Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adhesively-bonded joints and repairs in metallic alloys, polymers and composite materials: Adhesives, adhesion theories and surface pretreatment

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present paper, the following topics are reviewed in detail: (a) the available adhesives, as well as their recent advances, (b) thermodynamic factors affecting the surface pretreatments including adhesion theories, wettability, surface energy, (c) bonding mechanisms in the adhesive joints, (d) surface pretreatment methods for the adhesively bonded joints, and as well as their recent advances, and (e) combined effects of surface pretreatments and environmental conditions on the joint durability and performance. Surface pretreatment is, perhaps, the most important process step governing the quality of an adhesively bonded joint. An adhesive is defined as a polymeric substance with viscoelastic behavior, capable of holding adherends together by surface attachment to produce a joint with a high shear strength. Adhesive bonding is the most suitable method of joining both for metallic and non-metallic structures where strength, stiffness and fatigue life must be maximized at a minimum weight. Polymeric adhesives may be used to join a large variety of materials combinations including metal-metal, metal-plastic, metal-composite, composite-composite, plastic-plastic, metal-ceramic systems. Wetting and adhesion are also studied in some detail in the present paper since the successful surface pretreatments of the adherends for the short- and long-term durability and performance of the adhesive joints mostly depend on these factors. Wetting of the adherends by the adhesive is critical to the formation of secondary bonds in the adsorption theory. It has been theoretically verified that for complete wetting (i.e., for a contact angle θ equal to zero), the surface energy of the adhesive must be lower than the surface energy of the adherend. Therefore, the primary objective of a surface pretreatment is to increase the surface energy of the adherend as much as possible. The influence of surface pretreatment and aging conditions on the short- and long-term strength of adhesive bonds should be taken into account for durability design. Some form of substrate pretreatment is always necessary to achieve a satisfactory level of long-term bond strength. In order to improve the performance of adhesive bonds, the adherends surfaces (i.e., metallic or non-metallic) are generally pretretead using the (a) physical, (b) mechanical, (c) chemical, (d) photochemical, (e) thermal, or (e) plasma method. Almost all pretreatment methods do bring some degree of change in surface roughness but mechanical surface pretreatment such as grit-blasting is usually considered as one of the most effective methods to control the desired level of surface roughness and joint strength. Moreover, the overall effect of mechanical surface treatment is not limited to the removal of contamination or to an increase in surface area. This also relates to changes in the surface chemistry of adherends and to inherent drawbacks of surface roughness, such as void formations and reduced wetting. Suitable surface pretreatment increases the bond strength by altering the substrate surface in a number of ways including (a) increasing surface tension by producing a surface free from contaminants (i.e., surface contamination may cause insufficient wetting by the adhesive in the liquid state for the creating of a durable bond) or removal of the weak cohesion layer or of the pollution present at the surface, (b) increasing surface roughness on changing surface chemistry and producing of a macro/microscopically rough surface, (c) production of a fresh stable oxide layer, and (d) introducing suitable chemical composition of the oxide, and (e) introduction of new or an increased number of chemical functions. All these parameters can contribute to an improvement of the wettability and/or of the adhesive properties of the surface.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, “Engineering Materials and Their Applications,” 4th ed. (John and Wiley Sons, Inc., 1995) p. 608.

  2. P. Molitor, V. Barron and T. Young, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 21 (2001) 129.

    Google Scholar 

  3. K. K. Chawla, “Composite Materials, Science and Technology,” 2nd ed. (Springer, 1998).

  4. E. Paul Degarmo, J. T. Black and R. A. Kohser, “Materials and Processes in Manufacturing,” 8th ed. (Prentice Hall) Chapt. 38.

  5. “Modern Manufacturing Process Engineering,” edited by B. W. Niebel, A. B. Draper and R. A. Wysk (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. C. Wake (ed.), “Synthetic Adhesives and Sealants” (Wiley, New York, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  7. A. H. Landrock, “Adhesive Technology Handbook” (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  8. S. R. Hartshorne (ed.), “Structural Adhesives: Chemistry and Technology” (Plenum, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. Shields, “Adhesives Handbook,” 3rd ed. (Butterworths, London, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  10. S. L. Rosen, “Fundamental Principles of Polymeric Materials,” 2nd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, 1993).

  11. “Fundamentals of Composite Manufacturing: Materials, Methods, and Applications,” edited by A. B. Strong (Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Development Reference Publications Division, Dearborn, Michigan 48121, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  12. D. K. Shaffer, H. M. Clearfield and J. S. Aheara, in “Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives,” Vol. 7, edited by J. D. Minford, (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991) p. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  13. H. M. Clearfield, D. K. McNamara and G. D. Davis, “Adhesive Bonding” (Plenum Press, New York, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  14. J. D. Venables, J. Mater. Sci. 19 (1984) 2431.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. S. Aheara and G. D. Davis, in Proceeding Adhesion 1987, Third International Conference (Plastics and Rubber Institute, York, UK, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  16. W. Brockman, O. D. Hennemann, H. Kollek and C. Matz, Int. Adhes. Adhes. 6 (1986) 115.

    Google Scholar 

  17. L. J. Hart-Smith, ibid. 19 (1999) 181.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mel M. Schwartz, “Composite Materials Handbook,” 2nd ed. (Mc Graw-Hill, 1992).

  19. R. E. Politi, “Recent Developments in Polyimide and Bismaleimide Adhesives,” High Temperature Polymer Matrix Composites, edited by T. T. Serafini (Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, NJ, 1987) p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  20. N. Allbee, “Adhesives for Structural Applications” (Advanced Composites, November–December 1989) p. 42.

  21. D. K. Kohli, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 19 (1999) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., in Proc. of 10th Int. European Chapter Conference of the SAMPE 55, 1989, p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 39th Int. SAMPE Symposium, 11–14 April, 1994.

  24. “Thermoplastics: Materials Engineering,” 2nd ed., edited by L. Mascia (Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989) p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  25. B. George, Y. Grohens, F. Touyeras and J. Vebral, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 20 (2000) 245.

    Google Scholar 

  26. E. Dragoni and P. Mauri, ibid. 20 (2000) 315.

    Google Scholar 

  27. I. Skeist, “Handbook of Adhesives,” 2nd ed. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. B. Yang, D. Wolf, T. Wakamatsu and M. Holmes, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 9 (1995) 1369.

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. M. Browstein, US Patent 3,428,614 (1969).

  30. B. M. Malofsky, Brit. Patent 1,528,626 (1978).

  31. I. J. Baccei, Brit. Patent 1,531,351 (1976).

  32. D. Sates (ed.), “Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives” (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  33. I. Skeist, Adhesive Compositions, in “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology,” Vol. 1, edited by N. Bikales (Wiley, New York, 1971) p. 482.

    Google Scholar 

  34. A. Zosel, Colloid Polym. Sci. 263 (1985) 541.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Costantino Creton, “Materials Science of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Materials Science and Technology,” Processing of Materials, Vol. 18, edited by R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen and E. J. Kramer (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  36. B. Sillion, Polymides and Other Heteroaromatic Polymers, in “Comprehensive Polymer Science,” edited by G. Allen and J. C. Bevington (Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1989) Vol. 5, p. 449.

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. D. Stenzenberger, Polymer Matrices in “Carbon Fibres and Their Composites,” edited by E. Fitzer (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1985) Chapt. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  38. “Advanced Composite Materials,” edited by L. A. Pilato and M. J. Michno (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  39. H. R. Brown, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 21 (1991) 463.

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. R. Myers, Trans. Soc. Rheol. 4 (1960) 43.

    Google Scholar 

  41. D. H. Kaelble, ibid. 4 (1960) 45.

    Google Scholar 

  42. G. Yasuda, K. Ninomiya and S. Ido, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 36 (1963) 1001.

    Google Scholar 

  43. G. Yasuda and S. Ido, ibid. 36 (1963) 1089.

    Google Scholar 

  44. “Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers,” edited by J. D. Ferry (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  45. R. P. Wool, in “Fundamentals of Adhesion,” edited by L. H. Lee (Plenum, New York, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  46. G. R. Hamed, Rubber Chem. Technol. 54 (1981) 576.

    Google Scholar 

  47. A. N. Gent and G. R. Hamed, Adhesion, in “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2d ed., Vol. 1, edited by J. Kroschwitz (Wiley, New York, 1985) p. 476.

    Google Scholar 

  48. F. J. Mayer, Bonding, in “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering,” 2nd ed., Vol. 1, edited by J. Kroschwitz (Wiley, New York, 1985) p. 518.

