Skip to main content
Log in

Stellar Coronal Astronomy

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coronal astronomy is by now a fairly mature discipline, with a quarter century having gone by since the detection of the first stellar X-ray coronal source (Capella), and having benefitted from a series of major orbiting observing facilities. Serveral observational characteristics of coronal X-ray and EUV emission have been solidly established through extensive observations, and are by now common, almost text-book, knowledge. At the same time the implications of coronal astronomy for broader astrophysical questions (e.g.Galactic structure, stellar formation, stellar structure, etc.) have become appreciated. The interpretation of stellar coronal properties is however still often open to debate, and will need qualitatively new observational data to book further progress. In the present review we try to recapitulate our view on the status of the field at the beginning of a new era, in which the high sensitivity and the high spectral resolution provided by Chandra and SMM-Newton will address new questions which were not accessible before.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alcalá, J. M., J. Krautter, E. Covino, R. Neuhäuser, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and R. Wichmann: 1997, 'A study of the Chamaleon star forming region from the ROSAT all-sky survey. II. The pre-main sequence population'. A&A 319, 184.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Allende Prieto, C., D. L. Lambert, and M. Asplund: 2001, 'The forbidden abundance of oxygen in the Sun'. ApJ 556, L63.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambruster, C. W., S. Sciortino, and L. Golub: 1987, 'Rapid, low-level X-ray variability in active late-type dwarfs'. ApJS 65, 273.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Anders, E. and N. Grevesse: 1989, 'Abundances of the elements — Meteoritic and solar'. Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta 53, 157.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, E. and R. Martin: 1995, 'Differential emission measure and iron-to-calcium abundance in solar flare plasmas'. ApJ 451, 402.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschwanden, M. J.: 2001, 'An evaluation of coronal heating models for active regions based on Yohkoh, SOHO, and TRACE observations'. ApJ 560, 1035.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschwanden, M. J., R. W. Nightingale, and D. Alexander: 2000, 'Evidence for nonuniform heating of coronal loops inferred from multithread modeling of TRACE Data'. ApJ 541, 1059.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Audard, M., M. Güdel, and E. F. Guinan: 1999, 'Implications from extreme-ultraviolet observations for coronal heating of active stars'. ApJ 513, L53.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Audard, M., E. Behar, M. Güdel, A. J. J. Raassen, D. Porquet, R. Mewe, C. R. Foley, and G. E. Bromage: 2001, 'The XMM-Newton view of stellar coronae: High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of Capella'. A&A 365, L329.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Audard, M., M. Güdel, and R. Mewe: 2001, 'The XMM-Newton view of stellar coronae: flare heating in the coronae of HR 1099'. A&A 365, L318.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Audard, M., M. Güdel, A. Sres, R. Mewe, A. J. J. Raassen, E. Behar, C. R. Foley, and R. J. L. van der Meer: 2002, 'A study of the coronal plasma in RS CVn binary systems: HR 1099 and co.'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 65, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, T. R., A. Brown, R. A. Osten, D. P. Huenemoerder, J. J. Drake, N. S. Brickhouse, and J. L. Linsky: 2001, 'Chandra, EUVE, HST, and VLA multiwavelength campaign on HR 1099: instrumental capabilities, data reduction, and initial results'. ApJ 549, 554.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahcall, J. N. and R. M. Soneira: 1980, 'The universe at faint magnitudes. I — Models for the galaxy and the predicted star counts'. ApJS 44, 73.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baliunas, S. L., R. A. Donahue, W. H. Soon, J. H. Horne, J. Frazer, and et al.: 1995, 'Chromospheric variations in main-sequence stars. II'. ApJ 438, 269.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbera, M., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, F. R. Harnden, and R. Rosner: 1993, 'X-ray emission at the low mass end: results from an extensive Einstein observatory survey'. ApJ 414, 846.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbera, M., G. Micela, A. Collura, S. S. Murray, and M. V. Zombeck: 2000, 'In-flight calibration of the ROSAT HRI ultraviolet sensitivity'. ApJ 545, 449.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbera, M., F. Bocchino, F. Damiani, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, F. Favata, and F. R. Harnden: 2002, 'ROSAT PSPC/HRI observations of the open cluster NGC 2422'. A&A 387, 463.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrado y Navascués, D., J. R. Stauffer, and S. Randich: 1998, 'Stellar activity in coeval open clusters: Praesepe and the Hyades'. ApJ 506, 347.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Belloni, T. and F. Verbunt: 1996, 'Soft X-rays from the intermediate-age open cluster NGC 752'. A&A 305, 806.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Berdyugina, S. V., S. Jankov, I. Ilyin, I. Tuominen, and F. C. Fekel: 1998, 'The active RS Canum Venaticorum binary II Pegasi. I. Stellar and orbital parameters'. A&A 334, 863.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bookbinder, J. A.: 1985, 'Observations of non-thermal radiation from late-type stars'. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University.

