Abstract
Global climate is changing rapidly, and the degree to which natural populations respond genetically to these changes is key to predicting ecological responses1,2,3. So far, no study has documented evolutionary changes in the thermal tolerance of natural populations as a response to recent temperature increase. Here, we demonstrate genetic change in the capacity of the water flea Daphnia to tolerate higher temperatures using both a selection experiment and the reconstruction of evolution over a period of forty years derived from a layered dormant egg bank. We observed a genetic increase in thermal tolerance in response to a two-year ambient +4 °C selection treatment and in the genotypes of natural populations from the 1960s and 2000s hatched from lake sediments. This demonstrates that natural populations have evolved increased tolerance to higher temperatures, probably associated with the increased frequency of heat waves over the past decades, and possess the capacity to evolve increased tolerance to future warming.
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03 September 2015
In the version of this Letter originally published, in Fig. 1a, the boxplot for the Ambient +4 °C treatment was incorrect. This error has been corrected in the online versions.
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Acknowledgements
A.N.G. is supported by the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT Vlaanderen). The mesocosm experiment at Liverpool was supported by the EU IP project EUROLIMPACS (EU Contract No. GOCE-CT-2003-505540), and the overall study was supported by KU Leuven Research Fund Excellence Center financing PF/2010/07 and by ERA-Net BiodivERsA project TIPPINGPOND, nationally funded by Belspo. T. H. Haileselasie kindly helped with the analysis of genetic differentiation using microsatellite markers. We thank the National Trust for access to Felbrigg Hall Lake and thanks also to R. Huey and T. Ceulemans for valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
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L.D.M. and A.N.G. designed the overall research project. B.M., D.A. and H.F. designed the climate experiment and W.V.D. and L.D.M. developed the evolutionary selection module. W.V.D. and H.F. carried out the selection experiment. T.A.D. and C.D.S. took and analysed the sediment cores and carried out palaeolimnological analyses. A.N.G., L.D.M. and J.V. developed the resurrection ecology experiment. A.N.G. hatched the eggs and carried out the standardized CTMax experiments. A.N.G. together with J.V. and B.V. carried out the statistical analyses with input from L.D.M. A.N.G. and L.D.M. wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to editing the manuscript.
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Geerts, A., Vanoverbeke, J., Vanschoenwinkel, B. et al. Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance in the water flea Daphnia. Nature Clim Change 5, 665–668 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2628
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2628
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