Abstract
This paper presents the development andvalidation of new measurement tools to exploreself-efficacy toward service and toward civicparticipation. We developed and administereda survey to 851 students in an AACSB-accreditedcollege of business at a comprehensive publicuniversity located in the Midwest. Traditionalscale development methodologies plusconfirmatory factor analysis and simultaneousfactor analysis in several populations wereused to analyze both a primary sample and aholdback sample. Results strongly support thevalidity and reliability of the surveyinstrument. Future use for the instrumentincludes verification of the effectiveness ofpedagogies designed to increase self-efficacytoward service and motivation for civicparticipation in business students.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AACSB (American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business) now known as the International Association for Management Education: (2000), 'Curriculum Content and Evaluation Guideline C.1.1., Achieving Quality and Continuous Improvement through Self-Evaluation and Peer Review-Standards for Accreditation', Internal Publication of the International Association for Management Education 17.
Anderson, James C. and Douglas W. Gerbing: 1988, 'Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Suggested Two-step Approach', Psychological Bulletin 103(3), 411–423.
Arbuckle, James L.: 1995, AMOS User's Guide ( Small Waters Corporation, Chicago).
Bagozzi, Richard P. and Youjae Yi: 1988, 'On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16(1), 74–94.
Bandura, Albert: 1977, Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control (W.H. Freeman, New York).
Bentler, Peter M.: 1990, 'Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models', Psychological Bulletin 107(2), 238–246.
Bentler, Peter M. and Douglas G. Bonett: 1980, 'Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures', Psychological Bulletin 88, 588–606.
Boyer, Earnest L.: 1990, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professorate (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA).
Browne, Michael W. and Robert Cudeck: 1993, 'Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit', in K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (Sage, Newbury Park, CA), pp. 136–162.
Butterfield, Kenneth D., Linda K. Trevino and Gary R. Weaver: 2000, 'Moral Awareness in Business Organizations: Influences of Issue-related and Social Context Factors', Human Relations 53(7), 981.
Carmines, Edward G. and John P. McIver: 1981, 'Analyzing Models with Unobserved Variables', in G. W. Bohrnstedt and E. F. Borgatta (eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA).
Epstein, Edwin M.: 1999, 'The Continuing Quest for Accountable, Ethical, and Humane Corporate Capitalism: An Enduring Challenge for Social Issues in Management in the New Millennium', Business and Society 38(3), 253.
Furco, Andrew, Mary Sue Ammon, Hiroyuki Yamada and Dolores Diaz-Gallego: 1999, Service-Learning Research & Development Center (University of California, Berkeley).
Gabelnick, Faith: 1997, 'Educating a Committed Citizenry', Change 29(1), 30–36.
Gamson, Zelda F.: 1997, 'Higher Education and Rebuilding Civic Life', Change 29(1), 10–14.
Gerbing, David W. and James C. Anderson: 1988, 'An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment', Journal of Marketing Research 25 (May), 186–192.
Gerde, Virginia W. and Richard E. Wokutch: 1998, '25 Years and Going Strong', Business and Society 37(4), 414–446.
Gist, Marilyn: 1987, 'Self-efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management', Academy of Management Review 12, 472–485.
Gist, Marilyn and Terence Mitchell: 1992, 'Self-efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of its Determinants and Malleability', Academy of Management Review 17, 183–211.
Goldsmith, Ronald E., Jon B. Freiden and Jacqueline C. Kilsheimer: 1993, 'Social Values and Female Fashion Leadership: A Cross-cultural Study', Psychology & Marketing 10, 399–412.
Hauser, Seth M.: 2000, 'Education, Ability, and Civic Engagement in the Contemporary United States', Social Science Research 29(4), 556–582.
James, Lawrence R., Stanley A. Mulaik and Jeanne M. Brett: 1982, Causal Analysis: Assumptions, Models, and Data (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA).
Jones, Thomas M.: 1991, 'Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model', Academy of Management Review 16(2), 366–395.
Kettering Foundation: 1994, Civic Feclaration: A Call for a New Citizenship (Dayton, OH).
Manakkalathil, Jacob and Eric Rudolf: 1995, 'Corporate Social Responsibility in a Globalizing Market', SAM Advanced Management Journal 60(1), 29–34.
McBee, Mary Louise: 1980, Rethinking College Responsibilities for Values (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).
McGoldrick, Kim, Ann Battle and Suzanne Gallagher: 2000, 'Service-learning and the Economics Course: Theory and Practice', American Economist 44(1), 43–52.
McWilliams, Abagail and Donald Siegel: 2001, 'Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective', Academy of Management Review 26(1), 117.
Mohr, Lois A. and Deborah J. Webb: 2001, 'Do Consumers Expect Companies to be Socially Responsible?', Journal of Consumer Affairs 35(1), 45.
Newman, Frank: 1985, Higher Education and the American Resurgence (Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Princeton, NJ).
Nunnally, Jum C.: 1978, Psychometric Theory (McGraw-Hill, New York).
Pascarella, Ernest T., Corinna A. Ethington and John C. Smart: 1988, 'The Influence of College on Humanitarian/Civic Involvement Values', Journal of Higher Education 59(4).
Porter, Lymon and Lawrence McKibbon: 1988, Management Education and Development: Drift or Thrust into the 21st Century? (McGraw-Hill, New York).
Rama, D. V., S. P. Ravenscroft, S. K. Wolcott and E. Zlotkowski: 2000, 'Service-learning Outcomes: Guidelines for Educators and Researchers', Issues in Accounting Education 15(4), 657–692.
Reeb, Roger N., Ronald M. Katsuyama, Julie A. Sammon and David S. Yoder: 1998, 'The Community Service Self-Efficacy Scale: Evidence of Reliability, Construct Validity, and Pragmatic Utility', Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning (Fall), 48–57.
Rest, James R.: 1986, Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (Praeger, New York).
Sadri, Golnaz and Ivan Robertson: 1993, 'Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Behavior: A Review and Meta-Analysis', Applied Psychology: An International Review 42, 139–152.
Shiarella, A. H., A. M. McCarthy and M. L. Tucker: 2000, 'Development and Construct Validity of Scores on the Community Service Attitudes Scale', Educational and Psychological Measurement 20(2), 286–301.
Webb, Deborah J., Corliss L. Green and Thomas G. Brashear: 2000, 'Development and Validation of Scales to Measure Attitudes Influencing Monetary Donations to Charitable Organizations', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 28(2), 299–309.
Weber, James and Stephanie M. Glyptis: 2000, 'Measuring the Impact of a Business Ethics Course and Community Service Experience on Students' Values and Opinions', Teaching Business Ethics 4, 341–358.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weber, P.S., Weber, J.E., Sleeper, B.R. et al. Self-Efficacy Toward Service, Civic Participation and the Business Student: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Business Ethics 49, 359–369 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000020881.58352.ab
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000020881.58352.ab