Abstract
We review the literature on phylogeny, fossil record, biogeography, and social evolution in Halictidae. We then present a phylogenetic analysis of tribal, generic, and subgeneric relationships within the subfamily Halictinae using a combined data set of three nuclear genes: long-wavelength (LW) opsin, wingless, and EF-1α. The data set includes 89 species in 34 genera representing all four halictid subfamilies, and all tribes of the subfamily Halictinae. Our study provides several new insights into the phylogeny of the African Halictinae. First, our results support a close relationship between Mexalictus (a small genus of bees occurring at high elevations in the mountains of western North and Central America) and the African/Asian genus Patellapis. Second, our results support placement of the parasitic genus Parathrincostoma well within its host genus Thrinchostoma, suggesting that Parathrincostoma should be treated as a subgenus of Thrinchostoma. Finally, our data set provides strong support for the monophyly of Patellapis (sensu Michener, 2000) and establishes monophyletic groups within the African subgenera that could be the basis for future taxonomic studies.
Zusammenfassung
In der Bienenfamilie Halictidae sind über 3500 Arten aus allen Kontinenten beschrieben. Diese Familie vereint die verschiedensten Bienentaxa, darunter solitäre, soziale, kleptoparasitische und sozialparasitische Arten. Viele Arten sind bezüglich ihrer Trachtpflanzen Generalisten, andere Spezialisten. Unsere Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf die Unterfamilie Halictinae, zu der die allermeisten Arten gehören. Wir analysierten die evolutionsbiologischen Beziehungen bei den verschiedenen Unterfamilien, Tribus und Gattungen der Halictiden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der endemischen afrikanischen Halictinae. Verglichen mit Vertretern der Halictiden aus anderen Teilen der Welt hat man den afrikanischen Gattungen und Untergattungen bisher wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Wir wissen bisher sehr wenig über ihr Sozial- und Nistverhalten und wie diese Bienen in die Phylogenie der Halictiden einzuordnen sind. Wir analysierten die DNA-Sequenzen von drei Genen (long-wavelength opsin, wingless und elongation factor-1α) und einen Datensatz von insgesamt 2536 Nukleotide unter Verwendung von Alignment-Analysen und Parsimony-Methoden. Anhand unserer Ergebnisse identifizierten wir zwei distinkte endemische afrikanische Abstammungslinien. Erstens den Tribus Thrinchostomini (einschließlich der Gattungen Thrinchostoma und Parathrincostoma), der früh im Stammbaum abzweigt. Zweitens eine gut abgesicherte monophyletische Gruppe (Patellapis sensu lato), die offensichtlich nahe verwandt mit dem Genus Mexalictus ist, der ausschließlich in hochgelegenen Gebieten vom westlichen Nordamerika bis nach Zentralamerika vorkommt. Dieses ungewöhnliche biogeographische Muster könnte darauf hinweisen, dass eine ursprünglich über die gesamte nördliche Hemisphäre verbreitete Gruppe ausgestorben ist. Wir überprüfen die Literatur zu den Halictiden bezüglich ihrer Beziehung zu Trachtpflanzen, ihrer Nistbiologie und dem Vorkommen von Kleptoparasitismus. Unsere Untersuchungen erlauben erstmals eine Beurteilung der Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb der Halictinae anhand umfangreicher Proben aller afrikanischen Gattungen und Untergattungen.
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Danforth, B.N., Eardley, C., Packer, L. et al. Phylogeny of Halictidae with an emphasis on endemic African Halictinae. Apidologie 39, 86–101 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2008002
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2008002