Abstract
Communicating with sensors has long been limited either to wired connections or to proprietary wireless communication protocols. Using a ubiquitous and inexpensive wireless communication technology to create Sensor Area Networks (SANs) will accelerate the extensive deployment of sensor technology. Bluetooth, an emerging, worldwide standard for inexpensive, local wireless communication is a viable choice for SANs because of its inherent support for some of the important requirements – low power, small form factor, low cost and sufficient communication range. In this paper we outline an approach, centered on the Bluetooth technology, to support a sensor network composed of fixed wireless sensors for health monitoring of highways, bridges and other civil infrastructures. We present a topology formation scheme that not only takes into account the traffic generated by different sensors but also the associated link strengths, buffer capacities and energy availability. The algorithm makes no particular assumptions as to the placement of nodes, and not all nodes need to be in radio proximity of each other. The output is a tree shaped scatternet rooted at the sensor hub (data logger) that is balanced in terms of traffic carried on each of the links. We also analyze the scheduling, routing and healing aspects of the resulting sensor-net topology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bluetooth specifications version 1.1, http://www.bluetooth. com/dev/specifications.asp
Development of wireless sensor technology for machine monitoring, http://ieee1451.nist.gov/Workshop_04June01/ Bocko.pdf
M. Gerla, R. Kapoor, M. Kazantzidis and P. Johansson, Ad hoc networking with Bluetooth, in: Proceedings of WMI at ACM Mobicom 2001, Rome, Italy (July 2001).
S. Hedetniemi and A. Listman, A survey of gossiping and broadcasting in communication networks, IEEE Networks 18(4) (1988) 319–349.
W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (January 2000) pp. 1–10.
W.R. Heinzelman, J. Kulik and H. Balakrishnan, Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks, in: Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'99, Seattle, WA (1999) pp. 174–185.
http://today.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/
http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html
C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan and D. Estrin, Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, in: Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'00, Boston, MA (2000) pp. 56–67.
S. Kirkpatrick, C.D. Gelatt and Vecchi, Optimization by simulated annealing, Science 220 (1983) 671–680.
C. La and K.-Y. Siu, A Bluetooth scatternet formation algorithm, in: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 2001, San Antonio, TX (November 2001).
L. Li and J.Y. Halpern, Minimum-energy mobile wireless networks revisited, in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC'01), Helsinki, Finland (June 2001).
L. Ramachandran, M. Kapoor, A. Sarkar and A. Aggarwal, Clustering algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communications, Boston, MA (August 2000) pp. 54–63.
V. Rodoplu and T.H. Meng, Minimum energy mobile wireless networks, IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications 17(8) (1999) 1333–1344.
T. Salonidis, P. Bhagwat, L. Tassiulas and R. LaMaire, Distributed topology construction of Bluetooth personal area networks, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2001, Anchorage, AK (April 2001).
E. Shih, S. Cho, N. Ickes, R. Min, A. Sinha, A. Wang and A. Chandrakasan, Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks, in: Proceedings of ACMMobiCom' 01, Rome, Italy (July 2001) pp. 272–286.
K. Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi and G.J. Pottie, Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network, IEEE Personal Communications 7(5) (2000) 16–27.
G. Tan, A. Miu, J. Guttag and H. Balakrishnan, Forming scatternets from Bluetooth personal area networks, MIT Technical Report, MITLCS-TR-826 (October 2001).
A Woo and D. Culler, A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks, in: Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'01, Rome, Italy (July 2001) pp. 221–235.
G.V. Zaruba, S. Basagni and I. Chalamtac, Bluetrees - scatternet formation to enable Bluetooth-based ad hoc networks, in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC'01) (2001) pp. 273–277.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mehta, V., El Zarki, M. A Bluetooth Based Sensor Network for Civil Infrastructure Health Monitoring. Wireless Networks 10, 401–412 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WINE.0000028544.49457.eb
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WINE.0000028544.49457.eb