Skip to main content
Log in

Review Graphite

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Graphite is reviewed in terms of its physics and chemistry, with particular attention on its physical properties, intercalation compounds, exfoliated form, activated form, fibers and oxidation protection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M. INAGAKI, Nihon Enerugi Gakkaishi/Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 77(9) (1998) 857.

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. S. DRESSELHAUS and G. DRESSELHAUS, in Proc. 7th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology Section A-- Molecualr Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1994) Vol. 244, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. G. HARRIS, J. LENNHOFF, J. NASSIF, M. VINCIGUERRA, P. ROSE, D. JAWORSKI and J. GAIER, in Proc. 1999 31st International SAMPE Technical Conf., Advanced Materials and Processes Preparing for the New Millennium (1999) Vol. 31, p. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  4. D. D. L. CHUNG, J. Mater. Sci. 22(12) (1987) 4190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Idem., J. Mater. Eng. Perf. 9(2) (2000).

  6. J. D. BERNAL, Proc. Roy. Soc. A106 (1924) 749.

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. W. G. WYCKOFF, “Crystal Structures,” Vol. 1 (Interscience, New York, 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  8. W. RULAND, “Chemistry and Physices of Carbon,” edited by Walker and Thrower (1968) Chapter 4.

  9. L. J. BRILLSON, E. BURSTEIN, A. A. MARADUDIN and T. STARK, “The Physics of Semimetals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors,” edited by Carter and Bate (Pergamon Press, NewYork, 1971) p. 187.

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. LIPSON and A. R. STOKES, Proc. Roy. Soc. A227 (1942) 330.

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. JAGODZINSKI, Acta Cryst. 2 (1949) 298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. R. R. HAERING, Can. J. Phys. 36 (1958) 352.

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. W. MCCLURE, Carbon 7 (1969) 425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. G. E. BACON, Acta Cryst. 3 (1950) 20.

    Google Scholar 

  15. H. P. BOEHM and U. HOFMANN, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 278 (1955) 58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Idem., ibid. 278 (1955) 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. W. P. EATHERLY, private communications, 1975.

  18. A. W. MOORE, Ned. Tijdschrift Natuurkde (Netherlands) 32(7) (1966) 221.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Idem. in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon,” edited by P. L. Walker, Jr. (Dekker, New York, 1973) Chapter 11, p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. C. SLONCZEWSKI and P. R. WEISS, Phys. Rev. 109 (1958) 272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. J. W. MCCLURE, ibid. 108 (1957) 612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M. S. DRESSELHAUS, G. DRESSELHAUS and J. E. FISCHER, ibid. B15 (1977) 3180.

    Google Scholar 

  23. P. R. SCHROEDER, M. S. DRESSELHAUS and A. JAVAN, in “The Physics of Semimetals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors” edited by Carter and Bate (Pergamon Press, New York, 1971) p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  24. B. L. HEFLINGER, M. S. tithesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  25. W. W. TOY, M. S. DRESSELHAUS and G. DRESSELHAUS, Phys. Rev. B15 (1977).

  26. I. L. SPAIN, in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbons,” edited by Walker and Thrower (1973) Vol. 8, Chapter 1.

  27. J. W. MCCLURE, in “The Physics of Semimetals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors,” edited by Carter and Bate (Pergaman Press, New York, 1971) p. 127.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Idem., Phys. Rev. 119 (1960) 606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. M. INOUE, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 17 (1962) 808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. P. R. SCHROEDER, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. F. DRESSELHAUS, Phys. Rev. B10 (1974) 3602.

    Google Scholar 

  32. I. L. SPAIN, A. R. UBBELOHDE and D. A. YOUNG, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) A262 (1967) 1128.

    Google Scholar 

  33. L. J. BRILLSON, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  34. F. TUINSTRA and J. L. KOENIG, J. Chem. Phys. 53 (1970) 1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. R. A. FRIEDEL and G. L. CARLSON, J. Phys. C 75 (1971) 1149.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R. NICKLOW, N. WAKABAYASHI and H. G. SMITH, Phys. Rev. B5 (1972) 4951.