    Google Scholar 

  49. A. W. Adamson, “Physical Chemistry of Surfaces,” 5th ed. (Wiley, New York, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  50. P. C. Hiemenz, “Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry,” 2d ed. (Dekker, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  51. R. F. Wegman, “Surface Preparation Techniques for Adhesive Bonding” (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  52. A. F. Harris and A. Beevers, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 19 (1999) 445.

    Google Scholar 

  53. J. H. Brophy, R. M. Rose and J. Wulff, “The Structure and Properties of Materials,” Vol. II, Thermodynamics of Structure (John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  54. “An Introduction to Composite Materials,” edited by Derek Hull (University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  55. A. Kelly, “Strong Solids,” (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  56. J. Comyn, Int. J. Adhes. and Adhes. 12(3) (1992) 145.

    Google Scholar 

  57. A. J. Kinloch, “Durability of Structural Adhesives” (Elsevier Applied Science, Barking, UK, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  58. T. G. Gutowski, “The Mechanics of Composite Deformation During the Manufacturing Process. First Conference of Composite Materials” (American Society for Composites, Dayton, OH, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  59. P. Molitor and T. Young, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 101.

    Google Scholar 

  60. P. G. De Gennes, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 (1984) 827.

    Google Scholar 

  61. L. Leger and J. F. Joanny, Rep. Prog. Phys. 55 (1992) 431.

    Google Scholar 

  62. N. Eustathopolous, Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 2319.

    Google Scholar 

  63. S. Mason, in “Wetting Spreading and Adhesion,” edited by J. F. Panday (Academic, New York, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  64. G. Palasantzas and J. TH. M. De Hosson, Acta Mater. 49 (2001) 3533.

    Google Scholar 

  65. G. W. Critchlow and D. M. Brewis, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 15(3) (1995) 173.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Y. Gilibert and G. Verchery, in “Influence of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of Joints,” edited by K. L. Mittal (Adhesive Joints Formation, Characteristics, and Testing, Plenum Press, New York, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  67. C. W. Jennings, Amer. Chem. Soc. Div. Org. Chem. 31(2) (1971) 184.

    Google Scholar 

  68. J. P. Sargent, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 14(1) (1994) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  69. T. R. Katona, ibid. 3(2) (1983) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  70. A. F. Harris and A. Beevers, in Conf. Proc. Structural Adhesives in Engineering V, Bristol, Institute of Materials, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. M. Sykes, Surface Treatments for Steels, in “Surface Analysis and Pretreatment of Plastics and Metals,” edited by D. M. Brewis (London, Applied Science Publishers, 1982) p. 153.

    Google Scholar 

  72. D. E. Packham, Roughness of Surfaces, in “Handbook of Adhesion,” edited by D. E. Packham (Longman Group (FE) Ltd., New York, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  73. M. Shahid and S. A. Hashim, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 235.

    Google Scholar 

  74. M. J. Davis, A Call for Minimum Standards in Design and Application Technology for Bonded Structural Repairs. Proc. Symp. on Composite Repair of Aircraft Structures, Vancouver, 1995, p. 4-1, 4–15.

  75. J. Guillement, B. Bistac and J. Shultz, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  76. A. N. Gent, J. Schultz, J. Adhes. 3 (1972) 281.

    Google Scholar 

  77. D. Maugis and B. Barquins, J. Phys. D 11 (1978) 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  78. H. Chun and A. N. Gent, J. Polym. Sci. Part B, 34 (1996) 2223.

    Google Scholar 

  79. A. D. Roberts, Rubber Chem. Technol. 52 (1979) 23.

    Google Scholar 

  80. P. G. Gennes, Langmuir 12 (1996) 4497.

    Google Scholar 

  81. A. Ahagon and A. N. Gent, J. Polym. Sci. Phys. Ed. 13 (1975) 1285.

    Google Scholar 

  82. D. Maugis, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 9 (1995) 1005.

    Google Scholar 

  83. A. N. Gent and G. R. Hamed, Polym. Eng. Sci. 17(7) (1977) 462.

    Google Scholar 

  84. J. A. Marceau, Y. Moji and J. C. McMillan, “A Wedge Test for Evaluating Adhesive Bonded Durability,” 21st National SAMPE Symposium, Los Angeles, CA, 1976, p. 332.

  85. M. L. Williams, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 14 (1970) 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  86. D. Maugis, in “Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids” (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  87. D. W. Aubrey, G. N. Welding and T. Wong, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 13 (1969) 2193.

