126-133
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Becker S, Quay J, Soukup J. Cytokine (tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 and IL-8) production by respiratory syncytial virus-infected human alveolar macrophages.  J Immunol. 1991;  147 4307-4312
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Levandowski R, Ou D, Jackson G. Acute-phase decrease of T-lymphocyte subsets in rhinovirus infection.  J Infect Dis. 1986;  153 743-748
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Levandowski R, Weaver C, Jackson G. Nasal secretion leucocyte populations determined by flow cytometry during acute rhinovirus infection.  J Med Virol. 1988;  25 423-432
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Folkerts G, Busse W W, Nijkamp F P, Sorkness R, Gern J E. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;  157 1708-1720
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Schwarze J, Hamelmann E, Bradley K L, Takeda K, Gelfand E W. Respiratory syncytial virus infection results in airway hyperresponsiveness and enhanced airway sensitization to allergen.  J Clin Invest. 1997;  100 226-233
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Schwarze J, Cieslewicz G, Joetham A, Ikemura T, Hamelmann E, Gelfand E W. CD8 T cells are essential in the development of respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness.  J Immunol. 1999;  162 4207-4211
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Coyle A J, Erard F, Bertrand C, Walti S, Pircher H, Le Gros G. Virus-specific CD8+ cells can switch to interleukin 5 production and induce airway eosinophilia.  J Exp Med. 1995;  181 1229-1233
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Schwarze J, Cieslewicz G, Hamelmann E, Joetham A, Schultz L D, Lamers M C, Gelfand E W. IL-5 and eosinophils are essential for the development of airway hyperresponsiveness following acute respiratory syncytial virus infection.  J Immunol. 1999;  162 2997-3004
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Fryer A D, Jacoby D B. Parainfluenza virus infection damages inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on pulmonary parasympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig.  Br J Pharmacol. 1991;  102 267-271
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Fryer A D, Jacoby D B. Muscarine receptors and control of airway smooth muscle.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1998;  158 S154-S160
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Fryer A D, el-Fakahany E E, Jacoby D B. Parainfluenza virus type 1 reduces the affinity of agonists for muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig lung and heart.  Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;  181 51-58
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Folkerts G, van der Linde H J, Nijkamp F P. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs is related to a deficiency in nitric oxide.  J Clin Invest. 1995;  95 26-30
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Colasurdo G N, Hemming V G, Prince G A, Loader J E, Graves J P, Larsen G L. Human respiratory syncytial virus affects nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibition in cottoc rat airways.  Am J Physiol. 1995;  268 L1006-1011
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Borson D B, Brokaw J J, Sekizawa K, McDonald D M, Nadel J A. Neutral endopeptidase and neurogenic inflammation in rats with respiratory infections.  J Appl Physiol. 1989;  66 2653-2658
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Dusser D J, Jacoby D B, Djokic T D, Rubinstein I, Borson D B, Nadel J A. Virus induces airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins: role of neutral endopeptidase.  J Appl Physiol. 1989;  67 1504-1511
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Jacoby D B, Tamaoki J, Borson D B, Nadel J A. Influenza infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness by decreasing enkephalinase.  J Appl Physiol. 1988;  64 2653-2658
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Maggi C A, Patacchini R, Perretti F, Meini S, Manzini S, Santicioli P, Del Bianco E, Meli A. The effect of thiorphan and epithelium removal on contractions and tachykinin release produced by activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferents in the guinea-pig isolated bronchus.  Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1990;  341 74-79
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Yang X X, Powell W S, Hojo M, Martin J G. Hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction is dependent on tachykinin-induced cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis.  J Appl Physiol. 1997;  82 538-544
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Couture R, Cuello A C. Studies on the trigeminal antidromic vasodilatation and plasma extravasation in the rat.  J Physiol. 1984;  346 273-285
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Coles S J, Neill K H, Reid L M. Potent stimulation of glycoprotein secretion in canine trachea by substance P.  J Appl Physiol. 1984;  57 1323-1327
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Piedimonte G, Hoffman J I, Husseini W K, Snider R M, Desai M C, Nadel J A. NK1 receptors mediate neurogenic inflammatory increase in blood flow in rat airways.  J Appl Physiol. 1993;  74 2462-2468
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Grünberg K, Kuijpers E A, de Klerk E P, de Gouw H W, Kroes A C, Dick E C, Sterk P J. Effects of experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin in asthmatic subjects in vivo.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;  155 833-838
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Joos G F, Pauwels R A. The in vivo effect of tachykinins on airway mast cells of the rat.  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;  148 922-926
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Shaheen S, Aaby P, Hall A, Barker D, Heyes C, Shiell A, Goudiaby A. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau.  Lancet. 1996;  347 1792-1796
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S I, Hopkin J. The inverse association between tuberculin response and atopic disorder.  Science. 1997;  275 77-79
