Abstract
The photochemistry of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQ2S) was studied as a function of pH, combining laser flash photolysis and steady-state irradiation experiments, with the additional help of a computational study of energy levels. Two out of the three transient species produced upon irradiation of AQ2S can be involved into the degradation of dissolved molecules, and also AQ2S in its ground state is degraded. The reactive transients are less stable but often more reactive under acidic conditions, which modulates the pH trend of the photodegradation of the adopted organic substrates (furfuryl alcohol, benzene, nitrobenzene). The ability of the excited states of irradiated AQ2S to simulate the reactivity of singlet oxygen upon degradation of furfuryl alcohol, and that of the hydroxyl radical by producing phenol from benzene, can have important consequences. Furfuryl alcohol and benzene are widely adopted probe molecules for the respective quantification of singlet oxygen and the hydroxyl radical in many systems, among which are natural waters under irradiation. This study shows that the interference of AQ2S on singlet oxygen determination would be higher in acidic or basic than in ~neutral conditions, while in the case of the hydroxyl radical the interference would increase with pH. Processes analogous to those studied could account for the interference of coloured dissolved organic matter on the quantification of singlet oxygen, observed in previous studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, ed. P. Boule, D. W. Bahnemann and P. K. J. Robertson, vol. 2M (Environmental Photochemistry, Part II), Springer, Berlin, 2005
M. W. Lam, S. A. Mabury, Photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals atorvastatin, carbamazepine, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole in natural waters, Aquat. Sci., 2005, 67, 177–188.
A. Paul, S. Hackbarth, R. D. Vogt, B. Roder, B.K. Burnison, C. E. W. Steinberg, Photogeneration of singlet oxygen by humic substances: comparison of humic substances of aquatic and terrestrial origin, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2004, 3, 273–280.
S. Canonica, U. Laubscher, Inhibitory effect of dissolved organic matter on triplet-induced oxidation of aquatic contaminants, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2008, 7, 547–551.
Q. T. Liu, R. I. Cumming, A. D. Sharpe, Photo-induced environmental depletion processes of beta-blockers in river water, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 768–777.
D. Vione, J. Feitosa-Felizzola, C. Minero, S. Chiron, Phototransformation of selected human-used macrolides in surface waters: Kinetics, model predictions and degradation pathways, Water Res., 2009, 43, 1959–1967.
D. Vione, V. Maurino, C. Minero, M. E. Carlotti, S. Chiron, S. Barbati, Modelling the occurrence and reactivity of the carbonate radical in surface freshwater, C. R. Chim., 2009, 12, 865–871.
D. Vione, S. Khanra, S. Cucu Man, P. R. Maddigapu, R. Das, C. Arsene, R. I. Olariu, V. Maurino, C. Minero, Inhibition vs. enhancement of the nitrate-induced phototransformation of organic substrates by the OH scavengers bicarbonate and carbonate, Water Res., 2009, 43, 4718–4728.
S. Canonica, T. Kohn, M. Mac, F. J. Real, J. Wirz, U. Von Gunten, Photosensitizer method to determine rate constants for the reaction of carbonate radical with organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 9182–9188.
S. Canonica, B. Hellrung, P. Müller, J. Wirz, Aqueous oxidation of phenylurea herbicides by triplet aromatic ketones, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40, 6636–6641.
T. Del Giacco, L. Latterini, F. Elisei, Photophysical and photochemical properties of 1,2,4-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone adsorbed on inorganic oxides, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003, 2, 681–687.
H. Gorner, Photoreactions of p-benzo, p-naphtho and p-anthraquinones with ascorbic acid, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2004, 3, 933–938.
V. Latour, T. Pigot, M. Simon, H. Cardy, S. Lacombe, Photooxidation of di-n-butylsulfide by various electron transfer sensitizers in oxygenated acetonitrile, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2005, 4, 221–229.
H. Gorner, Photoinduced oxygen uptake for 9,10-anthraquinone in air-saturated aqueous acetonitrile in the presence of formate, alcohols, ascorbic acid or amines, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 1052–1058.
M. Jang, S. R. McDow, Benz[a]anthracene photodegradation in the presence of known organic constituents of atmospheric aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1995, 29, 2654–2660.
M. Jang, S. R. McDow, Products of benz[a]anthracene photodegradation in the presence of known organic constituents of atmospheric aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1997, 31, 1046–1053.
I. Loeff, A. Treinin, H. Linschitz, Photochemistry of 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonate in solution. 1. Intermediates and mechanism, J. Phys. Chem., 1983, 87, 2536–2544.
A. E. Alegría, A. Ferrer, G. Santiago, E. Sepúlveda, W. Flores, Photochemistry of water-soluble quinones. Production of the hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and the superoxide ion, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 1999, 127, 57–65.
V. Maurino, D. Borghesi, D. Vione, C. Minero, Transformation of phenolic compounds upon UVA irradiation of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2008, 7, 321–327.
D. Vione, M. Ponzo, D. Bagnus, V. Maurino, C. Minero and M. E. Carlotti, Comparison of different probe molecules for the quantification of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution, Environ. Chem. Lett., in press. 10.1007/s10311-008-0197-3.
F. Al Housari, S. Chiron, D. Vione, S. Barbati, Reactive photoinduced species in estuarine waters. Characterization of hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and dissolved organic matter triplet state in natural oxidation processes, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2010, 9, 78–86.
S. Halladja, A. Ter Halle, J. P. Aguer, A. Boulkamh, C. Richard, Inhibition of humic substances mediates photooxigenation of furfuryl alcohol by 2,4,6-trimethylphenol. Evidence for reactivity of the phenol with humic triplet excited states, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41, 6066–6073.
D. Vione, D. Bagnus, V. Maurino, C. Minero, Quantification of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals upon UV irradiation of surface water, Environ. Chem. Lett., in press. 10.1007/s10311-009-0208-z.
D. Vione, V. Lauri, C. Minero, V. Maurino, M. Malandrino, M. E. Carlotti, R. I. Olariu, C. Arsene, Photostability and photolability of dissolved organic matter upon irradiation of natural water samples under simulated sunlight, Aquat. Sci., 2009, 71, 34–45.
J. B. Foresman, and A. Frisch, 1996, Exploring Chemistry with Electron Structure Methods: a guide to using Gaussian, Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA.
I. G. Csizmadia, and R. Daudel, 1981, Computational Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Reidel, Dordrecth.
H. B. Schlegel, Optimization of equilibrium geometries and transition structures, J. Comput. Chem., 1982, 3, 214–218.
H. B. Schlegel, An efficient algorithm for calculating ab initio energy gradients using s, p Cartesian Gaussians, J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 77, 3676–3681.
H. B. Schlegel, J. S. Binkley, J. A. Pople, First and second derivatives of two electron integrals over Cartesian Gaussians using Rys polynomials, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 1976–1981.
J. A. Pople, P. M. W. Gill, B. G. Johnson, Kohn-Sham density-functional theory within a finite basis set, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1992, 199, 557–560.
R. G. Parr, and W. Yang, Density Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules, Oxford University Press, NY, 1989
A. D. Becke, Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98, 5648–5652.
R. Krishnan, J. S. Binkley, R. Seeger, J. A. Pople, Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XX. A basis set for correlated wave functions, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 72, 650–654.
A. D. McLean, G. S. Chandler, Contracted Gaussian basis sets for molecular calculations. I. Second, row atoms, Z = 11-18, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 72, 5639–5648.
J. B. Foresman, T. A. Keith, K. B. Wiberg, J. Snoonian, M. J. Frisch, Solvent effects. 5. Influence of cavity shape, truncation of electrostatics, and electron correlation on ab initio reaction field calculations, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 16098–16104.
M. J. T. Frisch, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, V. G. Zakrzewski, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., R. E. Stratmann, J. C. Burant, S. Dapprich, J. M. Millam, A. D. Daniels, K. N. Kudin, M. C. Strain, O. Farkas, J. Tomasi, V. Barone, M. Cossi, R. Cammi, B. Mennucci, C. Pomelli, C. Adamo, S. Clifford, J. Ochterski, G. A. Petersson, P. Y. Ayala, Q. Cui, K. Morokuma, D. K. Malick, A. D. Rabuck, K. Raghavachari, J. B. Foresman, J. Cioslowski, J. V. Ortiz, B. B. Stefanov, G. Liu, A. Liashenko, P. Piskorz, L. Komaromi, R. Gomperts, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, T. Keith, M. A. Al-Laham, C. Y. Peng, A. Nanayakkara, C. Gonzalez, M. Challacombe, P. M. W. Gill, B. Johnson, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, J. L. Andres, M. Head-Gordon, E. S. Replogle, and J. A. Pople, Gaussian 03, revision B.05, 2003
A. E. Martell, and R. M. Smith, Critical Stability Constants, Plenum Press, NY, 1974
F. Wilkinson, J. Brummer, Rate constants for the decay and reactions of the lowest electronically excited singlet-state of molecular oxygen in solution, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1981, 10, 809–1000.
B. A. Southworth, B. M. Voelker, Hydroxyl radical production via the photo-Fenton reaction in the presence of fulvic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 1130–1136.
S. P. Sun, H. Q. Guo, Q. Ke, J. H. Sun, S. H. Shi, M. L. Zhang, Q. Zhou, Degradation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by photo-Fenton oxidation process, Environ. Eng. Sci., 2009, 26, 753–759.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Fig. ESI1-ESI11. See DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00103d
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maddigapu, P.R., Bedini, A., Minero, C. et al. The pH-dependent photochemistry of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9, 323–330 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00103d
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00103d