Integrated anti-hyperlipidemic bioactivity of whole Citrus grandis [L.] osbeck fruits—multi-action mechanism evidenced using animal and cell models

Li-Yun Lin; Boa-Chan Huang; Kuan-Chou Chen; Robert Y. Peng

doi:10.1039/C9FO02290B

Integrated anti-hyperlipidemic bioactivity of whole Citrus grandis [L.] osbeck fruits—multi-action mechanism evidenced using animal and cell models†

Li-Yun Lin,^a Boa-Chan Huang,^a Kuan-Chou Chen

*^bc and Robert Y. Peng*^de

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan

^b Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Xin St., Taipei 116, Taiwan
E-mail: kuanchou@tmu.edu.tw
Fax: +886-2-29294931
Tel: +886-2-27299723; Cell phone: +886-970-747-205

^c Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuan-Ho Hospital, 250, Wu-Xin St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 116, Taiwan

^d Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
E-mail: ypeng@seed.net.tw
Fax: +886-2-27585767
Tel: +886-953-002-092

^e Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Xin St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 116, Taiwan

Abstract

Changes in human life style have increased the incidence of obesity which has become a risk factor to human health. In Taiwan, the annual production of Citrus grandis [L.] reaches 75 000 tons, while the amount of waste fruits could reach 5%. We propose that abundant phytochemicals present in the wastes can be beneficial to attenuate obesity with hyperlipidemia. An animal Wistar rat model showed that pomelo flesh, peels, carpel (the segmental membrane), as well as the essential oil attenuated obesity as well as hyperlipidemia, and the AMPK–SREBP–PPARS pathway was involved. To further verify the mechanism, a HepG2 cell model was used to test some representative pomelo phytonutrients including limonene (Ln), γ-terpinene (γT), p-synephrine (SP), β-sitosterol (βS), and hesperidin (Hn). Data interestingly revealed it to be a multiple mechanism of anti-lipogenic bioactivity via downregulating the enzymes involved in both the cholesterol and triacylglyceride de novo biosynthesis (in the order of decreasing bioactivity): acetyl CoA carboxylase (Hn, SP, βS, Ln = γT), fatty acid synthase (Ln, γT, SP, βS, Hn), HMG-CoA synthase (Ln, Hn, SP, βS, γT), and HMG-CoA reductase (Hn, Ln, βS, γT, SP), and via upregulation of cholesterol-7α-monooxygenase (CYP7A1) (Hn, βS). In addition, all pomelo fruit parts enhanced the fecal crude lipid and sterol excretion capability. Thus, fruits of C. grandis can serve as a rather promising integrative antihyperlipidemic agent.

This article is part of the themed collection: Food & Function Recent HOT articles

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO02290B
Article type: Paper
Submitted: 30 Sep 2019
Accepted: 07 Mar 2020
First published: 19 Mar 2020

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Food Funct., 2020,11, 2978-2996

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Integrated anti-hyperlipidemic bioactivity of whole Citrus grandis [L.] osbeck fruits—multi-action mechanism evidenced using animal and cell models

L. Lin, B. Huang, K. Chen and R. Y. Peng, Food Funct., 2020, 11, 2978 DOI: 10.1039/C9FO02290B

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Food & Function

Integrated anti-hyperlipidemic bioactivity of whole Citrus grandis [L.] osbeck fruits—multi-action mechanism evidenced using animal and cell models†

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Integrated anti-hyperlipidemic bioactivity of whole Citrus grandis [L.] osbeck fruits—multi-action mechanism evidenced using animal and cell models

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