  • Bouvier, J.: 1990, 'Rotation in T Tauri stars. II — Clues for magnetic activity'. AJ 99, 946.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouvier, J., M. Forestini, and S. Allain: 1997, 'The angular momentum evolution of low-mass stars'. A&A 326, 1023.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowyer, S., J. J. Drake, and S. Vennes: 2000, 'Extreme ultraviolet astronomy'. ARA&A 38, 231.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg, A., D. Moss, and I. Tuominen: 1992, 'Turbulent pumping in the solar dynamo'. In: K. L. Harvey (ed.): The solar cycle, Vol. 27 of ASP Conference Series. p. 536, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickhouse, N. S., J. C. Raymond, and B. W. Smith: 1995, 'New model of iron spectra in the extreme ultraviolet and application to SERTS and EUVE observations: a solar active region and Capella'. ApJS 97, 551.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brickhouse, N. S. and A. K. Dupree: 1998, 'EUVE observations of the W UMa contact binary 44i Boo: coronal structure and variability'. ApJ 502, 918.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brickhouse, N. S., A. K. Dupree, R. J. Edgar, D. A. Liedahl, S. A. Drake, N. E. White, and K. P. Singh: 2000, 'Coronal structure and abundances of Capella from simultaneous EUVE and ASCA spectroscopy'. ApJ 530, 387.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brickhouse, N. S., A. K. Dupree, and P. R. Young: 2001, 'X-Ray Doppler Imaging of 44i Bootis with Chandra'. ApJ 562, L75.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, K. R., J. P. Pye, R. D. Jeffries, and E. J. Totten: 2000, 'X-ray source populations in the region of the open clusters NGC 6633 and IC 4756'. MNRAS 319, 826.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, A. C., E. Behar, M. Güdel, M. Audard, A. J. F. den Boggende, G. Branduardi-Raymont, J. Cottam, C. Erd, J. W. den Herder, F. Jansen, J. S. Kaastra, S. M. Kahn, R. Mewe, F. B. S. Paerels, J. R. Peterson, A. P. Rasmussen, I. Sakelliou, and C. de Vries: 2001, 'First light measurements with the XMM-Newton reflection grating spectrometers: evidence for an inverse first ionization potential effect and anomalous Ne abundance in the coronae of HR 1099'. A&A 365, L324.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Caillault, J. P. and D. J. Helfand: 1985, 'The Einstein soft X-ray survey of the Pleiades'. ApJ 289, 279.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Canizares, C. R., D. P. Huenemoerder, D. S. Davis, D. Dewey, K. A. Flanagan, J. Houck, T. H. Markert, H. L. Marshall, M. L. Schattenburg, N. S. Schulz, M. Wise, J. J. Drake, and N. S. Brickhouse: 2000, 'High-resolution X-ray spectra of Capella: initial results from the Chandra high-energy transmission grating spectrometer'. ApJ 539, L41.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Casanova, S., T. Montmerle, E. D. Feigelson, and P. Andre: 1995, 'ROSAT X-ray sources embedded in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud core'. ApJ 439, 752.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassinelli, J. P., N. A. Miller, W. L. Waldron, J. J. MacFarlane, and D. H. Cohen: 2001, 'Chandra detection of Doppler-shifted X-ray line profiles from the wind of ζ Puppis (O4 F)'. ApJ 554, L55.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Catura, R. C., L. W. Acton, and H. M. Johnson: 1975, 'Evidence for X-ray emission from Capella'. ApJ 196, L47.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Charbonneau, P. and K. B. MacGregor: 1992, 'Angular momentum transport in magnetized stellar radiative zones. I — Numerical solutions to the core spin-up model problem'. ApJ 387, 639.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, C. S. and T. Dotani: 1998, 'ASCA observation of a long-duration X-ray flare from the W UMa-type binary VW Cephei'. ApJ 492, 761.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.: 2002, 'Helioseismology'. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 1073.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., G. Peres, A. Maggio, and S. Serio: 1996, 'Loop modeling of coronal X-ray spectra. I. General properties'. A&A 306, 553.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, H., J. O. Jensen, and H. E. Jorgensen: 1970, 'Homogeneous models for Population I and Population II compositions'. A&A 5, 12.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Covino, S., M. R. Panzera, G. Tagliaferri, and R. Pallavicini: 2001, 'Quiescent and flare analysis for the chromospherically active star Gl 355 (LQ Hya)'. A&A 371, 973.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, A. N., G. Shaviv, and S. W. Hodson: 1981, 'On the ratio of mixing length to scale height in red dwarfs'. ApJ 245, L37.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, I. J. D., A. N. McClymont, and J. H. Underwood: 1978, 'The temperature and density structure of active region coronal loops'. A&A 70, 1.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, N. B., M. J. Aschwanden, and B. R. Dennis: 1993, 'Frequency distributions and correlations of solar X-ray flare parameters'. Solar Physics 143, 275.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cully, S. L., O. H. W. Siegmund, P. W. Vedder, and J. V. Vallerga: 1993, 'Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer deep survey observations of a large flare on AU Microscopii'. ApJ 414, L49.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cully, S. L., G. H. Fisher, S. L. Hawley, and T. Simon: 1997, 'Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer spectra of the 1993 March flares on AD Leonis: the differential emission measure and implications for coronal structure'. ApJ 491, 910.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dachs, J. and W. Hummel: 1996, 'ROSAT survey of stellar X-ray sources in the young open cluster NGC 2516'. A&A 312, 818.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahn, C. C., J. Liebert, and R. S. Harrington: 1986, 'LHS 292 and the luminosity function of the nearby M dwarfs'. AJ 91, 621.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Damiani, F., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, and F. R. Harnden: 1994, 'Einstein X-ray observations of Herbig Ae/Be stars'. ApJ 436, 807.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D'Antona, F. and I. Mazzitelli: 1997, 'Evolution of low mass stars'. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 68, 807.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • de Zeeuw, P. T., R. Hoogerwerf, J. H. J. de Bruijne, A. G. A. Brown, and A. Blaauw: 1999, 'A Hipparcos census of the nearby OB associations'. AJ 117, 354.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Deliyannis, C. P. and R. A. Malaney: 1995, 'Flare production of 6Li in population II stars'. ApJ 453, 810.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, E. E. and P. A. Gilman: 1991, 'The solar dynamo'. In: A. Cox, W. C. Livingston, and M. S. Matthews (eds.): Solar interior and atmosphere. Tucson, p. 275, Univ. of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, R. C., J. L. Linsky, T. A. Fleming, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1993a, 'The ROSAT all-sky survey of active binary coronae. I. Quiescent fluxes from the RS Canum Venaticorum systems'. ApJS 86, 599.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, R. C., J. L. Linsky, T. A. Fleming, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1993b, 'The ROSAT all-sky survey of active binary coronae. II. Coronal temperatures of the RS Canum Venaticorum systems'. ApJ 413, 333.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, R. C., J. L. Linsky, T. A. Fleming, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1997, 'The ROSAT allsky survey of active binary coronae. III. Quiescent coronal properties for the BY Draconistype binaries'. ApJ 478, 358.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J.: 1996a, 'Stellar spectroscopy with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer'. In: R. Pallavicini and A. K. Dupree (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 109: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun. p. 203, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J.: 1998, 'Excess helium as an explanation for metal deficiency in coronal plasma?'. ApJ 496, L33.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J.: 2001, 'Stellar coronae: the first 25 years'. In: R. Giacconi, L. Stella, and S. Serio (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 234: X-ray Astronomy 2000. p. 53, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J.: 2002, 'The chemical composition of stellar coronae'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era, Vol. 277 of ASP Conference Series. San Francisco, p. 75, ASP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J., J. M. Laming, and K. G. Widing: 1995, 'Stellar coronal abundances. 2: The first ionization potential effect and its absence in the corona of procyon'. ApJ 443, 393.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J., J. M. Laming, and K. G. Widing: 1996a, 'The FIP effect and abundance anomalies in late-type stellar coronae'. In: S. Bowyer and R. F. Malina (eds.): IAU Colloq. 152: Astrophysics in the Extreme Ultraviolet. p. 97.

  • Drake, J. J., R. A. Stern, G. S. Stringfellow, M. Mathioudakis, J. M. Laming, and D. L. Lambert: 1996b, 'Detection of quiescent extreme-ultraviolet emission from the very low mass dwarf van Biesbrowk 8: evidence for turbulent field dynamo'. ApJ 469, 828.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J., J. M. Laming, and K. G. Widing: 1997, 'Stellar coronal abundances V: evidence for the FIP effect in α Centauri'. ApJ 478, 403.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J., G. Peres, S. Orlando, J. M. Laming, and A. Maggio: 2000, 'On stellar coronae and solar active regions'. ApJ 545, 1074.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J., N. S. Brickhouse, V. Kashyap, J. M. Laming, D. P. Huenemoerder, R. Smith, and B. J. Wargelin: 2001, 'Enhanced noble gases in the coronae of active stars'. ApJ 548, L81.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. J. and V. Kashyap: 2001, 'The coronal metallicity of the intermediate activity dwarf ξ Boo A'. ApJ 547, 428.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, S. A.: 1996b, 'X-ray measurements of coronal abundances'. In: S. S. Holt and G. Sonneborn (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 99: Cosmic Abundances. p. 215, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, D. K., S. Baliunas, R. Noyes, and A. Vaughan: 1984, 'Chromospheric emission and rotation of the Hyades lower main sequence'. PASP 96, 707.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupree, A. K., N. S. Brickhouse, G. A. Doschek, J. C. Green, and J. C. Raymond: 1993, 'The extreme ultraviolet spectrum of α Aurigae (Capella)'. ApJ 418, L41.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Durney, B. R., D. S. de Young, and I. W. Roxburgh: 1993, 'On the generation of the large-scale and turbulent magnetic fields in solar-type stars'. Solar Phys. 145, 207.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Edlén, B.: 1945, 'The identification of the coronal lines (George Darwin Lecture)'. MNRAS 105, 323.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Edvardsson, B., J. Andersen, B. Gustafsson, et al.: 1993, 'The chemical evolution of the galactic disk'. A&A 275, 101.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Endl, M., K. G. Strassmeier, and M. Kurster: 1997, 'A large X-ray flare on HU Virginis'. A&A 328, 565.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F.: 2001, 'The coronal structure of active stars'. In: R. Giacconi, L. Stella, and S. Serio (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 234: X-ray Astronomy 2000. p. 234, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., R. Rosner, S. Sciortino, and G. S. Vaiana: 1988, 'The stellar composition of X-ray surveys from the Einstein Observatory'. ApJ 324, 1010.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, and G. S. Vaiana: 1992, 'The stellar coronal component of the Galaxy. I. The X-COUNT numerical model'. A&A 256, 86.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., M. Barbera, G. Micela, and S. Sciortino: 1993, 'A search for yellow young disk population stars among EMSS stellar X-ray sources by means of lithium abundance determination'. A&A 277, 428.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., M. Barbera, G. Micela, and S. Sciortino: 1995, 'Lithium, X-ray activity and rotation in an X-ray selected sample of solar-type stars'. A&A 295, 147.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, and F. D'Antona: 1998, 'The evolutionary status of activity-selected solar-type stars and of T-Tauri stars as derived from Hipparcos parallaxes: evidence for a long-lived T-Tauri disk'. A&A 335, 218.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F. and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1999, 'Spectroscopic analysis of a super-hot giant flare observed on Algol by BeppoSAX on 30 August 1997'. A&A 350, 900.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., G. Micela, and F. Reale: 2000a, 'The corona of AD Leo'. A&A 354, 1021.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., G. Micela, F. Reale, S. Sciortino, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 2000b, 'The structure of the Algol corona from an analysis of all known X-ray flares: a consistent scenario for the X-ray and radio emission'. A&A 362, 628.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., F. Reale, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, A. Maggio, and H. Matsumoto: 2000c, 'An extreme X-ray flare observed on EV Lac by the ASCA observatory in July 1998'. A&A 353, 987.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., G. Micela, and F. Reale: 2001, 'Coronal structure geometries on pre-main sequence stars'. A&A 375, 485.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Favata, F., C. V. M. Fridlund, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, and A. A. Kaas: 2002, 'Discovery of X-ray emission from the protostellar jet L1551 IRS5 (HH 154)'. A&A 386, 204.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelson, E., S. Casanova, T. Montmerle, and J. Guibert: 1993, 'ROSAT X-ray study of the Chamaleon dark cloud. I. The stellar population'. ApJ 416, 623.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelson, E. D. and T. Montmerle: 1999, 'High-energy processes in young stellar objects'. ARA&A 37, 363.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelson, E. D., P. Broos, J. A. Gaffney, et al.: 2002a, 'X-ray emitting young stars in the Orion nebula'. ApJ 574, 258.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelson, E. D., G. P. Garmire, and S. H. Pravdo: 2002b, 'Magnetic flaring in the pre-main-sequence Sun and implications for the early solar system'. ApJ 572, 335.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekel, F. and S. Balachandran: 1993, 'Lithium and rapid rotation in chromospherically active single giants'. ApJ 403, 708.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, U.: 1992, 'Elemental abundances in the upper solar atmosphere'. Physica Scripta Volume T 46, 202.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaccomio, E., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, F. Damiani, F. Favata, F. R. Harnden, and J. Schachter: 2000, 'HRI observations of PMS stars in NGC 2264'. A&A 355, 651.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaccomio, E., F. Damiani, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, F. R. Harnden, S. S. Murray, and S. J. Wolk: 2003a, 'Chandra X-ray observations of the Orion nebula cluster. II Relationship between X-ray activity indicators and stellar parameters'. ApJ 582, 398.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaccomio, E., G. Micela, and S. Sciortino: 2003b, 'Observational clues for a role of circumstellar accretion in PMS X-ray activity'. A&A 397, 611.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. A., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and M. S. Giampapa: 1995, 'Correlations of coronal X-ray emission with activity, mass and age of the nearby K and M dwarfs'. ApJ 450, 401.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. A., M. S. Giampapa, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 2000, 'An X-ray flare detected on the M8 dwarf VB 10'. ApJ 533, 372.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fludra, A. and J. T. Schmelz: 1999, 'The absolute coronal abundances of sulfur, calcium, and iron from Yohkoh-BCS flare spectra'. A&A 348, 286.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Franciosini, E., S. Randich, and R. Pallavicini: 2000, 'A ROSAT HRI study of the open cluster NGC 3532'. A&A 357, 139.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Franciosini, E., R. Pallavicini, and G. Tagliaferri: 2001, 'BeppoSAX observation of a large long-duration X-ray flare from UX Arietis'. A&A 375, 196.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagné, M., J.-P. Caillault, and J. R. Stauffer: 1995a, 'Deep ROSAT HRI observations of the Orion nebula region'. ApJ 445, 280.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagné, M., J.-P. Caillault, and J. R. Stauffer: 1995b, 'Spectral and temporal characteristics of X-ray-bright stars in the Pleiades'. ApJ 450, 217.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehren, T., R. Ottmann, and J. Reetz: 1999, 'Photospheric metal abundances of AR Lacertae'. A&A 344, 221.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giampapa, M. S.: 1984, 'Lithium abundances and chromospheric activity. I. Empirical results'. ApJ 277, 235.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giampapa, M. S., R. Rosner, V. Kashyap, et al.: 1996, 'The coronae of low-mass dwarf stars'. ApJ 463, 707.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giampapa, M. S., C. F. Prosser, and T. A. Fleming: 1998, 'X-Ray activity in the open cluster IC 4665'. ApJ 501, 624.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giampapa, M. S. and T. A. Fleming: 2002, 'The coronae of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs'. In: F. Favata and J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 247, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gioia, I. M., T. Maccacaro, R. E. Schild, A. Wolter, J. T. Stocke, S. L. Morris, and J. P. Henry: 1990, 'The Einstein observatory Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey. I. X-ray data and analysis'. ApJS 72, 567.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Glassgold, A. E., E. D. Feigelson, and T. Montmerle: 2000, 'Effects of energetic radiation in young stellar objects'. In: V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, and S. S. Russell (eds.): Protostars and planets IV. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, p. 429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golub, L.: 1983, 'Quiescent coronae of active chromosphere stars'. In: ASSL Vol. 102: IAU Colloq. 71: Activity in Red-Dwarf Stars. p. 83.

  • Graffagnino, V. G., D. Wonnacott, and S. Schaeidt: 1995, 'HR 5110 superflare: an interbinary flare identified?'. MNRAS 275, 129.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., A. O. Benz, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and S. L. Skinner: 1996, 'The Neupert effect in active stellar coronae: chromospheric evaporation and coronal heating in the dMe flare star binary UV Ceti'. ApJ 471, 1002.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., E. F. Guinan, R. Mewe, J. S. Kaastra, and S. L. Skinner: 1997, 'A determination of the coronal emission measure distribution in the young solar analog EK Draconis from ASCA/EUVE spectra'. ApJ 479, 416.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., J. L. Linsky, A. Brown, and F. Nagase: 1999, 'Flaring and quiescent coronae of UX Arietis: results from ASCA and EUVE campaigns'. ApJ 511, 405.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., M. Audard, K. Briggs, F. Haberl, H. Magee, A. Maggio, R. Mewe, R. Pallavicini, and J. Pye: 2001a, 'The XMM-Newton view of stellar coronae: X-ray spectroscopy of the corona of AB Doradus'. A&A 365, L336.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., M. Audard, K. