Abstract
The genomic DNA of four Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) variants isolated from Galleria mellonella, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura and Xestia c-nigrum was analyzed in comparison with the AcMNPV E2 strain. Restriction endonuclease analysis revealed a deletion and an insertion in collinear regions of the four variants. Polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that, in the four variants, the deletion occurred in the region corresponding to AcMNPV C6 ORF86 (pnk/pnl). Also the insertion, with a length of approximately 1.1 kb, was commonly identified in the fragments corresponding to the PstI-J fragment (18.5 m.u.–21.2 m.u.) of AcMNPV E2. Sequencing analysis of the variant from S. litura showed that the insertion contains an additional open reading frame encoding 322 amino acids between homologues of AcMNPV ORF30 and ORF31 (the superoxide dismutase gene). This ORF has 82.8% amino acid identity to Bombyx mori NPV T3 ORF 22 (bro-a, one of the baculovirus repeated ORFs) and thus, it was named Splt-bro-a. Southern blot hybridization study indicated that the other three variants also contain Splt-bro-a homologue. In addition, the labeled Splt-bro-a gene weakly hybridized to the PstI-D fragment (99.0 m.u.–8.0 m.u.) of AcMNPV E2. This fragment contains AcMNPV ORF2, a member of bro family. The signal was also observed on the corresponding fragment of the four variants. This result suggested that two bro genes are present in the four variants, although AcMNPV E2 and C6 are known to contain a single bro gene.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ayres M.D., Howard S.C., Kuzio J., López-Ferber M., and Possee R.D., Virology 202, 586–605, 1994.
Kool M., and Vlak J.M., Arch Virol 130, 1–16, 1993.
Vail P.V., Sutter G., Jay D.L., and Gough D., J Invertebr Pathol 17, 383–388, 1971.
Murphy F.A., Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H.L., Ghabrial S.A., Jarvis A.W., Martelli G.P., Mayo M.A., and Summers M.D., Virus Taxonomy; Six Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995, pp. 586.
Smith G.E., and Summers M.D., J Virol 30, 828–838, 1979.
Brown S.E., Maruniak J.E., and Knudson D.L., J Gen Virol 66, 2431–2441, 1985.
Maeda S., Mukohara Y., and Kondo A., J Gen Virol 71, 2631–2639, 1991.
Kondo A., Yamamoto M., Takashi S., and Maeda S., Appl Entomol Zool 29, 105–111, 1994.
Chen C.J., Leisy D.J., and Thiem S.M., J Gen Virol 77, 167–171, 1996.
Lee H.H. and Miller L.K., J Virol 27, 754–767, 1978.
Cochran M.A., Carstens E.B., Eaton B.T., and Faulkner P., J Virol 41, 940–946, 1982.
Stiles B. and Himmerich S., J Invertebr Pathol 72, 174–177, 1998.
Schetter C., Oellig C., and Doerfler W., J Virol 64, 1844–1850, 1990.
Lu A., Craig A., Casselman R., and Carstens E.B., Can J Microbiol 42, 1267–1273, 1996.
Federici B.A. and Hice R.H., Arch Virol 142, 333–348, 1997.
Harrison R.L. and Bonning B.C., J Gen Virol 80, 2793–2798, 1999.
Durantel D., Croizier L., Ayres M.D., Croizier G., Possee R.D., and López-Ferber M., J Gen Virol 79, 629–637, 1998.
Tsuda K., Mizuki E., Kawarabata T., and Aizawa K., J Invertebr Pathol 52, 248–252, 1988.
Hara K., Funakoshi M., and Kawarabata T., Acta Virol 39, 215–222, 1995.
Pearson W.R. and Lipman D.J., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85, 2444–2448, 1988.
Altschul S.F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E.W., and Lipman D.J., J Mol Biol 215, 403–410, 1990.
Tompson J.D., Higgins D.G., and Gibson T.J., Nucleic Acids Research 22, 4673–4680, 1994.
Maniatis T., Fritsch E.F., and Sambrook J., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982, pp. 382–389.
Croizier G. and Quiot J.M., Ann Virol 132, 3–18, 1981.
Gomi S., Majima K., and Maeda S., J Gen Virol 80, 1323–1337, 1999.
Kuzio J., Pearson M.N., Harwood S.H., Funk C.J., Evans J.T., Slavicek J.M., and Rohrmann G.F., Virology 253, 17–34, 1999.
Ahrens C.H., Russell R.L.Q., Funk C.J., Evans J.T., Harwood S.H., and Rohrmann G.F., Virology 229, 381–399, 1997.
Braunagel S.C., Daniel K.D., Reilly L.M., Guarino L.A., Hong T., and Summers M.D., Virology 191, 1003–1008, 1992.
Tomalski M.D., Eldridge R., and Miller L.K., Virology 184, 149–161, 1991.
Hayakawa T., Ko R., Okano K., Seong S.I., Goto C., and Maeda S., Virology 262, 277–297, 1999.
Kang W., Suzuki M., Zemskov E., Okano E., and Maeda S., J Virol 73, 10339–10345, 1999.
Hashimoto Y., Hayashi K., Okuno Y., Hayakawa T., Saimoto A., Granados R.R., and Matsumoto T., J Gen Virol 77, 555–563, 1996.
Liu D.L., Jin T.Q., Qi Y.P., and Li L., Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 31, 215–219, 1999.
Muñoz D., Murillo R., Krell P.J., Vlak J.M., and Caballero P., Virus Res 59, 61–74, 1999.
Hashimoto Y., Kanamori Y., Hayakawa T., Katayama Y., Kamita S.G., Maeda S., and Matsumoto T., Appl Entomol Zool 29, 442–448, 1994.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yanase, T., Hashimoto, Y. & Kawarabata, T. Identification of Insertion and Deletion Genes in Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Variants Isolated from Galleria mellonella, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura and Xestia c-Nigrum. Virus Genes 21, 167–177 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008183329145
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008183329145