Skip to main content
Log in

Characterization and reactivity of photodimers of dihydroneopterin and dihydrobiopterin

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin (H2Bip) and 7,8-dihydroneopterin (H2Nep) belong to a class of heterocyclic compounds present in a wide range of living systems. H2Bip accumulates in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo, whereas H2Nep is secreted by human macrophages when the cellular immune system is activated. We have investigated the photochemical reactivity of both compounds upon UV-A irradiation (320-400 nm), the chemical structures of the products and their thermal stability. The study was performed in neutral aqueous solutions. The reactions were followed by UV/Visible spectrophotometry and HPLC and the products were analyzed by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR. Excitation of H2Bip and H2Nep leads to the formation, in each case, of two main isomeric dimers. The latter compounds undergo a thermal process that may consist in a retro [2 + 2]-cycloaddition and hydrolysis to yield the reactant (H2Bip or H2Nep) and a product that has incorporated a molecule of H2O.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D. J. Brown, The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, pp. 1–42.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. W. Pfleiderer, Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, pp. 1–16.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. T. J. Kappock and J. P. Caradonna, Pterin-dependent amino acid hydroxylases Chem. Rev. 1996 96 2659–2756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. E. R. Werner, G. Werner-Felmayr, D. Fuchs, A. Hausen, G. Reibnegger, J. J. Yim, W. Pfleiderer and H. Wachter, Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic activities in human macrophages, fibroblasts, THP-1 and T24 cells. GTP-cyclohydrolase I is stimulated by interferon gamma, and 6-pyrovyl tetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterinreductase are constitutively present J. Biol. Chem. 1990 265 3189–3192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Huber, J. R. Batchelor, D. Fuchs, A. Hausen, A. Lang, D. Niederwieser, G. Reibnegger, P. Swetly, J. Troppmair and H. Wachter, Immune response-associated production of neopterin. Release from macrophages primarily under control of interferon-gamma J. Exp. Med. 1984 160 310–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Huber, D. Fuchs, A. Hausen, R. Margreiter, G. Reibnegger, M. Spielberger and H. Wachter, Pteridines as a new marker to detect human T cells activated by allogeneic or modified self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants J. Immunol. 1983 130 1047–1050.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. D. Fuchs, G. Weiss and H. Wachter, The role of neopterin as a monitor of cellular immune activation in transplantation, inflammatory, infectious, and malignant diseases Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1992 29 307–341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. D. Fuchs, G. Weiss and H. Wachter, Neopterin, biochemistry and clinical use as a marker for cellular immune reactions Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1993 101 1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Fuchs, A. Hausen, G. Reibnegger, E. R. Werner, M. P. Dierich and H. Wachter, Neopterin as marker for activated cell mediated immunity Immunol. Today 1988 9 150–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. C. A. Nichol, G. K. Smith and D. S. Duch, Biosynthesis and metabolism of tetrahydrobiopterin and molybdopterin Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1985 54 729–764.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. K. U. Schallreuter, G. Büttner, M. R. Pittelkow, J. M. Wood, N. N. Swanson and C. Korner, Regulation of melanin biosynthesis in the human epidermis by tetrahydrobiopterin Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994 204 43–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. K. U. Schallreuter, J. Moore, J. M. Wood, W. D. Beazley, E. M. Peters, L. K. Marles, S. C. Behrens-Williams, R. Dummer, N. Blau, B. Thöny, Epidermal H2O2 accumulation alters tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH4) recycling in vitiligo: Identification of a general mechanism in regulation of all 6BH4-dependent processes? J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001 116 167–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. U. Schallreuter, J. M. Wood, M. R. Pittelkow, M. Gütlich, K. R. Lemke, W. Rödl, N. N. Swanson, K. Hitzemann and I. Ziegler, Regulation of melanin biosynthesis in the human epidermis by tetrahydrobiopterin Science 1994 263 1444–1446.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Rokos, W. D. Beazley and K. U. Schallreuter, Oxidative stress in vitiligo: Photo-oxidation of pterins produces H2O2 and pterin-6-carboxylic acid Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002 292 805–811.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. H. Thomas, C. Lorente, A. L. Capparelli, C. G. Martínez, A. M. Braun and E. Oliveros, Singlet oxygen (1?g) production by pterin derivatives in aqueous solutions Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003 2 245–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. M. L. Dántola, M. Vignoni, C. González, C. Lorente, P. Vicendo, E. Oliveros and A. H. Thomas, Electron transfer processes induced by the triplet state of pterins in aqueous solutions Free Radical Biol. Med. 2010 49 1014–1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Vignoni, F. M. Cabrerizo, C. Lorente and A. H. Thomas, New Results on the Photochemistry of Biopterin and Neopterin in Aqueous Solution Photochem. Photobiol. 2009 85 365–373.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Ito and S. Kawanishi, Photoinduced hydroxylation of deoxyguanosine in DNA by pterins: Sequence specificity and mechanism Biochemistry 1997 36 1774–1781.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. G. Petroselli, M. L. Dántola, F. M. Cabrerizo, A. L. Capparelli, C. Lorente, E. Oliveros and A. H. Thomas, Oxidation of 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-Monophosphate Photoinduced by Pterin: Type I versus Type II Mechanism J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 130 3001–3011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Vignoni, F. M. Cabrerizo, C. Lorente, C. Claparols, E. Oliveros and A. H. Thomas, Photochemistry of dihydrobiopterin in aqueous solution Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010 8 800–810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Vignoni, M. P. Serrano, E. Oliveros and A. H. Thomas, Photodimerization of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in aqueous solution under UV-A irradiation Photochem. Photobiol. 2011 87 51–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Wu and H. Yan, Mechanism of dihydroneopterin aldolase NMR, equilibrium and transient kinetic studies of the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli enzymes FEBS J. 2007 274 2240–2252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. L. Dántola, A. H. Thomas, E. Oliveros and C. Lorente, Visible-light photochemistry of 6-formyl-7,8-dihydropterin in aqueous solution J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 2010 209 104–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Vignoni, M. L. Salum, R. Erra-Balsells, A. H. Thomas and F. M. Cabrerizo, 1H NMR characterization of the intermediate formed upon UV-A excitation of biopterin, neopterin and 6-hydroxymethylpterin in O2-free aqueous solutions Chem. Phys. Lett. 2010 484 330–332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. B. H. Jennings, S. C. Pastra and J. L. Wellington, Photosensitized dimerization of thymine Photochem. Photobiol. 1970 11 215–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B. H. Jennings, S. Pastra-Landis and J. W. Lerman, Photosensitized dimerization of uracil Photochem. Photobiol. 1972 15 479–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M Poe and K. Hoogsteen, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid. Conformation of the tetrahydropyrazine ring J. Biol. Chem. 1978 253 543–546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A. R. Katritzky, N. G. Akhmedov, E. M. Myshakin, A. K. Verma and C. D. Hall, Low-temperature 1H and 13C NMR Spectra of N-Substituted 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indoles Magn. Reson. Chem. 2005 43 351–358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. L. Gilchrist, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Esther Oliveros or Andrés H. Thomas.

Additional information

This article is published as part of a themed issue in honour of Professor Kurt Schaffner on the occasion of his 80th birthday.

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05363b

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vignoni, M., Lorente, C., Cabrerizo, F.M. et al. Characterization and reactivity of photodimers of dihydroneopterin and dihydrobiopterin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11, 979–987 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp05363b

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp05363b

Navigation