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. J. SONG, D. D. L. CHUNG, P. C. EKLUND and M. S. DRESSELHAUS, Solid State Comm. 20 (1976) 1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. G. HERZBERG, “Molecualr Spectra and Molecular Structure” (Van Nostrand, New York, 1950).

    Google Scholar 

  39. R. J. NEMANICH and S. A. SOLIN, Solid State Comm. 23(7) (1977) 417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. G. R. HENNIG, in “Proc. of the 2nd Carbon Conf. (Pergaman Press, Oxford, 1956) p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. L. RILEY, Fuel 24 (1945) 8; Idem., ibid. 24 (1945) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  42. G. R. HENNIG, in “Progr. Inorg. Chem.,” edited by F. A. Cotton (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1959) Chapter 1, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  43. W. RUDORFF, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 1 (1959) 223.

    Google Scholar 

  44. R. C. CROFT, Q. Rev. XIV (1960) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. L. B. EBERT, Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 6 (1976)181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. M. ASANO, T. SASAKI, T. ABE, Y. MIZUTANI and T. HARADA, J. Phy. & Chem. Solids 57 (1996) 787.

    Google Scholar 

  47. C. T. HO and D. D. L. CHUNG, Carbon 28(6) (1990) 825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. G. R. HENNIG, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 1438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. U. HOLFMANN and R. HOLST, Berichten 72 (1939) 754.

    Google Scholar 

  50. O. RUFF, D. BRETSCHREIDER and F. EBERT, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 217 (1934) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. R. J. LAGOW, R. B. BADACHHAPE, J. L. WOOD and J. L. MARGRAVE, Chem. Soc. Dalton (1974) 1268.

  52. T. NAKAJIMA, M. KOH, V. GUPTA, B. ZEMVA and K. LUTAR, Electrochimica Acta 45(10) (2000) 1655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. L. B. EBERT, J. I. BRAUMAN and R. A. HUGGINS, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (1974) 7841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. D. E. PALIN and K. D. WADSWORTH, Nature 162 (1958) 925.

    Google Scholar 

  55. W. RUDORFF and G. RUDORFF, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 253 (1947) 281.

    Google Scholar 

  56. A. M. PANICH, Synthetic Metals 100(2) (1999) 169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. R. J. LAGOW, L. A. SHIMP, D. K. LAM and R. F. BADDOUR, Inorg. Chem. 11 (1972) 2568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. F. R. M. MCDONNELL, R. C. PINK and A. R. UBBELOHDE, J. Chem. Soc. (1951) 191.

  59. T. SASA, Y. TAKAHASHI and T. MUKAIBO, Carbon 9 (1971) 407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. G. A. SAUNDERS, A. R. UBBELOHDE and D. A. YOUNG, Proc. Roy. Soc. A271 (1963) 499.

    Google Scholar 

  61. W. RUDORFF and U. HOFMANN, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 238 (1938) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. L. C. F. BLACKMAN, J. F. MATHEWS and A. R. UBBELOHDE, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A258 (1960) 329.

    Google Scholar 

  63. G. R. HENNIG, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 1443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. W. RUDORFF, V. SILS and R. ZELLER, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 283 (1956) 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. D. D. L. CHUNG, Phase Transitions 8 (1986) 35.

