Biowaste chicken eggshell powder as a potential cure modifier for epoxy/anhydride systems: competitiveness with terpolymer-modified calcium carbonate at low loading levels

Mohammad Reza Saeb; Mehdi Ghaffari; Hadi Rastin; Hossein Ali Khonakdar; Frank Simon; Farhood Najafi; Vahabodin Goodarzi; Poornima Vijayan P.; Debora Puglia; Farzaneh Hassanpour Asl; Krzysztof Formela

doi:10.1039/C6RA24772E

Biowaste chicken eggshell powder as a potential cure modifier for epoxy/anhydride systems: competitiveness with terpolymer-modified calcium carbonate at low loading levels†

Mohammad Reza Saeb,*^a Mehdi Ghaffari,^b Hadi Rastin,^c Hossein Ali Khonakdar,^d Frank Simon,^d Farhood Najafi,^a Vahabodin Goodarzi,^e Poornima Vijayan P.,^f Debora Puglia,^g Farzaneh Hassanpour Asl^c and Krzysztof Formela^h

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* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: saeb-mr@icrc.ac.ir, mrsaeb2008@gmail.com
Tel: +98 21 22956209

^b Department of Polymer, Golestan University, P. O. Box 155, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran

^c School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran

^d Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden, Germany

^e Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran

^f Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

^g Materials Engineering Centre, University of Perugia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Strada di Pentima 4, Terni, Italy

^h Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

Abstract

Biowaste chicken eggshell (ES) powder was applied as a potential cure modifier in epoxy/anhydride systems. Cure behaviour and kinetics of composites filled with very low content (0.1 wt% based on epoxy resin) of ES, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), and terpolymer-modified fillers, mES and mCaCO₃, were discussed comparatively. Surface analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cure kinetics was investigated by differential (Friedman) and integral (Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose) isoconversional methods using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data. Overall, protein precursors naturally existing in the structure of pristine ES facilitated crosslinking of epoxy and hardener of anhydride with functional groups resulting from terpolymer attachment to CaCO₃ particles. Accelerated/hindered cure was observed depending on the filler type and surface characteristics, as investigated via the autocatalytic/non-catalytic nature of reactions and comparison of activation energy values of four types of composites. An enhanced cure was identified for composites containing untreated ES, which could be inferred on account of the lower competitive cure of carboxyl groups in the terpolymer backbone with epoxy compared to peptide groups existing in microporous pristine ES. On the other hand, mCaCO₃ revealed low values of activation energy compared to pristine CaCO₃, but still of the same order as ground biowaste ES.

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Biowaste chicken eggshell powder as a potential cure modifier for epoxy/anhydride systems: competitiveness with terpolymer-modified calcium carbonate at low loading levels†

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Biowaste chicken eggshell powder as a potential cure modifier for epoxy/anhydride systems: competitiveness with terpolymer-modified calcium carbonate at low loading levels

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