    Google Scholar 

  88. M. A. Krenceski and J. F. Johnson, Polym. Eng. Sci. 29 (1989) 36.

    Google Scholar 

  89. W. D. Bascom and R. L. Cottington, J. Adhes. 20 (1976) 333.

    Google Scholar 

  90. A. N. Gent and R. P. Petrich, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 310 (1969) 433.

    Google Scholar 

  91. L. J. Hart-Smith, “The Curse of the Nylon Ply,” Presented at 41st International SAMPE Symposium, 1996, p. 303.

  92. H. Schonhorn, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. 2 (1964) 465.

    Google Scholar 

  93. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett., Macromolecules 1 (1968) 145.

    Google Scholar 

  94. H. Schonhorn and F. W. Ryan, J. Polym. Sci. A-2 6 (1968) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  95. H. Ishida and P. Bussi, Morphology Control in Polymer Composites, in “Structure and Properties of Composites (Materials Science and Technology),” Vol. 13, edited by R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen and E. J. Kramer, VCH (Weinheim, New York, 1993) p. 339.

    Google Scholar 

  96. E. H. Andrews and A. J. Kinloch, Proc. R. Roc. London A 332 (1973) 385.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Proc. R. Roc. London A 332 (1973) 401.

    Google Scholar 

  98. M. Toyama, T. Ito and H. Moriguchi, J. Appl. Polym. 14 (1970) 2039.

    Google Scholar 

  99. M. Sherriff, R. W. Knibbs and P. G. Langley, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 17 (1973) 3423.

    Google Scholar 

  100. K. N. G. Fuller and D. Tabor, Proc. R. Soc. London A 345 (1975) 327.

    Google Scholar 

  101. S. J. Hitchock, N. T. Caroll and M. G. Nicholas, J. Mater. Sci. 16 (1981) 714.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Y. Tamai and K. Aratanic, J. Phys. Chem. 76(22) (1972) 3267.

    Google Scholar 

  103. C. Huh and S. G. Mason, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 60(1) (1977) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  104. F. G. Yost, J. R. Micheal and E. T. Eisenmann, Acta. Metall. Mater. 43(1) (1995) 299.

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. J. Bikerman, J. Phys. Coll. Chem. 54 (1950) 653.

    Google Scholar 

  106. R. N. Wenzel, Ind. Eng. Chem. 28(8) (1936) 988.

    Google Scholar 

  107. A. Carre and J. Schultz, J. Adhes. 15 (1983) 151.

    Google Scholar 

  108. R. Shuttleworth and G. L. J. Bailey, Disc. Faraday Soc. 3(16) (1948) 16.

    Google Scholar 

  109. A. Falsafi, M. Tirrel and A. V. Pocius, Langmuir 16 (2000) 1816.

    Google Scholar 

  110. D. L. Woerdeman, N. Amouroux, N. Ponsinent, G. Jandeau, H. Hervet and L. Leger, Composite A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 30(1) (1999) 95.

    Google Scholar 

  111. K. R. Shull, D. Ahn and C. L. Mowery, Langmuir 13 (1997) 1799.

    Google Scholar 

  112. M. Deruelle, H. Hervet, G. Jandeau and L. Leger, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 12 (1998) 225.

    Google Scholar 

  113. H. R. Brown, Macromolecules 26 (1993) 1666.

    Google Scholar 

  114. D. L. Woerdeman, J. A. Emerson and R. K. Guinta, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 257.

    Google Scholar 

  115. M. K. Chaudhury and G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 7 (1991) 1013.

    Google Scholar 

  116. D. Ahn and K. R. Shull, Macromolecules 29 (1996) 4381.

    Google Scholar 

  117. K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall and A. D. Roberts, Proc. Roy. Soc. London Part A 324 (1971) 301.

    Google Scholar 

  118. H. Hertz, Gesamelle Werke, Leipzig, 1895.

  119. P. Chin, R. L. Mccullough and W. L. Wu, J. Adhes. 64 (1997) 145.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Jang-Kyo Kim and Yu-Wing Mai, Interfaces in Composites, Vol. 13, “Structure and Properties of Composites (Materials Science and Technology),” edited by R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen and E. J. Kramer, VCH (Weinheim, New York, Cambridge, 1993) p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  121. A. Mahoon, edited by A. J. Kinloch (Titanium Adherends in Durability of Structural Adhesives, 1983) p. 259.

