Abstract
Two weeks of measurements of the boundary-layer height over a small island (Christiansø) in the Baltic Sea are discussed. The meteorological conditions are characterised by positive heat flux over the sea. The boundary-layer height was simulated with two models, a simple applied high-resolution (2 km × 2 km) model, and the operational numerical weather prediction model HIRLAM (grid resolution of 22.5 km × 22.5 km). For southwesterly winds it was foundthat a relatively large island (Bornholm) lying 20-km upwind of the measuring site influences the boundary-layer height. In this situation the high-resolution simple applied model reproduces the characteristics of the boundary-layer height over the measuring site. Richardson-number based methods using data from simulations with the HIRLAM model fail, most likely because the island and the water fetch to the measuring site are about the size of the grid resolution of the HIRLAM model and therefore poorly resolved. For northerly winds, the water fetch to the measuring site is about 100 km. Both models reproduce the characteristics of the height of the marine boundary layer. This suggests that the HIRLAM model adequately resolves a water fetch of 100 km with respect to predictions of the height of the marine boundary layer.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Batchvarova, E. and Gryning, S.-E.: 1998, 'Wind Climatology, Atmospheric Turbulence and Internal Boundary-Layer Development in Athens during the MEDCAPHOT-Trace Experiment', Atmos. Environ. 32, 2055-2069.
Batchvarova, E., Cai, X., Gryning, S.-E., and Steyn, D.: 1999, 'Modelling Internal Boundary-Layer Development in a Region with a Complex Coastline', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 1-20.
Brooks, I. M., Goroch, A. K., and Rogers, D. P.: 1999, 'Observations of Strong Surface Radar Ducts over the Persian Gulf', J. Appl. Meteorol. 38, 1293-1310.
Dorman, C. E.: 1994, 'Guadalupe Island Cloud Trail', Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 235-242.
Garratt, J. R.: 1987, 'The Stably Stratified Internal Boundary Layer for Steady and Diurnally Varying Offshore Flow', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 38, 369-394.
Garratt, J. R.: 1990, 'The Internal Boundary Layer-A Review', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 171-203.
Gryning, S.-E.: 1985, 'The Øresund Experiment-A Nordic Mesoscale Dispersion Experiment over a Land-Water-Land Area', Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 66, 1403-1407.
Gryning, S.-E. and Batchvarova, E.: 1996, 'A Model for the Height of the Internal Boundary Layer over an Area with a Irregular Coastline', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 405-413.
Gryning, S.-E. and Joffre, S.: 1987, 'Wind Structure over the Øresund Strait', in The Øresund Experiment, Proceedings from Workshop II, Uppsala, October 13-14 1987. Available from the Library, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 11-19.
Hsu, S. A.: 1983, 'On the Growth of a Thermally Modified Boundary Layer by Advection of Warm Air over a Cooler Sea', J. Geophys. Res. 88, 771-774.
Hsu, S.A.: 1984, 'Effect of Cold-Air Advection on the Internal Boundary-Layer Development over Warm Oceanic Currents', Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 8, 307-319.
Hsu, S. A.: 1988, Coastal Meteorology, Academic Press, San Diego, 260 pp.
Källén, E.: 1996, Hirlam Documentation Manual, System 2.5, SMHI, SE-601-76 Norrköping, Sweden, 180 pp.
Källstrand, B. and Smedman, A.-S.: 1997, 'A Case Study of the Near-Neutral Coastal Internal Boundary-Layer Growth: Aircraft Measurements Compared with Different Model Estimates', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 85, 1-33.
Melas, D.: 1998, 'The Depth of the Stably Stratified Internal Boundary Layer over the Sea', Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2261-2264.
Melas, D. and Kambezidis, H. D.: 1992, 'The Depth of the Internal Boundary Layer over an Urban Area under Sea-Breeze Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 247-274.
Moszkowicz, S., Ciach, G. J., and Krajewsky, W. F.: 1994, 'Statistical Detection of Anomalous Propagation in Radar Reflectivity Patterns', J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 11, 1026-1034.
Mulhearn, P. J.: 1981, 'On the Formation of a Stably Stratified Internal Boundary Layer by Advection of Warm Air over a Cooled Surface', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 21, 247-254.
Omstedt, A. and Nyberg, L.: 1996, 'Response of Baltic Sea Ice to Seasonal Interannual Forcing and Climate Change', Tellus 48A, 644-662.
Rutgersson, A., Smedman A.-S., and Omstedt, A.: 2001, 'Measured and Simulated Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes at Two Marine Sites in the Baltic Sea', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 99, 53-84.
Sørensen, J. H.: 1998, 'Sensitivity of the DERMA Long-Range Gaussian Dispersion Model to Meteorological Input and Diffusion Parameters', Atmos. Environ. 24, 4195-4206.
Stull, R. B.: 1983, 'Integral Scales for the Nocturnal Boundary Layer, Part 1: Empirical Depth Relationships', J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 22, 673-686.
Vihma, T. and Brümmer, B.: 2002, 'Observations and Modelling of the On-Ice and Off-Ice Air Flow over the Northern Baltic Sea', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 103, 1-27.
Vogelezang, D. H. P. and Holtslag, A. A. M.: 1996, 'Evaluation and Model Impacts of Alternative Boundary-Layer Height Formulations', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 81, 245-269.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gryning, SE., Batchvarova, E. Marine Boundary Layer And Turbulent Fluxes Over The Baltic Sea: Measurements And Modelling. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 103, 29–47 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014514513936
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014514513936