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Bee conservation policy at the global, regional and national levels

La politique de conservation des abeilles aux niveaux mondial, régional et national

Richtlinien zum Schutz der Bienen auf globaler, regionaler und nationaler Ebene

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Abstract

Bees are important both ecologically and economically for the ecosystem service role they play as pollinators. Documented global decline in bees has sparked the formation of a global policy framework for pollinators, primarily through the International Pollinator Initiative within the Convention of Biological Diversity. There are now regional Pollinator Initiatives, along with regional and national conservation legislation, that can impact on the conservation of bees. The creation of bee Regional Red Lists, under guidance from the International Union for Conservation of Nature, along with conservation priority lists offer another mechanism for streamlining bees into regional, national or subnational conservation policy and practice. These structures, if utilised properly, can form a coordinated and effective policy framework on which conservation actions can be based.

Zusammenfassung

Bienen sind unter den Insekten die am höchsten entwickelten und effektivsten Bestäuber für mehr als 70 % aller Blütenpflanzen. Sie stellen damit eine ökologisch und ökonomisch unverzichtbare Gruppe zur Aufrechterhaltung des Ökosystems dar. Inzwischen gibt es zahlreiche Belege für einen weit verbreiteten Rückgang der Bienen, was zur Bildung von globalen, regionalen und nationalen Regelungen zum Schutz der Bienen geführt hat. Es gibt zwei zentrale Ansatzpunkte für globale Regelwerke zum Schutz der Bienen (Details siehe Tab. I). Die weltweite Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten, aufgestellt von der Weltnaturschutzunion (International Union for Conservation of Nature), hat nur einen begrenzten Effekt für den Bienenschutz, da bisher keiner Bienenart der Status als gefährdete Tierart zugesprochen wurde. Das wichtigste Rahmenwerk zum Schutz der Bienen ist die Internationale Bestäuberinitiative (International Pollinator Initiative, IPI), eine Querschnittsinitiative des Biodiversitätsabkommens (Convention of Biological Diversity, CBD). Die Hauptaufgabe der IPI ist es, vorgeschlagene Aktionen weltweit zu fördern und zu koordinieren und die IPI ist auch die globale Plattform, um Richtlinien zum Schutz der Bestäuber, einschließlich Bienen, aufzustellen. Die IPI entwickelt einen Aktionsplan, um verbesserte Richtlinien und Ausführungsbestimmungen zum Schutz der Bienen und deren Habitate zu erreichen. Regional gibt es bereits allgemeine Regelwerke zum Naturschutz, die durch den Schutz von Habitaten und Ökosystemen positive Auswirkungen auf den Bienenschutz haben können; ein Beispiel ist die Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie (FFH) in der Europäischen Union. Spezielle Richtlinien für den Bestäuberschutz werden vom IPI in Form regionaler Bestäuberinitiativen umgesetzt. Dadurch können Netzwerke über eine gesamte Region etabliert werden, was die Umsetzung von IPI-Aktionsplänen auf dieser regionalen Ebene erleichtert.

Auf der nationalen Ebene beeinflussen drei Rahmenrichtlinien den Bienenschutz. Während die weltweite Rote Liste nur einen begrenzten Einfluss auf den Bienenschutz hat, können regionale und nationale Rote Listen einen größeren Effekt haben, indem sie die Bedrohung der Bienen auf der regionaler bzw. nationaler Ebene feststellen und Schutz-massnahmen für bestimmte Arten aufstellen. Das CBD bietet durch die Aufstellung von nationalen Biodiversitätsabkommen und Aktionsplänen einen Rahmen, um nationale Verpflichtungen zum Schutz der Biodiversität abzugeben; sie kann daher für den Bienenschutz auf nationaler Ebene verwendet werden. Daneben können gesetzliche nationale Regelungen zum Schutz der Fauna eventuell auch für den Bienenschutz angewendet werden.

Für ein funktionierendes System (Abb. 1) empfehlen wir, dass die Informationen zu solchen Regelwerken veröffentlicht werden und für alle Interessierten zugänglich sind. Es sollten mehr Anstrengungen unternommen werden, um globale, regionale und nationale Regelungen zu verbinden. Regelungen, die bereits einen Schutz für Bienen bieten, sollten erweitert werden und nicht nur die vom Menschen gehaltenen Bienenarten sondern auch Wildbienen mit einbeziehen. Die weltweite Rote Liste sollte Bienen mit einbeziehen und damit deren Anzahl und Bedeutung gerecht werden. Wir empfehlen, dass regionale Rote Listen und Prioritätslisten entwickelt werden und dass auf dieser Basis entsprechende Schutzmaßnahmen etabliert werden. Die Umsetzung dieser Empfehlungen würde die Chance erhöhen, den Rückgang der Bienen zu stoppen und damit deren essentiellen Leistungen für das Ökosystem zu sichern.

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    Andrew Byrne & Úna Fitzpatrick

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Byrne, A., Fitzpatrick, Ú. Bee conservation policy at the global, regional and national levels. Apidologie 40, 194–210 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009017

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