  122. E. P. Plueddemann, in Proc. Int. Conf. Composite Interfaces II, Interfaces in Polymer, Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites, edited by H. Ishida (Elsevier Sci. Publ., New York) p. 17.

  123. H. Ishida and J. L. Koenig, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 64 (1978) 555.

    Google Scholar 

  124. E. P. Plueddemann and G. L. Stark, 35th Ann. Tech. Conf. Reinf. Plast./Comp. (Society of Plastic Industries, Washington, D.C., 1980) p. 20B.

    Google Scholar 

  125. A. Garton and J. H. Daly, Polym. Comp. 6 (1985) 195.

    Google Scholar 

  126. J. L. Thomason, ibid. 11 (1990) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  127. H. C. Tsai, A. M. Arocha and L. W. Gause, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 126 (1990) 295.

    Google Scholar 

  128. J. W. Williams, M. E. Donnellan, M. R. James and W. L. Morris, ibid. A 126 (1990) 305.

    Google Scholar 

  129. W. J. Whatley and F. E. Wawner, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 4 (1985) 173.

    Google Scholar 

  130. P. Lennon, E. Espuche, H. Sautereau and D. Sage, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 19 (1999) 273.

    Google Scholar 

  131. D. M. Brewis and R. H. Dahm, ibid. 21 (2001) 397.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Blackman, Kinlock and Watts, Composites 25(5) (1994).

  133. J. Wingfield, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 13(3) (1993) 151.

    Google Scholar 

  134. G. Kempe and H. Krauss, Adhesion Bonding Techniques for Highly Loaded Parts of Continuous Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polyetherketone (CF-PEEK/APC02). ICAS-92-6.9.1, 1992.

  135. J. Comyn and Xiao Mascia, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 16 (1996) 301.

    Google Scholar 

  136. G. W. Critchlow and D. M. Brewis, ibid. 15(3) (1995) 161.

    Google Scholar 

  137. G. K. A. Kodokian and A. J. Kinloch, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7 (1988) 627.

    Google Scholar 

  138. A. J. Kinloch, “Adhesion and Adhesives” (Chapman and Hall, London, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  139. A. Baalmann, K. D. Vissing and A. Gross, J. Adhesi. 46 (1994).

  140. J. R. Arnold, C. D. Sanders, D. L. Bellevou, A. A. Martinelli and G. B. Gaskin, in Proceeding of the 29th International SAMPE Technical Conference, Vol. 1, 1997, p. 345.

    Google Scholar 

  141. J. R. Arnold, C. D. Sanders, D. I. Bellevou, A. A. Martinelli and G. B. Gaskin, in Proceedings of the 29th International SAMPE Technical Conference, Vol. 1, 1997, p. 345.

    Google Scholar 

  142. K. Y. Blohowiak, J. H. Osborne, K. A. Krienke and D. F. Sekits, in Proceedings of the 28th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 1996, p. 440.

  143. F. J. Boerio and R. G. Dillingham, in “Adhesive Joints Formation, Characteristics, and Testing,” edited by K. I. Mittal (Plenum Press, New York, 1991) p. 541.

    Google Scholar 

  144. British Aerospace Aircraft Group Weybridge-Bristol Division, 1984, Report No. AL/MAT/3864.

  145. G. D. Davis, G. B. Groff and R. A. Zatorski, Surf. Inter. Anal. 25 (1997) 366.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Lockheed-California Company, Prepared for National Air Development Center, 1983, Report No. NADC-84124-60.

  147. A. Mahoon, in “Durability of Structural Adhesives,” edited by A. J. Kinloch (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983) p. 255.

    Google Scholar 

  148. E. Sancaktar and E. Zhang, ASME 79 (1994) 65.

    Google Scholar 

  149. K. Ramani, W. J. Weidner and G. Kumari, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 18(6) (1998) 401.

    Google Scholar 

  150. J. L. Cotter and A. Mahoon, ibid. 2 (1982) 47.

    Google Scholar 

  151. C. Ingman and K. Ramani, ibid. 17 (1997) 39.

    Google Scholar 

  152. J. R. Arnold, et al. “A Study of Titanium Surface Pretreatments for Bonding with Polyamide and Epoxy Adhesives,” in Proceedings of the 29th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 1997.

