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Conjugatable water-soluble Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) porphyrin complexes: novel nano- and molecular probes for optical oxygen tension measurement in tissue engineering

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Abstract

Measurement of oxygen tension in compressed collagen sheets was performed using matrix-embedded optical oxygen sensors based on platinum(ii) and palladium(ii) porphyrins supported on polyacrylamide nanoparticles. Bespoke, fully water-soluble, mono-functionalised Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) porphyrin complexes designed for conjugation under mild conditions were obtained using microwave-assisted metallation. The new sensors display a linear response (1/τ vs. O2) to varying oxygen tension over a biologically relevant range (7.0 × 10−4 to 2.7 × 10−1 mM) in aqueous solutions; a behaviour that is maintained following conjugation to polyacrylamide nanoparticles, and following embedding of the nanosensors in compressed collagen sheets, paving the way to innovative approaches for real-time resolution of oxygen gradients throughout 3D matrices useful for tissue regeneration.

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Abbreviations

DMF:

dimethylformamide

DMSO:

dimethylsulfoxide

EDC:

1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

ESI:

electron-spray ionization

MALDI:

matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization

MEM:

modified essential medium

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

MWI:

microwave irradiation

NHS:

N-hydroxysuccinimide

NMP:

N-methylpyrrolidinone

PBS:

phosphate buffered saline

PET:

positron emission tomography

TBAC:

tetrabutylammonium chloride

TFA:

trifluoroacetic acid.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, UK

    F. Giuntini & R. W. Boyle

  2. School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    V. M. Chauhan & J. W. Aylott

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, UK

    G. A. Rosser & A. Beeby

  4. National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, London, UK

    A. Athanasiadis & A. J. MacRobert

  5. Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK

    A. Athanasiadis & R. A. Brown

  6. School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK

    F. Giuntini

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  1. F. Giuntini
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Giuntini, F., Chauhan, V.M., Aylott, J.W. et al. Conjugatable water-soluble Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) porphyrin complexes: novel nano- and molecular probes for optical oxygen tension measurement in tissue engineering. Photochem Photobiol Sci 13, 1039–1051 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00026a

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