Destructive effect of fluctuations on the performance of a Brownian gyrator†
‡*a
Aykut
Argun,
‡b
Giovanni
Volpe,
‡b
Alberto
Imparato,
‡c
Lamberto
Rondoni
‡de
and
Gleb
Oshanin
‡a
Abstract
The Brownian gyrator (BG) is often called a minimal model of a nano-engine performing a rotational motion, judging solely upon the fact that in non-equilibrium conditions its torque, specific angular momentum 
and specific angular velocity 
have non-zero mean values. For a time-discretised (with time-step δt) model we calculate here the previously unknown probability density functions (PDFs) of and . We show that for finite δt, the PDF of has exponential tails and all moments are therefore well-defined. At the same time, this PDF appears to be effectively broad – the noise-to-signal ratio is generically bigger than unity meaning that is strongly not self-averaging. Concurrently, the PDF of exhibits heavy power-law tails and its mean 
is the only existing moment. The BG is therefore not an engine in the common sense: it does not exhibit regular rotations on each run and its fluctuations are not only a minor nuisance – on contrary, their effect is completely destructive for the performance. Our theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations and experimental data. We discuss some plausible improvements of the model which may result in a more systematic rotational motion.
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