  153. R. Broad, J. French and J. Sauer, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 19 (1999) 193.

    Google Scholar 

  154. M. Davis and D. Bond, ibid. 19 (1999) 91.

    Google Scholar 

  155. M. D. Green, F. J. Guild and R. D. Adams, ibid. 22 (2002) 81.

    Google Scholar 

  156. D. K. Shaffer, H. M. Clearfield and J. S. Minford (eds.), “Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives” (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991) Vol. 7, p. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  157. V. Barron, PhD thesis, University of Limerick, 1998.

  158. J. R. Arnold, C. D. Sanders, D. L. Bellevou, A. A. Martinelli and G. B. Gaskin, Proces. of the 29th Int. SAMPE Technical Conference, Vol. 1, 1997, p. 345

    Google Scholar 

  159. A. J. Kinloch, “Adhesion and Adhesives” (Chapman and Hall, London, 1987) p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  160. D. Arnott, P. Pearce, A. Wilson, R. Chester, A. Camilleri and J. Van Der Berg, The Effect on Mechanical Properties of Void Formation During Vacuum Bag Processing of Epoxy Film Adhesives, in Proc. Int. Aerospace Congress. PICAST 2-AAC 6, Melbourne, 1995, p. 811.

  161. A. Wilson, M. Kindermann and D. Arnott, Void Development in an Epoxy Film Adhesive During Vacuum Bag Cure. Proc. Int. Aerospace Congress, PICAST 2-AAC 6, Melbourne, 1995, p. 625.

  162. L. J. Hart-Smith, G. Redmond and M. J. Davis, The Curse of the Nylon Peel Ply. 41st Int. SAMPE Symp. and Exhib. Brea, CA, Anaheim, 1996.

  163. J. K. Park, J. W. Chen and K. Mukherjee, in Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 14th Technical Conference (Dayton, OH, 1999) p. 661.

  164. P. D. Miller, R. A. Jeffreys and H. A. Pray, Metal Progress Report, 1974, p. 61.

  165. J. A. Filbey and J. P. Wightman, in “Adhesion,” edited by K. W. Allen, 12ed. (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1987) p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  166. W. Brockmann, O. D. Henneman, H. Kollek and C. Matz, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 6 (1986) 115.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Pasajell Data Sheets SEMCO Divison Products Research and Chemical Corporation 5454 San Francisco Road Glendale CA, 1997.

  168. J. M. Hill, E. Karbashewski and A. Lin, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 9(12) (1995) 1575.

    Google Scholar 

  169. M. Strobel, M. J. Walzak and J. M. Hill, ibid. 9(3) (1995) 365.

    Google Scholar 

  170. K. L. Mittal and A. Pizzi (eds.), “Adhesion Promotion Techniques; Technical Applications” (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  171. I. Sutherland, R. P. Popat, D. M. Brewis and R. Calder, J. Adhes. 46 (1994) 79.

    Google Scholar 

  172. H. K. Yasuda, “Plasma Polymerisation” (Academic Press, USA, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  173. V. Barron and M. Buggy, in Proceeding of the 23rd Annual Adhesion Society Conference Myrtle Beach SC, 2000, p. 540.

  174. B. O. Aronsson, J. Lausman and B. Kasemo, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 35(1) (1997) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  175. R. Foerch, J. Izawa, N. S. Mcinhyre and D. H. Hunter, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 46 (1990) 415.

    Google Scholar 

  176. J. P. Bradey, E. Espuche, D. Sage, B. Chabert, Y. Jugnet and C. Batier, Trans. Minh. Duc. Polymer 37(8) (1996) 1377.

    Google Scholar 

  177. L. Lavielle, J. Shultz and J. Nakajima, J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 42 (1991) 28.

    Google Scholar 

  178. R. Foerch, J. Izawa and G. Spears, J. Adhes. Sci. Techn. 5(7) (1991) 549.

    Google Scholar 

  179. G. S. Sheu and S. S. Shyu, ibid. 8(5) (1994) 1027.

    Google Scholar 

  180. M. Shobel, M. J. Walzak, J. Hill, A. Lin, E. Kabashewski and C. Lyons, ibid. 9(3) (1995) 365.

    Google Scholar 

  181. R. H. Hansen, J. V. Pascale, T. De Benedichs and P. M. Rentzepis, J. Polym. Sci. Part I, 3 (1993) 991.

    Google Scholar 

  182. F. M. Fowkes, Ind. Engng. Chem. 12 (1964) 40.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Methods and Apparatus for Treating the Surface of a Workpiece by Plasma Discharge, US Patent 5837958 (1998).

  184. M. W. Potts, in Proceedings of the Polymer, Laminations and Coatings Conference (1993) p. 444.

  185. J. Digiacomo, J. Proceedings Finishing'91 Conference Cincinatti, Ohio, 1991, p. 376.

  186. F. Demblon, Vide Couches Minces 272(Suppl 5) (1994) 394.

    Google Scholar 

  187. D. Briggs, J. Mater. Sci. 14 (1979).

  188. I. Sutherland, D. M. Brewis and R. J. Sheng, J. Surface Interface Anal. 17 (1991) 507.

    Google Scholar 

  189. E. Wurzberg, A. Buchman, E. Zylerstein, Y. Holdengraber and H. Dodiuk, J. Adhes. Adhes. 10 (1987) 337.

    Google Scholar 

  190. A. Buchman, H. Dodiuk, M. Rotal and J. Zahavi, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 11 (1991) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  191. J. K. Park and K. Mukherjee, Mater. Manufactr. Process 13(3) (1998) 359.

    Google Scholar 

  192. A. Buchman and H. Dodiuk-Kenig, in “Laser Surface Treatment to Improve Adhesion,” edited by K. L. Mittal, Adhesion Promotion Techniques, Technical Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York.

  193. H. Frerichs, J. Stricker, D. A. Wesner and E. W. Kreutz, Appl. Surface Science 80 (1995) 405.

    Google Scholar 

  194. A. J. Kinloch, The Service Performance of Structural Adhesive Joints. Haftungals Basis für Stoffverbunde Oberursel 1982.

  195. D. M. Brewis, J. Adhes. 37 (1992) 97.

    Google Scholar 

  196. J. P. Coleman and D. Pletcher, J. Electroanal Chem. 87 (1978) 111.

    Google Scholar 

  197. J. Bringmann, K. Ebert, U. Galla and H. Schieder, J. Appl. Electrochem. 25 (1995) 846.

    Google Scholar 

  198. I. Mathieson, D. M. Brewis, I. Sutherland and R. A. Cayless, J. Adhes. 46 (1994) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  199. D. M. Brewis, I. Mathieson, I. Sutherland R. A. Cayless and R. H. Dahm, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 16 (1996) 87.

    Google Scholar 

  200. D. M. Brewis, R. H. Dahm and I. Mathieson, J. Adhes. 72 (2000) 373.

    Google Scholar 

  201. R. Tomat and A. Rigo, J. Appl. Electrochem. 16 (1986) 8.

    Google Scholar 

  202. D. M. Brewis, R. H. Dahm and I. Mathieson, Polym. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 16 (1997) 93.

    Google Scholar 

  203. W. A. Lees, in Proc. of the Bonding and Repair of Composites Seminar, Birmingham, UK, 1989, p. 17.

  204. F. J. Boerio, C. A. Gosselin, J. W. Williams, R. G. Dillingham and J. M. Burksrand, in Proc. of the Symp. on Polymer Composites, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1983, p. 171.

  205. A. J. Kinloch, “Adhesion and Adhesives, Science and Technology” (Chapman and Hall, London, 1987) p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  206. L. E. Rantz, Proper Surface Preparation, Bonding Critical First Adhesive Age, May 1987.

  207. W. Wade, R. Mammone and M. Binder, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 1589.

    Google Scholar 

  208. P. Rumeau, Thesis, no. 81-95, Lyon I, 1995.

  209. M. R. Wertheiner and H. P. Schreider, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 26 (1981) 2087.

    Google Scholar 

  210. F. Lapique and K. Redford, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 337.

    Google Scholar 

  211. J. P. Sargent, ibid. 14(1) (1994) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  212. S. Thery, A. Legros and P. Balladon, Study of Parametrs Influencing the Mechanical Behavior of and Damage to Steel-Polymer Interfaces, in “Mechanics and Mechanisms of Damage in Composites and Multi-Materials, ESIS 11,” edited by D. Baptiste (Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, 1991) p. 339.

