Issue 36, 2021

Are all charge-transfer parameters created equally? A study of functional dependence and excited-state charge-transfer quantification across two dye families

Abstract

Small molecule organic dyes have many potential uses in medicine, textiles, forensics, and light-harvesting technology. Being able to computationally predict the spectroscopic properties of these dyes could greatly expedite screening efforts, saving time and materials. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) has been shown to be a good tool for this in many instances, but characterizing electronic excitations with charge-transfer (CT) character has historically been challenging and can be highly sensitive to the chosen exchange–correlation functional. Here we present a combined experimental and computational study of the excited-state electronic structure of twenty organic dyes obtained from the Max Weaver Dye Library at NCSU. Results of UV-vis spectra calculations on these dyes with six different exchange–correlation functionals, BP86, B3LYP, PBE0, M06, BH and HLYP, and CAM-B3LYP, were compared against their measured UV-vis spectra. It was found that hybrid functionals with modest amounts (20–30%) of included Hartree–Fock exchange are the most effective at matching the experimentally determined λmax. The interplay between the observed error, the functional chosen, and the degree of CT was analyzed by quantifying the CT character of λmax using four orbital and density-based metrics, Λ, Δr, SC and DCT, as well as the change in the dipole moment, Δμ. The results showed that the relationship between CT character and the functional dependence of error is not straightforward, with the observed behavior being dependent both on how CT was quantified and the functional groups present in the molecules themselves. It is concluded that this may be a result of the examined excitations having intermediate CT character. Ultimately it was found that the nature of the molecular “family” influenced how a given functional behaved as a function of CT character, with only two of the examined CT quantification methods, Δr and DCT, showing consistent behavior between the different molecular families. This suggests that further work needs to be done to ensure that currently used CT quantification methods show the same general trends across large sets of multiple dye families.

Graphical abstract: Are all charge-transfer parameters created equally? A study of functional dependence and excited-state charge-transfer quantification across two dye families

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
23 Jul 2021
Accepted
25 Aug 2021
First published
30 Aug 2021

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021,23, 20583-20597

Author version available

Are all charge-transfer parameters created equally? A study of functional dependence and excited-state charge-transfer quantification across two dye families

R. D. Marshburn, D. C. Ashley, G. M. Curtin, N. Sultana, C. Liu, N. R. Vinueza, E. A. Ison and E. Jakubikova, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 20583 DOI: 10.1039/D1CP03383B

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements