Intradiploic Epidermoid Tumors of the Cranium: Case Report with Review of the Literature

 

 Buy Article Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Introduction Epidermoid cysts are a rare intracranial tumor, mostly arising from the cerebellar pontine angle but sporadically arising from the cranial diploe. Intradiploic epidermoids were first described in 1838 and have since been reported in sporadic case reports and case series. Due to the scarcity of cases, no institution has a large enough case series to fully characterize this tumor. We review numerous case series to better describe intradiploic epidermoids.

Methods Using a search for intradiploic epidermoid, several case reports and series were found. References from these articles were reviewed for further cases.

Results A total of 169 cases of intradiploic epidermoids were reviewed. The average age of patients presenting with intradiploic epidermoids was 38.1 years (standard error of the mean: 1.56). Overall, 68.9% of these patients presented with localized swelling over the scalp, 32.3% with headaches, and 42.7% with other neurologic symptoms. The most common location of the tumor was the frontal bones, with the least common the sphenoid, zygomatic, and maxillary bone. Surgical resection was curative in most cases, with a 3.2% mortality. Recurrence rate was only 5.8%, with nearly all occurring before 1999. Of the recurrent cases, malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma was estimated at 44% (4/9). Most of these cases are thought to have occurred as a result of incomplete resection of a primary intradiploic epidermoid.

Conclusions To date, this is the largest review of intradiploic epidermoids reported in the literature. In the reported cases, most had a benign course. However, there are occasional malignant transformations, and some patients have neurologic sequelae from mass effect or tumor infiltration. This is a surgically curative tumor in most cases.

• References

• 1 Müller J. Über den feineren Bau und die Formen der krankhaften Geschwfilste. Berlin, Germany: G. Reimer; 1838
  Google Scholar
• 2 Ciappetta P, Artico M, Salvati M, Raco A, Gagliardi FM. Intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the skull: report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1990; 102 (1–2): 33-37
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Skandalakis JE, Godwin JT, Mabon RF. Epidermoid cyst of the skull; report of four cases and review of the literature. Surgery 1958; 43 (6) 990-1001
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Yanai Y, Tsuji R, Ohmori S, Tatara N, Kubota S, Nagashima C. Malignant change in an intradiploic epidermoid: report of a case and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1985; 16 (2) 252-256
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 MacCarty CS, Leavens ME, Love JG, Kernohan JW. Dermoid and epidermoid tumors in the central nervous system of adults. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1959; 108 (2) 191-198
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Toglia JU, Netsky MG, Alexander Jr E. Epithelial (epidermoid) tumors of the cranium. Their common nature and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 1965; 23 (4) 384-393
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Nelson EL, Melton III LJ, Annegers JF, Laws ER, Offord KP. Incidence of skull fractures in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Neurosurgery 1984; 15 (3) 318-324
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Karadag D, Tuba Karagülle A, Erden A , et al. Post-traumatic intradiploic epidermoid cyst. A case report. J Neurosurg Sci 2001; 45 (4) 224-227 ; discussion 227
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Samdani S, Kalra GS, Rawat DS. Posttraumatic intradiploic epidermoid cyst of frontal bone. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24 (2) e128-e130
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 King ESJ. Post-traumatic epidermoid cysts of hands and fingers. Br J Surg 1933; 21 (81) 29-43
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Pear BL. Epidermoid and dermoid sequestration cysts. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1970; 110 (1) 148-155
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Howlader NNA, Krapcho M, Miller D , et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2013, National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/ . Accessed April 23, 2016
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Cushing H. A large epidermal cholesteatoma of the parieto-temporal region: deforming the left hemisphere without cerebral symptoms. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1922; 34: 557-566
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Constans M. Cholesteatoma of orbit. Arch Ophthal 1943; 30 (2) 236-246
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 Spencer FR. Primary cholesteatoma of the sinuses and orbit: report of a case of many years' duration followed by carcinoma and death. Arch Otolaryngol 1930; 12 (1) 44-48
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Bucy PC. Intradiploic epidermoid (cholesteatoma) of the skull. Arch Surg 1935; 31 (2) 190
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Love JG. Dermoid and epidermoid tumors (cholesteatomas) of central nervous system. J Am Med Assoc 1936; 107 (23) 1876
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Couch JH. Epidermoid cyst in bone of skull. J Bone Joint Surg 1936; 18 (2) 475-478
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Fisher ED, Vogel PJ. Epidermoid arising from the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Bull Los Angel Neuro Soc 1951; 16 (4) 357-361
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Munro D, Wegner W. Primary cranial and intracranial epidermoids and dermoids. N Engl J Med 1937; 216 (7) 273-279
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Alpers BJ. The cerebral epidermoids (cholesteatomas). Am J Surg 1939; 43 (1) 55-65
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 King JE. Extradural diploic and intradural epidermoid tumors (cholesteatoma). Ann Surg 1939; 109 (5) 649-688
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Rowbotham GF. Epidermoids arising in the diploe of the bones of the skull. Br J Surg 1939; 26 (103) 506-514
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Rand CW. Dermoid and epidermoid tumors (cholesteatomas) of the central nervous system. Arch Surg 1943; 46 (3) 350
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Thornhill EH, Anderson B. Extradural diploic epidermoids producing unilateral exophthalmos. Am J Ophthalmol 1944; 27 (5) 477-483
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 King JE. Diploic epidermoid and extra-dural pneumatocle: cranial defects and deformity. Ann Surg 1948; 127 (5) 925-952
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Givner I, Wigderson H. Cranial epidermoid (cholesteatoma) with erosion of the orbital root. Arch Ophthal 1947; 38 (4) 552-554
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Simonton KM, Medwick JX. Epidermoid-like lesions of the frontal bone simulating mucocele. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1948; 57 (2) 472-482
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Adelstein LJ. Intradiploic epidermoid tumors (cholesteatoma of the skull). Am J Surg 1949; 78 (4) 480-485
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Thacker EA. Epidermoid tumors of the frontal bone, sinus and orbit. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1950; 51 (3) 400-413
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Grant FC, Austin GM. Epidermoids; clinical evaluation and surgical results. J Neurosurg 1950; 7 (3) 190-198
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Caparosa RJ. Epidermoid cyst of the frontal bone. AMA Arch Otolaryngol 1955; 62 (2) 218-220
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Haig PV. Primary epidermoids of the skull including a case with malignant change. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1956; 76 (6) 1076-1080
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Wilson Jr ES, Sheft DJ. Epidermoid tumor of the skull with intracranial pneumatocele. Case report. J Neurosurg 1968; 28 (6) 600-602
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Rao BD, Subrahmanyam MV, Prabhakar V. Giant intra-diploic epidermoids. Neurol India 1968; 16 (3) 93-98
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Swisher Jr RC, Tesluk H. Epidermoid cyst of the skull causing displacement of brain. JAMA 1969; 210 (7) 1280-1281
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Rengachary S, Kishore PR, Watanabe I. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the occipital bone with torcular obstruction. Case report. J Neurosurg 1978; 48 (3) 475-478
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Garcia J, Lagier R, Hoessly M. Computed tomography—pathology correlation in skull epidermoid cyst. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1982; 6 (4) 818-820
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Wakai S. Intradiploic epidermoid tumor of the lateral orbital wall—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1983; 23 (7) 577-579
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Ishikawa T, Takagi T, Matsumoto T, Fuse T, Kanayama M, Wada Y. Computed tomography of a diploic epidermoid cyst of the skull. Brain Dev 1985; 7 (6) 625-627
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Constans JP, Meder JF, De Divitiis E, Donzelli R, Maiuri F. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the skull. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1985; 62 (3) 445-448
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Naheedy MH, Shah DK, Azar-Kia B. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with bilateral intradiploic epidermoid tumors: a case report. Comput Radiol 1985; 9 (2) 125-128
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Boström S, Andersson H, Arnason O. Unusually large epidermoid cyst of the skull: a case report. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 73 (6) 640-642
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Guiard JM, Kien P, Colombani S, Caillé JM. Intradiploic epidermoid cysts in adults. CT contribution to diagnosis in 6 new cases. J Neuroradiol 1986; 13 (1) 22-31
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Roosen N, Sprick CU. Completely reversible, severe, acute neurological deterioration with an otherwise asymptomatic, huge intradiploic calvarial epidermal cyst. Surg Neurol 1986; 25 (2) 169-172
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 White AK, Jenkins HA, Coker NJ. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the sphenoid wing. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113 (9) 995-999
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Bhaskar MS, Char G, Bhatt RP. Giant cranial intradiploic epidermoid cyst. West Indian Med J 1988; 37 (2) 119-122
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Dias PS, May PL, Jakubowski J. Giant epidermoid cysts of the skull. Br J Neurosurg 1989; 3 (1) 51-57
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Rubin G, Scienza R, Pasqualin A, Rosta L, Da Pian R. Craniocerebral epidermoids and dermoids. A review of 44 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1989; 97 (1–2): 1-16
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Guridi J, Ollier J, Aguilera F. Giant intradiploic epidermoid tumor of the occipital bone: case report. Neurosurgery 1990; 27 (6) 978-980 ; discussion 980–981
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Chowdury CR, Wood CM, Samuel PR, Richardson J. Frontal bone epidermoid—a rare cause of proptosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1990; 74 (7) 445-446
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Wax MK, Briant TD. Epidermoid cysts of the cranial bones. Head Neck 1992; 14 (4) 293-296
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Sargent EW, Garcia P, Paniello RC, Spector GJ. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of greater sphenoid wing causing unilateral proptosis and optic nerve compression. Skull Base Surg 1993; 3 (2) 55-59
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Pumar J, Otero E, Castineira A , et al. Intradiploic epidermoid tumor of the occipital bone: X-ray, CT, MR findings. Eur Radiol 1993; 3 (2) 183-185
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Atabay H, Bardakci S, Erşahin Y, Bayol Ü. Giant primary intradiploic occipital bone epidermoid tumour: a case report. Turk Neurosurg 1994; 4: 165-168
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Boyko OB, Scott JA, Muller J. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the skull: case report. Neuroradiology 1994; 36 (3) 226-227
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Prall JA, Lloyd GL, Breeze RE. Traumatic brain injury associated with an intradiploic epidermoid cyst: case report. Neurosurgery 1995; 37 (3) 523-525
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Kuzeyli K, Duru S, Cakir E, Baykal S, Ceylan S, Aktürk F. Epidermoid tumor of the occipital bone. Neurosurg Rev 1996; 19 (2) 109-112
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Hoeffel C, Heldt N, Chelle C, Claudon M, Hoeffel JC. Malignant change in an intradiploic epidermoid cyst. Acta Neurol Belg 1997; 97 (1) 45-49
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Jakubowski E, Kirsch E, Mindermann T, Ettlin D, Gratzl O, Radü EW. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the frontal bone presenting with tension pneumocephalus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997; 139 (1) 86-87
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Piotin M, Gailloud P, Reverdin A, Schneider PA, Pizzolato G, Rüfenacht DA. Epidermoid cyst of the skull with nonpulsatile tinnitus. Neuroradiology 1998; 40 (7) 452-454
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Posey LA, Sterman BA. Quiz case 2. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125 (8) 913-915
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Bretschneider T, Dorenbeck U, Strotzer M, Roth M, Rümmele P, Buettner R. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in an intradiploic epidermoid cyst. Neuroradiology 1999; 41 (8) 570-572
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Jaiswal AK, Mahapatra AK. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the skull. A report of eight cases. Br J Neurosurg 2000; 14 (3) 225-228
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Blanco G, Esteban R, Galarreta D, Saornil MA. Orbital intradiploic giant epidermoid cyst. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119 (5) 771-773
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Saito T, Yuki K, Kaziwara Y, Sasaki T, Imada Y, Kodama Y. An intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the skull in infancy: case report [in Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka 2002; 30 (6) 647-650
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Narlawar RS, Nagar A, Hira P, Raut AA. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst. J Postgrad Med 2002; 48 (3) 213-214
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Schönauer C, Conrad M, Barbato R, Capuano C, Moraci A. Traumatic rupture into frontal sinus of a frontal intradiploic epidermoid cyst. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002; 144 (4) 401-402
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Maiuri F, Del Basso De Caro M, D'Acunzi G, Tortora F, Esposito F. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the occipital bone. Zentralbl Neurochir 2004; 65 (1) 32-35
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Bikmaz K, Cosar M, Bek S, Gokduman CA, Arslan M, Iplikcioglu AC. Intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the skull: a report of four cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005; 107 (3) 262-267
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Han G-Y, Won Y-S, Yang J-Y, Choi CS. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the skull. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2005; 38: 69-70
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Bach CA, Baujat B, Baglin A-C, Chabolle F. Kyste épidermoïde de l'os frontal envahissant le sinus frontal. Fr ORL 2005; 86: 38-40
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Nambu A, Imanishi Y, Iwasaki Y , et al. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst with focal internal enhancement. Radiat Med 2006; 24 (3) 224-227
