Abstract
Hydroalkylation, the direct addition of a C(sp3)–H bond across an olefin, is a desirable strategy to produce valuable, complex structural motifs in functional materials, pharmaceuticals, and natural products. Herein, we report a reliable method for accessing α-branched amines via nickel-catalyzed hydroalkylation reactions. Specifically, by using bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel (Ni(cod)2) together with a phosphine ligand, we achieved a formal C(sp3)–H bond insertion reaction between olefins and N-sulfonyl amines without the need for an external hydride source. The amine not only provides the alkyl motif but also delivers hydride to the olefin by means of a nickel-engaged β–hydride elimination/reductive elimination process. This method provides a platform for constructing chiral α-branched amines by using a P-chiral ligand, demonstrating its potential utility in organic synthesis. Notably, a sulfonamidyl boronate complex formed in situ under basic conditions promotes ring-opening of the azanickellacycle reaction intermediate, leading to a significant improvement of the catalytic efficiency.
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Introduction
Compounds featured with a carbon–carbon double bond serve as important precursors for complex aliphatic molecules because of their ready availability and versatility in transition-metal-catalyzed functionalizations1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. In this respect, advances in nickel-complex-catalyzed hydrocarbonation of olefins have expanded the chemical space of accessible structures and enabled new synthetic disconnections17,18,19,20,21. Compared with hydroarylation22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 and hydroalkenylation26,32,35, hydroalkylation produces molecules that are richer in sp3-hybridized carbon centers and contain more stereogeometric information36,37,38,39,40,41,42, a feature that may improve biological activity43,44. In the 1990s, Mori disclosed intramolecular C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond formation reactions between conjugated dienes and carbonyl groups with catalysis by a nickel hydride complex generated by treatment of Ni(cod)2 with Et3SiH45. In the past 5 years, an array of elegant Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation reactions between olefins and alkyl halides in the presence of a silane-based hydride source, including both enantiospecific and enantioconvergent versions, have been established (Fig. 1a)36,37,38,39,40,41,42. In 2020, Koh’s group developed an aminoquinaldine-directed hydroalkylation reaction, in which one alkyl halide molecule provides an alkyl motif and another delivers a hydride via β-H elimination46. In addition to alkyl halides, imines or aldehyde can also be used as coupling partners for hydroalkylation reactions of tetrafluoroethylene with silanes47,48.
a Hydroalkylation of olefins with an additional hydride source. b An N-sulfonyl amine serves both as a hydride source and a coupling partner in the hydroalkylation of olefins. c Envisioned catalytic cycle and challenges. cat. catalyst, PCy3 tricyclohexylphosphine, Ar aryl, Ts tosyl, Mts mesitylen-2-sulfonyl.
Inspired by Ni-engaged oxidative cyclometallation ([Ni0] to nickellacycle a in Fig. 1c), which have been successfully applied in alkenylation of imines with unsaturated molecules such as alkynes and olefins49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56, we envisioned that if an amine could serve both as a hydride source and an imine precursor, formal olefin insertion into the α-C–H bond of the amine could be accomplished (Fig. 1c). Although the Ni-catalyzed alkenylation reaction between alkynes and amines has been reported57,58, the above-described strategy poses a significant challenge in the form of competitive hydride elimination from one of the β-positions relative to the nickel atom (b to c vs b to side product). For instance, the alkenylation reactions between olefins and imines established by Zhou’s group provided unsaturated products, allylic amines54. When tetrafluoroethene bearing no hydrogen atom was subjected together with silane, alkylation of imines took place47. Moreover, Ogoshi’s group recently used carbonyl insertion to interrupt the facile β-H elimination; displacement of the nickel from the nickellacycle intermediate provides saturated γ-lactams59,60.
In this work, we report a Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of olefins with N-sulfonyl amines, which provides α-branched amines without the need for an exogenous hydride source, and obtains high enantioselectivity by using a P-chiral phosphine ligand (Fig. 1b).
Results
Reaction optimization
To evaluate the feasibility of our strategy, we selected N-tosyl benzylamine (1a) and styrene (2a) as coupling partners. We conducted the hydroalkylation by using a Ni(0) species Ni(cod)2 and a phosphine ligand PCy3. After trying a number of weak inorganic bases (Fig. 2a), including NaOAc and K3PO4, which are crucial in our previous studies57, we only detect a trace amount of the desired hydroalkylation product 3a together with a side-product allylic amine 3a’ by 1H NMR spectroscopy. However, we found strong bases could dramatically promote the designed reaction profile, as well as suppress the competitive pathway that leads to 3a’. For instance, KOtBu provided 3a in an almost quantitative yield (98% NMR yield) with a 10 mol% Ni catalyst. Phenyl boronic acid is not necessary, but it influenced the efficiency of this catalysis that a lower yield (40%) was obtained in the absence of it. Moreover, we evaluated other boron reagents and found that 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane and its analogue bearing no protons also gave high yields (Fig. 2b). Next, we moved to evaluate ligands beside PCy3, including monodentate and bidentate phosphines, as well as other type pivotal ligands: the analogues of PCy3, such as PCyp3 (Cyp, cyclopentyl group) and PCy2Ph, yielded product 3a in around 70% yields; the use of other ligands resulted in much lower or even undetectable yields (Fig. 2c).
a Evaluation of base. b Evaluation of boron reagent. c Evaluation of ligand. d Standard reaction conditions. e Gram-scale reaction. Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.4 mmol), Ni(cod)2 (10 mol%), ligand (20 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (25 mol%), base (25 mol%), toluene (0.3 mL), N2, 120 °C; yields were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. aWithout PhB(OH)2. bLigand (10 mol%). B boron, Ac acetyl, Bu butyl, Me methyl, TMS trimethylsilyl, KHMDS potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, Ph phenyl, Pr propyl.
Although nickel is more earth-abundant and much less expensive than precious metals (Pd, Rh, Ir, etc.), carrying out reactions with less catalysts is vital from both an atom-economy and an environmentally friendly standpoint. Therefore, we carried out experiments with lower catalyst loadings and found that the loading of the nickel/phosphine catalyst could be reduced to 2.5 mol% with no obvious decrease in yield (Fig. 2d). In addition, a gram-scale reaction with a nickel loading of only 1 mol% afforded 3a with no need for column chromatography (Fig. 2e), and the protecting group (Ts) could be easily displaced by a Boc group (see Supplementary Methods 2.4 for details).
Substrate scope
With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, we investigated the generality of this method. First, we examined the scope of the reaction with respect to the N-tosyl amine (Fig. 3). A wide range of benzylic amines bearing an ortho (3b–d), meta (3e–h), or para (3i–r) substituent on the aromatic ring underwent the coupling reaction with styrene (2a), delivering the desired α-branched amines in 42–99% yields. Substrates with disubstituted phenyl rings (3s–t and 3v) or a naphthyl ring (3 u) were also well tolerated. Heterocycles containing an oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom are prevalent in pharmaceuticals, but metal-catalyzed reactions involving such compounds are challenging because of coordination between the heteroatom and the metal. Indeed, we found that heteroatom-containing substrates gave low yields (3w–y) under the standard conditions. When a higher loading of the catalyst (5 mol%) and an additive, pivaldehyde, were used, the reactions afforded the desired products in moderate yields.
Reaction conditions: N-sulfonyl amine 1 (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.4 mmol), Ni(cod)2 (2.5 mol%), PCy3 (5 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (25 mol%), KOtBu (25 mol%), toluene (0.3 mL), N2, 120 °C; isolated yields were reported. aNi(cod)2 (5 mol%), PCy3 (10 mol%). bPhB(OH)2 (100 mol%), KOtBu (50 mol%). cPivaldehyde (2.0 equiv.) was added. dNi(cod)2 (5 mol%), PCy3 (10 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (100 mol%), KOtBu (100 mol%). Bz, benzoyl, Et ethyl, Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl.
In addition to benzylic amines, various primary aliphatic amines were also acceptable substrates under modified conditions. Substrates with linear (3z–af), γ-branched (3ag–ai), β-branched (3aj), and cyclic (3ak–an) alkyl groups at the α-position of the nitrogen were tolerated, affording the corresponding unsymmetrical α-branched amines in moderate to good yields.
The scope of olefins was then examined with N-tosyl amine 1a (Fig. 4). Both electron-donating and -withdrawing groups on the phenyl rings of olefins were well tolerated; desired products 3ao–ba were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, a diverse array of functionalities such as fluorine, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ester, morpholino, and ketone were tolerated. Multisubstituted aryl olefins, including a molecule derived from estrone, were suitable substrates, affording 3ay–ba in good yields. Olefins containing a heterocycle, such as indole, benzofuran, and quinoline, as well as ferrocene were also compatible with the reaction conditions. In addition, hydroalkylation of aliphatic olefins with 1a in the presence of pivaldehyde provided mixtures of linear and branched products in 41–92% yields.
Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), olefin 2 (0.4 mmol), Ni(cod)2 (2.5 mol%), PCy3 (5 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (25 mol%), KOtBu (25 mol%), toluene (0.3 mL), N2, 120 °C; isolated yields were reported. aNi(cod)2 (5 mol%), PCy3 (10 mol%). bPhB(OH)2 (100 mol%), KOtBu (50 mol%). cPivaldehyde (2.0 equiv.) was added. dThe ratio of linear product to branched product (l/b) was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Hex hexyl, Bn benzyl.
We next investigated whether this protocol could be applied to access enantioenriched α-branched N-tosyl amines, which are valuable and privileged motif found in nature products, pharmaceuticals, and functional molecules. We immediately encountered a significant challenge in that a chiral ligand such as P-chiral phosphine (R)-BI-DIME61 together with Ni(cod)2, provided the desired product with a poor enantioselectivity (57.2:42.8 er) (see Supplementary Table 11). We suspected that the 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) liberated from Ni(cod)2 may rebind to the metal center during the catalysis, leading to a disturbance in enantioselectivity control. To diminish such influence, we evaluated other Ni sources, and found that a Ni(II) precatalyst NiBr2·dme, which could be reduced to Ni(0) in situ, dramatically improved the enantioselectivity (79.6:20.4 er). Instead of the tosyl group, using a bulkier mesitylen-2-sulfonyl group (Mts) as the protecting group for nitrogen resulted in a slightly better result (83.6:17.4 er). Further optimization of the conditions, including solvent and reaction temperature allowed us to obtain 5a in 55% isolated yield with 92.0:8.0 er (for more details, see Supplementary Table 11).
Then, we move to investigate the substrate scope of the enantioselective protocol by performing reactions of aliphatic N-Mts amines with olefins (Fig. 5). First, various styrene analogues were compatible under the optimized conditions, providing desired products in moderate yields with good enantioselectivities (5a–n). Second, the scope of amines is also broad that both acyclic (5o–aa) and cyclic (5ab–af) aliphatic amines were suitable. Notably, active functional groups, including ester (5s), amide (5t), imide (5u), carbamate (5ae), and cyclopropyl (5w) were well tolerated. The absolute configuration of (S)-5n was determined by X-ray crystallography (see Supplementary Note 2).
Reaction conditions: 4 (0.1 mmol), olefin 2 (0.2 mmol), NiBr2·dme (10 mol%), (R)-BI-DIME (20 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (120 mol%), KOtBu (120 mol%), anisole (0.2 mL), N2, 60 °C; isolated yields were reported. aReaction was conducted at 50 oC. bReaction was conducted at 80 oC. c(R)-BI-DIME (12 mol%) was used. Nap naphthyl, Oct octyl.
Mechanistic studies
To gain insights into the reaction mechanism, we performed mechanistic studies. First, we replaced amine 1a with N-tosyl imine 6a and found that the reaction yielded only a trace of desired product 3a (Fig. 6a). Moreover, adding para-methoxybenzylamine (1 l) to the above reaction mixture dramatically increased the yield of 3a. These experiments suggested that the N-tosyl amine served not only as the precursor of the imine but also as the hydride source to terminate the catalytic cycle. Second, deuterium-labeling experiments were conducted (Fig. 6b). When the α-deuterated substrate 1u-d2 was used, 45.5% average deuterium incorporation at the γ-position relative to the nitrogen of the product was detected, and the recovered substrate showed no loss of deuterium. This observation is consistent with our assumption that the hydrogen in the product was derived mainly from the N-tosyl amine. Third, control experiments were carried out to investigate the role played by pivaldehyde in the reactions of aliphatic olefins (Fig. 6c). In the absence of the aldehyde, only a very low yield was obtained (<8%). In contrast, when an α,α,α-trisubstituted aldehyde α-naphthalenyl isobutyraldehyde 7 (Compared to pivaldehyde, α-naphthalenyl isobutyraldehyde and its corresponding alcohol are easier to observe by 1H NMR spectroscopy) was used, 3bg was obtained in 57% yield, along with an alcohol derived from the aldehyde. Moreover, a catalytic amount of N-tosyl imine (10 mol%) also promoted the reaction, which indicates that the aldehyde additive may accept hydride from the Ni–H species generated in the initial step (N-tosyl amine dehydration), prior to catalysis.
a Hydroalkylation of styrene with N-tosyl imine. b Deuterium labeling experiment. c Effects of an aldehyde in the hydroalkylation of 1-octene.
In addition, we investigated effects of the base and boron reagent. First, a strong base such as KOtBu, LiOtBu, and KOMe was found to be indispensable; while, beside PhB(OH)2, a borate such as 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane also dramatically promoted the reaction (Fig. 2). Second, we used 11B NMR to evaluate interactions between PhB(OH)2 and reactants, including N-tosyl amine, styrene, and KOtBu (Fig. 7). After heating the reaction mixture for a while (in the absence of Ni/P-catalyst), a new peak appeared in the upfield, implying the formation of a boronate complex. Notably, this peak still appeared either in the absence of an olefin or when PhB(OH)2 was treated with potassium sulfonamide (8) directly. Furthermore, a boronate complex (9) bearing a B–N bond was isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy as well as elementary analysis ([C20H21BKNO4S], calcd. for B: 2.57%; found: 2.73%.). Beside KOtBu, we subjected LiOtBu into the above experiments, and also observed the formation of lithium boronate by 11B NMR spectroscopy (see Supplementary Methods 2.6 for details). Inspired by the previous observations that compounds bearing active protons (e.g. TsNH2, phenol) could promote opening of the five-membered nickellacycle intermediate via protonation50,54,62,63,64, as well as studies of transmetallation on boronates65,66,67,68,69, we proposed that a boronate facilitates exchange of the sulfonamidyl group on the nickel, leading to rapid opening of the nickellacycle (a to b in Fig. 1c).
11B NMR spectroscopy was used to evaluate interactions between PhB(OH)2 and reactants, including N-tosyl amine, styrene, and KOtBu.
On the basis of the aforementioned experiments and previous studies49,50,51,54,56,57, we proposed the mechanism outlined in Fig. 8. The process is initiated by dehydrogenation of a N-sulfonyl amine, liberating a catalytic amount of the corresponding imine together with a Ni-H species. Subsequently, styrene or the additive pivaldehyde accepts hydride to regenerate the active Ni(0) catalyst. In the catalytic cycle, oxidative cyclometallation produces a nickellacycle intermediate Int1, which is converted into the nickel intermediate Int2 through a boronate-promoted exchange of sulfonamidyl group. Finally, the desired product is derived from Int2 through a β-H elimination/reductive elimination process, completing the catalytic cycle.
Possible reaction mechanism of the Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of olefins with N-sulfonyl amines.
In summary, we have developed a method for nickel-catalyzed hydroalkylation reactions between terminal olefins and linear N-sulfonyl amines to afford a variety of branched products. The method is atom economical because an exogenous hydride source is not required. Mechanistic studies suggested that a sulfonamidyl boronate complex formed in situ facilitates the transformation by promoting the opening of the nickellacycle. Further work aimed at extending this protocol to related transformations is currently underway in our laboratory.
Methods
General procedure for hydroalkylation of olefins with N-sulfonyl amines
In a N2-filled glovebox, a 4 mL oven-dried vial was charged with N-sulfonyl amine 1 (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), olefin 2 (0.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), Ni(cod)2 (0.005 mmol, 1.4 mg, 2.5 mol%), PCy3 (0.01 mmol, 2.8 mg, 5 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (0.05 mmol, 6.1 mg, 25 mol%) and KOtBu (0.05 mmol, 5.6 mg, 25 mol%). Toluene (0.3 mL) was added. The vial was equipped with a magnetic stir bar, sealed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 120 °C for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by column chromatography afforded the desired product.
General procedure for enantioselective hydroalkylation of olefins with N-sulfonyl amines
In a N2-filled glovebox, a 4 mL oven-dried vial was charged with N-sulfonyl amine 4 (0.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), olefin 2 (0.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), NiBr2·dme (0.01 mmol, 3.1 mg, 10 mol%), (R)-BI-DIME (0.02 mmol, 6.6 mg, 20 mol%), PhB(OH)2 (0.12 mmol, 14.6 mg, 120 mol%) and KOtBu (0.12 mmol, 13.4 mg, 120 mol%). Anisole (0.2 mL) was added. The vial was equipped with a magnetic stir bar, sealed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 72 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by column chromatography afforded the desired product.
Data availability
All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and Supplementary Information files, or from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The X-ray crystallographic coordinates for structure of 5n reported in this study have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), under deposition number 2092983. The data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22071198), the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang (2020R01004), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M681929, 2020M671801, 2019M662119), and the Postdoctoral projects funded by Zhejiang Province (G02146521901). We thank Westlake university instrumentation and service center for molecular sciences for the facility support and technical assistance. We thank Westlake university instrumentation and service center for physical sciences for the facility support and technical assistance.
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X.-B.Y. and L.L. performed the experiments and analyzed the data. W.-Q.W., L.X., K.L. and Y.-C.L. helped to complete the experiments. H.S. directed the project and wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.
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Yan, XB., Li, L., Wu, WQ. et al. Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of olefins with N-sulfonyl amines. Nat Commun 12, 5881 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26194-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26194-y
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