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 von Mutius E, FD M, Frirzsch C, Nicolai T, Reitmann P, Thiemann H. Skin test reactivity and number of siblings.  Br Med J. 1994;  308 692-695
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Strachan D. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size.  Br Med J. 1989;  299 1259-1260
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Braun-Fahrländer C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser F, Varonier H, Vuille J, Wüthrich B. Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community.  Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;  29 28-34
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Erb K, Holloway J, Sobeck A, Moll H, Le Gros G. Infection of mice with Mykobacterium bovis-bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) suppresses allergen-induced airway eosinophilia.  J Exp Med. 1998;  187 561-569
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Herz U, Gerhold K, Grüber C, Braun A, Wahn U, Renz H, Paul K. BCG infection suppresses allergic sensitization and development of increased airway reactivity in an animal model.  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;  102 867-874
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Michele T, Kuperman D, Bishai W, Wills-Karp M. BCG infection reduces antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in genetically susceptible mice.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1998;  157 A244
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Kraft M, Cassell G, Henson J, Watson H, Williamson J, Marmion B, Gaydos C, Martin R. Detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1998;  158 998-1001
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Kraft M, Hamid Q, Cassell G, Gaydos C, Metze T, Duffy L, Rex M, Pak J, Martin R. Mycoplasma and chlamydia cause increased airway inflammation that is responsive to clarithromycin.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1999;  159 A517
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Frick O L, German D F, Mills J. Development of allergy in children. I. Association with virus infections.  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1979;  63 228-241
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B, Björkstén B. Asthma and immunoglobulin E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls.  Pediatrics. 1995;  95 500-505
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Sims D G, Downham M A, Gardner P S, Webb J K, Weightman D. Study of 8-year-old children with a history of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy.  Br Med J. 1978;  1 11-14
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Pullan C R, Hey E N. Wheezing, asthma and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy.  Br Med J. 1982;  284 1665-1669
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Hall C B, Hall W J, Gala C L, MaGill F B, Leddy J P. Long-term prospective study in children after respiratory syncytial virus infection.  J Pediatr. 1984;  105 358-364
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Stein R T, Sherrill D, Morgan W J, Holberg C J, Halonen M, Taussig L M, Wright A L, Martinez F D. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years.  Lancet. 1999;  354 541-545
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Stein R T, Holberg C J, Morgan W J, Wright A L, Lombardi E, Taussig L M, Martinez F D. Peak flow variability, methacholine responsiveness and atopy as markers for detecting different wheezing phenotypes in childhood.  Thorax. 1997;  52 946-952
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Riedel F, Krause A, Slenczka W, Rieger C HL. Parainfluenza-3-virus infection enhances allergic sensitization in the guinea pig.  Clin Exper Allergy. 1996;  26 603-609
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Leibovitz E, Freihorst J, Piedra P A, Ogra P L. Responses to inhaled ragweed antigen in experimentally induced infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Implication in virally induced allergy.  Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988;  86 112-116
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Freihorst J, Piedra P A, Okamoto J, Ogra P L. Effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on the uptake of and immune response to other inhaled antigens.  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1988;  188 191-197
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Schwarze J, Cieslewicz G, Hamelmann E, Joetham A, Schultz L D, Lamers M C, Gelfand E W. IL-4 and IL-5 during respiratory syncytial virus infection are critical for airway hyperresponsiveness following airway sensitization.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2000;  in print
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Schwarze J, Makela M, Cieslewicz G, Dakhama A, Lahn M, Ikemura T, Joetham A, Gelfand E W. Transfer of the enhancing effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on subsequent allergic airway sensitization by T lymphocytes.  J Immunol. 1999;  163 5729-5734
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Alwan W H, Kozlowska W J, Openshaw P JM. Distinct types of lung disease caused by functional subsets of antivirual T cells.  J Exp Med. 1994;  179 81-89
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Schwarze J, Hamelmann E, Cieslewicz G, Tomkinson A, Joetham A, Bradley K, Gelfand E W. Local treatment with IL-12 is an effective inhibitor of airway hyperresponsiveness and lung eosinophilia after airway challenge in sensitized mice.  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;  102 86-93
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Broide D, Schwarze J, Tighe H, Gifford T, Nguyen M, Malek S, Van Uden J, Martin-Orozco E, Gelfand E, RAZ E R. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences inhibit IL-5, eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice.  J Immunol. 1998;  161 7054-7062
  PubMedGoogle Scholar

Dr. med J Schwarze

Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin im St. Josef-Hospital Bochum Universitätsklinik

Alexandrinenstr. 5 44791 Bochum

Email: E-mail: juergen.schwarze@ruhr-uni-bochum.de