    Google Scholar 

  66. S. HIGAI, S. MIZUNO, S. SUZUKI and K. NAKAO, in Proc. 1998 9th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology Section A--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1998) Vol. 310, p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  67. D. GUERARD, P. LAGRANGE, A. HEROLD and F. ROUSSEAUX, Synthetic Metals 23(1–4) (1988); Idem., in Graphite Intercalation Compd., Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium (1987) p. 421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. C. HEROLD, M. EL GADI, J.-F. MARECHE and P. LA GRANGE, in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology, Section A--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1994) Vol. 244, p. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  69. I. A. UDOD, Synthetic Metals 88(2) (1997) 127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. A. FUNABIKI, M. INABA, T. ABE and Z. OGUMI, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146(7) (1999) 2443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. R. JUZA and V. WHELE, Natw. 52 (1965) 560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. W.-C. OH, S.-J. CHO and Y.-S. KO, Carbon 34(2) (1992) 209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. K. GUERIN, A. FEVRIER-BOUVIER, S. FLANDROIS, M. COUZI, B. SIMON and P. BIENSAN, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146(10) (1999) 3660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. D. BILLAUD, L. THEVENOT and P. WILLMANN, Electrochimica Acta 45(1) (1999) 59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Y.-C. CHANG and H.-J. SOHN, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147(1) (2000) 50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. C. SIMONNARD, A. METROT and P. WILLMANN, in Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology, Section A--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (2000) Vol. 340, p. 461.

    Google Scholar 

  77. C. WANG, I. KAKWAN, A. J. APPLEBY and F. E. LITTLE, J. Electroanalytical Chem. 489(1) (2000) 55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. M. ENDO, C. KIM, K. NISHIMURA, T. FUJINO and K. MIYASHITA, Carbon 38(2) (2000) 183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. L. C. F. BLACKMAN, J. F. MATHEWS and A. R. UBBELOHDE, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A258 (1960) 339.

    Google Scholar 

  80. A. HEROLD, J.-F. MARECHE and M. LELAURAIN, Carbon 38(14) (2000) 1955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. H. SHIOYAMA, Y. WAKUKAWA and Y. SAWADA, in Proc. 1998 9th International Symp. Intercalation Compounds, Molecualr Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology SectionA--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1998)Vol. 310, p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  82. T.-R. PARK, Solid State Comm. 106(8) (1998) 523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. H. OGATA, S. MIYAJIMA, K. MATSUTSUJI and T. ENOKI, J. Phys. & Chem. of Solids 57(6–8) (1996) 703.

    Google Scholar 

  84. S. A. SOLIN and H. ZABEL, Adv. Phys. 37(2) (1988) 87.

    Google Scholar 

  85. A. M. ZIATDINOV and N. M. MISHCHENKO, Solid State Comm. 97(12) (1996) 1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. D. ALLIATA, R. KOTZ, O. HAAS and H. SIEGENTHALER, Langmuir 15(24) (1999) 8483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. W. RUDORFF, Z. Phys. Chem. B45 (1939) 42.

    Google Scholar 

  88. M. J. BOTTOMLEY, G. S. PARRY, A. R. UBBELOHDE and D. A. YOUNG, J. Chem. Soc. (1963) 5674.

  89. P. SCHAFHAUTL, J. Prakt. Chem. 21 (1841) 155.

    Google Scholar 

  90. L. E. A. BERLOUIS and D. J. SCHIFFRIN, J. Applied Electrochem. 13(2) (1983) 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. H. THIELE, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 206 (1932) 407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. G. R. HENNIG, J. Chem. Phys. 19 (1951) 922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. S. ARONSON, C. FRISHBERG and G. FRANKL, Carbon 9 (1971) 715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. A. FRENZEL and U. HOFMANN, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 40 (1934) 511.

    Google Scholar 

  95. M. INAGAKI, Carbon 4 (1966) 137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. H. THIELE, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 207 (1932) 340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. W. RUDORFF and H. SCHULZ, ibid. 245 (1940) 121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. W. METZ and D. HOHLWEIN, Carbon 13 (1975) 84; Idem., ibid. 13 (1975) 87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. F. KANG, Y. LENG, T.-Y. ZHANG and B. LI, ibid. 36(4) (1998) 383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. M. BAXENDALE, V. Z. MORDKOVICH and S. YOSHIMURA, Solid State Comm. 107(4) (1998) 165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. J. MELIN and A. HEROLD, C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. C280 (1975) 641.