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Kalgutkar A, Kini S, Jambhekar N, Das S. Intradiploic primary epithelial inclusion cyst of the skull. Ann Diagn Pathol 2006; 10 (1) 20-23
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 75 Locatelli M, Alimehmeti R, Rampini P, Prada F. Intradiploic frontal epidermoid cyst in a patient with repeated head injuries: is there a causative relationship?. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006; 148 (10) 1107-1110 ; discussion 1110
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 76 Shellenberger DL, Roehm PC, Gantz B. Large extradural epidermoid tumor of the temporal bone and posterior fossa cranium. Otol Neurotol 2006; 27 (7) 1043-1044
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 77 Park BH, Lee HS, Lee JS. Occipital intradiploic epidermoid cyst with intracranial hypertension. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2006; 40 (5) 377-380
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 78 Hewitt DK, Kinney WC. Two cases of incidental epidermoid cysts: sphenoid sinus and temporal bone. Ear Nose Throat J 2006; 85 (12) 825-828
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 79 Alberione F, Caire F, Fischer-Lokou D, Gueye M, Moreau JJ. Giant intradiploic infratentorial epidermoid cyst [in Spanish]. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2007; 18 (5) 423-426
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 80 Prat Acín R, Galeano I. Giant occipital intradiploic epidermoid cyst associated with iatrogenic puncture. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008; 150 (4) 413-414
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 81 Cho JH, Jung TY, Kim IY, Jung S, Kang SS, Kim SH. A giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst with perforation of the dura and brain parenchymal involvement. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007; 109 (4) 368-373
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 82 Ichimura S, Hayashi T, Yazaki T, Yoshida K, Kawase T. Dumbbell-shaped intradiploic epidermoid cyst involving the dura mater and cerebellum. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2008; 48 (2) 83-85
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 83 Meersschaert J, Mermuys K, Wilms G. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst. JBR-BTR 2008; 91 (1) 18
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 84 Wani AA, Ramzan AU, Kirmani AR, Bhatt AR, Hamdani N, Zargar J. Intradiploic epidermoid causing spontaneous extradural hematoma: case report. Neurosurgery 2008; 62 (4) E971 ; discussion E971
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 85 Aiyama H, Utsunomiya A, Suzuki S , et al. Case of enlargement of an intradiploic epidermoid cyst by a head contusion [in Japanese]. Brain Nerve 2009; 61 (6) 707-710
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 86 Duan ZX, Chu SH, Ma YB, Zhang H, Zhu JL. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the occipital bone. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16 (11) 1478-1480
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 87 Clark MP, Pretorius PM, Beaumont D, Milford CA. Congenital cholesteatoma of occipital bone or intradiploic epidermoid cyst? One and the same disease. J Laryngol Otol 2009; 123 (6) 673-675
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 88 Miner B, Aanderud P, Grekin SK. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the skull: a case report and management of large cystic scalp masses. Cosmetic Dermatology-Cedar Knolls 2009; 22 (7) 350-353
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 89 Berti AF, Lovaas GC, Santillan A, Berti II AF. Primary intradiploic pterional epidermoid cyst. South Med J 2010; 103 (1) 87-89
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 90 Turkoglu OF, Ozdol C, Gurcan O, Gurcay AG, Tun K, Cemil B. Huge intradiploic epidermoid cyst. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44 (2) 204-207
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 91 Akbaba M, Karsloğlu S, Damlack A, Karcoğlu ZA. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of frontal bone with spontaneous fistulization to eyelid. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 28 (1) e15-e17
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 92 Enchev Y, Kamenov B, William A, Karakostov V. Posttraumatic giant extradural intradiploic epidermoid cysts of posterior cranial fossa: case report and review of the literature. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011; 49 (1) 53-57
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 93 Borha A, Emery E, Khouri S, Hitier M, Derlon JM. Giant extradural epidermoid cyst of the posterior fossa [in French]. Neurochirurgie 2005; 51 (6) 599-603
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 94 Khan AN, Khalid S, Enam SA. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst overlying the torcula: a surgical challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011;.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 95 Bulja D, Didgar M, Depreitere B, Wilms G. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst: report of two cases with typical CT and MR imaging features. Eur J Radiol Extra 2011; 77 (2) e23-e27
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 96 Lee DH. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the temporal bone: is it the same as or different from cholesteatoma?. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22 (5) 1973-1975
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 97 Gaivas S, Rotariu D, Dumitrescu G, Iliescu B, Apetrei C, Poeata I. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the skull. Case report. Romanian Neurosurg 18 (2).. http://www.roneurosurgery.eu/atdoc/GaivasS_Intradiploic_f.pdf . Accessed August 2, 2016
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 98 Ormond DR, Omeis I, Abrahams J. Uncommon presentation of an intradiploic orbital epidermoid tumor: case report. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 15 (3) 165-167
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 99 Krupp W, Heckert A, Holland H, Meixensberger J, Fritzsch D. Giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst with large osteolytic lesions of the skull: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2012; 6: 85
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 100 Lee DH, Lim SC. Dual endoscopic approach of intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the maxilla. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24 (4) e344-e346
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 101 Nakamoto H, Kawamoto T, Suzuki S, Hiroshima K, Nakano M, Kawamata T. Intradiploic ciliated epithelial inclusion cyst of the skull. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53 (4) 270-272
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 102 Wu B, Zhu H, Liu W. Intradiploic epidermoid cyst presenting as spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115 (5) 617-620
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 103 Gadgil N, Humphries III WE, Clay Goodman J, Gopinath SP. Hemorrhagic intradiploic epidermoid cyst. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115 (12) 2549-2551
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar