Although immunologists have found the dichotomous helper T cell subset model a useful construct, it is beginning to show its age. Some suggest that proponents of the TH1-TH2 dichotomy are overzealous in making the data conform to the scheme, like Procrustes who stretched or truncated his guests so that they would fit his guest bed.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Mosmann, T.R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M.W., Giedlin, M.A. & Coffman, R.L. J. Immunol. 136, 2348–2357 (1986).
Cher, D.J. & Mosmann, T.R. J. Immunol. 138, 3688–3694 (1987).
Yip, H.C. et al. J. Immunol. 162, 3942–3949 (1999).
Karulin, A.Y., Hesse, M.D., Tary-Lehmann, M. & Lehmann, P.V. J. Immunol. 164, 1862–1872 (2000).
Mosmann, T.R. & Sad, S. Immunol. Today 17, 138–146 (1996).
O'Garra, A. Immunity 8, 275–283 (1998).
Bullens, D.M., Kasran, A., Thielemans, K., Bakkus, M. & Ceuppens, J.L. Scand. J. Immunol. 53, 455–463 (2001).
Liu, L., Rich, B.E., Inobe, J., Chen, W. & Weiner, H.L. Int. Immunol. 10, 1017–1026 (1998).
Allen, J.E. & Maizels, R.M. Immunol. Today 18, 387–392 (1997).
Lafaille, J.J. et al. J. Exp. Med. 186, 307–312 (1997).
Stohlman, S.A., Pei, L., Cua, D.J., Li, Z. & Hinton, D.R. J. Immunol. 163, 6338–6344 (1999).
Nagelkerken, L., Blauw, B. & Tielemans, M. Int. Immunol. 9, 1243–1251 (1997).
Cottrez, F., Hurst, S.D., Coffman, R.L. & Groux, H. J. Immunol. 165, 4848–4853 (2000).
Ferber, I.A. et al. J. Immunol. 156, 5–7 (1996).
Afanasyeva, M. et al. Am. J. Pathol. 159, 193–203 (2001).
Afanasyeva, M. et al. Circulation 104, 3145–3151 (2001).
Kaya, Z. et al. J. Immunol. 168, 1552–1556 (2002).
Theofilopoulos, A.N., Koundouris, S., Kono, D.H. & Lawson, B.R. Arthritis Res. 3, 136–141 (2001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gor, D., Rose, N. & Greenspan, N. TH1-TH2: a Procrustean paradigm. Nat Immunol 4, 503–505 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0603-503
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0603-503
This article is cited by
-
Effects of combined exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy on OVA-induced asthma in offspring and its sensitive window
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health (2024)
-
Keratinocyte-derived IL-36γ plays a role in hydroquinone-induced chemical leukoderma through inhibition of melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes
Archives of Toxicology (2019)
-
Suppression of dust mite allergy by mucosal delivery of a hypoallergenic derivative in a mouse model
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2015)
-
A Study of Association Between Oral Lichen Planus and Immune Balance of Th1/Th2 Cells
Inflammation (2015)
-
Danger signalling during cancer cell death: origins, plasticity and regulation
Cell Death & Differentiation (2014)