    Google Scholar 

  102. W. SHEN, S. WEN, N. CAO, L. ZHENG, W. ZHOU, Y. LIU and J. GU, Carbon 37(2) (1999) 356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. S. WANG and D. D. L. CHUNG, Composite Interfaces 6(6) (1999) 519.

    Google Scholar 

  104. G. R. ST PIERRE, Metallurgia Italiana 85(10) (1993) 603.

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. R. STRIFE, in “Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Part 1: Damage and Oxidation Protection in High Temperature Composites” (1991) Vol. 25-1, p. 121.

    Google Scholar 

  106. X. YUAN, L. CHENG and L. ZHANG, Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 16(4) (1998) 632.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Y. V. DZYADIKEVICH and V. E. OLEJNIK,Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya (3/4) (1996) 41.

    Google Scholar 

  108. L. F. CHENG, Y. XU, L. ZHANG and X. YIN, Carbon 38(10) (2000) 1493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. T. H. ASHLEY and O. O. OCHOA, Compos. Sci. & Tech. 59(13) (1999) 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  110. A. OTSUKA, K. SAKAMOTO and H. MASUMOTO, Mater. Sci. Res. Int. 5(3) (1999) 163.

    Google Scholar 

  111. S.-J. PARK, J.-G. HAN and J.-H. BOO, in 42nd Annual Technical Conference Proceedings (1999) 368.

  112. Q. ZHU, X. QIU and C. MA, Carbon 37(9) (1999) 1475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. T. AOKI and H. HATTA, Zairyo to Kankyo/Corrosion Eng. 48(3) (1999) 123.

    Google Scholar 

  114. N. S. JACOBSON, T. A. LEONHARDT, D. M. CURRY and R. A. RAPP, Carbon 37(3) (1999) 411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Q. GUO, J. SONG, L. LIU and B. ZHANG, ibid. 37(1) (1999) 149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. H. HATTA, E. SUDO, Y. KOGO and I. SHIOTA, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/J. Japan Inst. Metals 62(9) (1998) 861.

    Google Scholar 

  117. L. CHENG, L. ZHANG, Y. XU and M. LI, Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/J. Northwestern Polytechnical University 16(1) (1998) 129.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Q. ZHU, X. QIU and C. MA, Qinghau Daxue Xuebao/J. Tsinghua University 37(6) (1997) 58.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Y. KOGO, H. HATTA, A. OKURA, Y. GOTO, Y. SAWADA, Y. OYA-SEIMIYA, et al., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/J. Japan Inst. Metals 62(2) (1998) 197.

    Google Scholar 

  120. L. CHENG, L. ZHANG and Y. XU, Cailiao Yanjiu Xuebao/Chinese J. Mater. Res. 10(6) (1996) 665.

    Google Scholar 

  121. C.-C. M. MA, N.-H. TAI, W.-C. CHANG and H.-T. CHAO, J. Mater. Sci. 31(3) (1996) 649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. A. SAKAI, N. KITAMORI, K. NISHI and S. MOTOJIMA, Mater. Letters 25 (1/2) (1995) 61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, Carbon 33(9) (1995) 1279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Y.-Q. WANG, Z.-M. WANG, J.-Y. YANG, F.-Q. ZHANG and B.-L. ZHOU, Compos. Manufacturing 6(2) (1995) 103.

    Google Scholar 

  125. F. LAMOUROUX, X. BOURRAT, R. NASLAIN and J. THEBAULT, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Y.-Q. WANG, B.-L. ZHOU and Z.-M. WANG, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. S. CHU, H. WANG and G. HE, Wuji Cailiao Xuebao/J. Inorganic Mater. 8(3) (1993) 327.

    Google Scholar 

  128. P. E. GRAYSON and N. J. ARCHER, in 17th Annual Conference on Composites and Advanced Ceramic Materials (1993) Vol. 14(9/10) pt. 2, p. 832.

    Google Scholar 

  129. D. KEHR, K. BRENNFLECK and R. WEISS, High Temp.-- High Pressures 22(6) (1990) 693.

    Google Scholar 

  130. M. HARRIS, T. CHAUDHARY, L. DRZAL and R. M. LAINE, Mater. Sci. & Eng. A: Structural Mater.: Properties, Microstructure & Processing 1/2 (1995) 223.

    Google Scholar 

  131. C. KAWAI and T. IGARASHI, J. Ceramic Soc. Japan, Int. Ed. 99(5) (1991) 377.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Y. LIU, D. R. TREADWELL, M. R. KANNISTO, B. L. MUELLER and R. M. LAINE, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 80(3) (1997) 705.

    Google Scholar 

  133. J. YU, S. YENO and K. HIRAGUSHI, Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/J. Ceramic Soc. Japan 104(1210) (1996) 481.

    Google Scholar 

  134. T. HASHISHIN, J. MURASHITA, A. JOYAMA and Y. KANEKO, ibid. 106(1229) (1998) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  135. H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, Carbon 33(9) (1995) 1289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Y.-C. ZHU, S. OHTANI, Y. SATO and N. IWAMOTO, ibid. 37(9) (1999) 1417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, J. Adv. Mater. 27(3) (1996) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  138. K. KOBAYASHI, K. MAEDA, H. SANO and Y. UCHIYAMA, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. W. P. HOFFMAN, H. T. PHAN and A. GROSZEK, in TMS MaterialsWeek 94 Symposium, High Temperature High Performance Materials for Rocket Engines and Space Applications, (1994) 141.

  140. O. YAMAMOTO, T. SASAMOTO and M. INAGAKI, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. L. M. MANOCHA and S. M. MANOCHA, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. V. K. PARASHAR, V. RAMAN and O. P. BAHL, J. Mater. Sci. Letters 16(6) (1997) 479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. A. JOSHI and J. S. LEE, Composites--Part A: Applied Science & Manufacturing 28(2) (1997) 181.

    Google Scholar 

  144. H. YOSHIMATSU, S. FUJIWARA, R. KONISHI, M. MIYAWAKI and Y. MIURA, Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/J. Ceramic Soc. Japan 103(1201) (1995) 929.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Y. WANG, J. ZHENG, Z. WANG, B. ZHOU and L. ZHOU, Fuhe Cailiao Xuebao/Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica 12(3) (1995) 31.

    Google Scholar 

  146. K. KAWABATA, H. YOSHIMATSU, K. FUJIWARA, H. MIHASHI, K. HIRAGUSHI, A. OSAKA, et al., Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/J. Ceramic Soc. Japan 107(1249) (1999) 832.

    Google Scholar 

  147. F. CAO, P. PENG and X. LI, Fuhe Cailiao Xuebao/Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica 16(1) (1999) 22.

    Google Scholar 

  148. C. C. LANDRY and A. R. BARRON, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. W. KOWBEL, M. MUSZYNSKI and H. T. TSOU, in Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Part 1, Damage and Oxidation Protection in High Temperature Composites (1991) Vol. 25-1, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  150. K. FUJII, J. NAKANO and M. SHINDO, J. Nuclear Mater. 203(1) (1993) 10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. W. KOWBEL, J. C. WITHERS and P. O. RANSONE, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. S. CHU, H. WANG and R. WU, Surface & Coatings Tech. 88(1–3) (1997) 38.

