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Hydrogels: soft matters in photomedicine

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Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a shining beacon in the realm of photomedicine, is a non-invasive technique that utilizes dye-based photosensitizers (PSs) in conjunction with light and oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species to combat malignant tissues and infectious microorganisms. Yet, for PDT to become a common, routine therapy, it is still necessary to overcome limitations such as photosensitizer solubility, long-term side effects (e.g., photosensitivity) and to develop safe, biocompatible and target-specific formulations. Polymer based drug delivery platforms are an effective strategy for the delivery of PSs for PDT applications. Among them, hydrogels and 3D polymer scaffolds with the ability to swell in aqueous media have been deeply investigated. Particularly, hydrogel-based formulations present real potential to fulfill all requirements of an ideal PDT platform by overcoming the solubility issues, while improving the selectivity and targeting drawbacks of the PSs alone. In this perspective, we summarize the use of hydrogels as carrier systems of PSs to enhance the effectiveness of PDT against infections and cancer. Their potential in environmental and biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering photoremediation and photochemistry, is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

AFPAA:

Amine functionalized polyacrylamide

ALA:

δ-Aminolevulinic acid

ALA-PDT:

Aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy

AuNP:

Gold nanoparticles

BODIPY:

Boron-dipyrromethene

BODIPY-MA:

BODIPY methacrylic monomer

BODIPY-NMe:

2,6-Diiodo-1,3,5,7,-tetramethyl-8-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-BODIPY iodide

BP:

Black phosphorus

CIN:

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia;

CPAT:

Chemiluminescent photodynamic anti microbial therapy

DPBF:

1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical analysis

DMPA:

2,2’-Dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone

ECM:

Extracellular matrices

FRET:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer

HAL:

ALA hexyl ester; hexylaminolevulinate

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

HPPH:

2-Devinyl-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl) pyropheophorbide

LCST:

Lower critical solution temperature

LED:

Light emitting diode

MB:

Methylene blue

MEO2MA:

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate

MN:

Microneedle

MRE:

Magnetic resonance elastography

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

mTHPP:

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin

NH2-TPP:

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin

NIR:

Near infrared

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PACT:

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy

PAM:

Poly(acrylamide)

P(Am-co-BMA):

Poly(acrylamide and butyl methacrylate)

Pc:

Phthalocyaninato

PCI:

Photochemical internalization

PDD:

Photodynamic diagnosis

PDEAAm:

Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide)

PDEAEM:

Poly(N,N′-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate)

PDMS:

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PEGDA:

Poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PETA:

Pentaerythritol triacrylate

pHEMA:

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

PMA:

Poly(methyl acrylate)

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PNIPAAm:

Poly(isopropylacrylamide)

PPO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PPIC:

Protoporphyrin IX

PS:

Photosensitizer

PTT:

Photothermal therapy

PUVA:

Psoralen and ultraviolet A

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAOS:

Small amplitude oscillatory shear

TMPyP:

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin tetra tosylate

TPPS4:

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin

TRIPOD:

2,4,6-Tris(p-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine

TTA-UC:

Triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland

    Bhavya Khurana, Piotr Gierlich & Mathias O. Senge

  2. CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Piotr Gierlich & Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva

  3. Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany

    Alina Meindl & Mathias O. Senge

  4. Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technische Universität München, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany

    Mathias O. Senge

Authors
  1. Bhavya Khurana
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  2. Piotr Gierlich
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  3. Alina Meindl
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  4. Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva
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  5. Mathias O. Senge
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Correspondence to Mathias O. Senge.

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Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Tabular compilation of photosensitizer-hydrogel systems used in PDT and PTT. See DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00221a

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Khurana, B., Gierlich, P., Meindl, A. et al. Hydrogels: soft matters in photomedicine. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18, 2613–2656 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00221a

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00221a

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