    Google Scholar 

  213. S. J. Hitchcock, N. T. Caroll and M. G. Nicholas, J. Mater. Sci. 16 (1981) 714.

    Google Scholar 

  214. C. Bockenheimer, B. Valeske and W. Possart, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 349.

    Google Scholar 

  215. L. Kozma and I. Olefjord, Mater. Sci. Technol. 3 (1987) 860.

    Google Scholar 

  216. O. Lunder, B. Olsen and K. Nisancioglu, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (2002) 143.

    Google Scholar 

  217. A. J. Kinloch and N. R. Smart, J. Adhes. 12 (1981) 23.

    Google Scholar 

  218. A. J. Kinloch, H. E. Bishop and N. R. Smart, ibid. 14 (1982) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  219. M. J. Rijkhoff, R. Bleeker and J. Bottema, in Proc. of the Int. Symp. on Aluminum Surface Science and Technology, Antwerpen, 1997, p. 125.

  220. K. S. Schweizer and J. G. Curro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 246.

    Google Scholar 

  221. J. G. Curro and K. S. Scheweizer, Macromolecules 20 (1987) 1428.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Macromolecules, J. Chem. Phys. 87 (1987) 1842.

    Google Scholar 

  223. K. S. Schweizer and J. G. Curro, Adv. Chem. Phys. 98 (1997) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  224. B. K. Fink and R. L. McCullough, Composites A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 30(1) (1999) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  225. J. A. Emerson, T. R. Guess, J. G. Curro, E. D. Reedy, E. P. Lopez and P. Lemke, Investigation of the Impact of Cleaning on the Adhesive Bond and the Process Implications, SAND 2000–1042, May 2000.

  226. M. E. R. Shanahan, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 229 (2000) 168.

    Google Scholar 

  227. J. Comyn, “Adhesion Science” (The Royal Society of Chemistry, RSC Paperbacks, 1997) p. 98.

  228. C. L. Mahoney, Fundamental Factors Influencing the Performance of Structural Adhesives. Internal Report, Dexter Adhesives and Structural Materials Division, The Dexter Corporation.

  229. R. J. Schliekmann, Adhesive Bonding and Composites, 4th Int. Conf. on Composite Materials, ICCM–IV, Tokyo, Japan, 1982, p. 63.

  230. L. W. Crane, et al., Surface Treatment of Cured Epoxy Graphite Composites to Improve Adhesive Bonding, SAMPE J. 1976, Vol. 6.

  231. A. Beevers, A Critical Appraisal of Durability Test Methods, SAEIV, Bristol, 1995, p. 137.

    Google Scholar 

  232. J. Cognard, J. Adhes. 22(2) (1987) 97.

    Google Scholar 

  233. J. Adhes. 20(1) (1986) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  234. P. B. Crosley and E. J. Ripling, J. Test. Evalu. 19(1) (1991) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  235. E. J. Ripling, S. Mostovoy and C. Bersch, J. Adhes. 3 (1971) 145.

    Google Scholar 

  236. F. Sloan, J. Comp. Mater. 27(16) (1993) 1606.

    Google Scholar 

  237. W. Johnson and L. M. Butkus, Fatigue and Fract. Engin. Mater. and Struct. 21(4) (1988) 465.

    Google Scholar 

  238. L. J. Hart-Smith, “A Peel-Type Durability Test Coupon to Assess Interfaces in Bonded, Co-Bonded, and Co-Cured Composite Structures,” McDonnell Douglas Paper MDC 97K0042, presented to MIL-HDBK-17 Meeting, Tucson, 1997.

  239. R. A. Jurf, “Environmental Effects on Fracture of Adhesively Bonded Joints,” Adhesively Bonded Joints: Testing, Analysis, and Design, ASTM STP 981, p. 276.

  240. “Starch and Dextrins in Prepared Adhesives,” Chapter 20, edited by H. M. Kennedy and A. C. Fischer, p. 607; “Starch: Chemistry and Technology,” 2nd ed., edited by R. L. Whistler, J. N. Bemiller and E. F. Paschall (Academic Press, Orlando, San Diego, New York, 1984).

  241. J. W. Sinclair, J. Adhes. 38 (1992) 219.

    Google Scholar 

  242. P. W. Atkins, “Physical Chemistry,” 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1982) (ISDN 0-19-855151-7).

    Google Scholar 

  243. J. J. Imaz, N. Markaide and M. J. Jurado, Eur. Polym. J. 28 (1992) 299.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Mersin, Ciftlikkoy, Mersin, Turkey

    A. Baldan

Authors
  1. A. Baldan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Baldan, A. Adhesively-bonded joints and repairs in metallic alloys, polymers and composite materials: Adhesives, adhesion theories and surface pretreatment. Journal of Materials Science 39, 1–49 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000007726.58758.e4

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000007726.58758.e4

Keywords

Search

Navigation