    Google Scholar 

  153. J. DENG, Y. WEI and W. LIU, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 82(6) (1999) 1629.

    Google Scholar 

  154. R. YAMADA and K. FUJII, Mater. Sci. Forum 308–311 (1999) 902.

    Google Scholar 

  155. H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, Surface & Coatings Tech. 79(1–3) (1996) 139.

    Google Scholar 

  156. A. W. MOORE, M. B. DOWELL, E. R. STOVER and L. D. BENTSEN, Ceramic Eng. & Sci. Proc. 16(4) (1995) 263.

    Google Scholar 

  157. C. G. COFER and J. ECONOMY, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. T.-M. WU, W.-C. WEI and S.-E. HSU, Ceramics Int. 18(3) (1992) 167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. J. W. FERGUS and W. L. WORRELL, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. H. FRITZE, J. JOJIC, T. WITKE, C. RUESCHER, S. WEBER, S. SCHERRER, B. SCHULTRICH, et al., Key Eng. Mater. 132–136(3) (1997) 1629.

    Google Scholar 

  161. H. FRITZE, A. SCHNITTKER, T. WITKE, C. RUESCHER, S. WEBER, S. SCHERRER, et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 555 (1999) 79.

    Google Scholar 

  162. O. YAMAMOTO, T. SASAMOTO and M. INAGAKI, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19(12) (2000) 1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. R. WANG, H. SANO, Y. UCHIYAMA and K. KOBAYASHI, J. Mater. Sci. 31(23) (1996) 6163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. X. ZENG, H. LI, Z. YANG and X. ZHU, Chinese J. Aeronautics 12(2) (1999) 111.

    Google Scholar 

  165. M. KONDO, Y. OGURA and T. MORIMOTO, Mater. Transactions Jim. 39(11) (1998) 1146.

    Google Scholar 

  166. N. SAKAKIBARA, A. NOTOMI, Y. OGURA, M. KONDO, C. FUJIWARA, T. SEKIGAWA, et al., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/J. Japan Inst. Metals 63(1) (1999) 118.

    Google Scholar 

  167. M. KONDO, Y. OGURA and T. MORIMOTO, ibid. 63(5) (1999) 661.

    Google Scholar 

  168. M. KONDO, Y. OGURA, T. MORIMOTO and A. NOTOMI, ibid. 63(7) (1999) 851.

    Google Scholar 

  169. M. GUO, K. SHEN and Y. ZHENG, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. F. J. BUCHANAN and J. A. LITTLE, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. N. E. LOBIONDO, L. E. JONES and A. G. CLARE, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 499.

  172. S. HOSHII, A. KOJIMA and S. OTANI, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19(2) (2000) 169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. S. T. SCHWAB and R. C. GRAEF, in Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part 1: Damage and Oxidation Protection in High Temperature Composites (1991) Vol. 25-1, p. 131.

    Google Scholar 

  174. S. LABRUQUERE, R. PAILLER, R. NASLAIN and B. DESBAT, Key Eng. Mater. 132–136(3) (1997) 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  175. D. CHO, B. YOON II, H. S. HA and Y. S. LIM, Polymer J. 29 (1997) 959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. D. CHO, Carbon 39(9) (1996) 1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. P. H. VAST, Ceramic Eng. & Sci. Proc. 16(5) (1995) 1063.

    Google Scholar 

  178. T. L. DHAMI, O. P. BAHL and B. R. AWASTHY, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. J. A. SEKHAR, J. LIU, J. LI, V. DE NORA, in 127th TMS Annual Meeting, Light Metals Light Metals (1998) p. 645.

  180. J. N. STUECKER, D. A. HIRSCHFELD and D. S. MARTIN, J. Mater. Sci. 34(22) (1999) 5443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. W. LU and D. D. L. CHUNG, Carbon 35(3) (1997) 427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. T. KYOTANI, ibid. 38(2) (2000) 269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. S. J. ALLEN, L. WHITTEN and G. MCKAY, Developments in Chem. Eng. & Mineral Processing 6(5) (1998) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  184. R. C. BROWN, Int. J. Occupational Safety & Ergonomics 1(4) (1995) 330.

    Google Scholar 

  185. W. LU and D. D. L. CHUNG, Carbon 39(1) (2000) 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chung, D.D.L. Review Graphite. Journal of Materials Science 37, 1475–1489 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014915307738

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014915307738

Keywords

Navigation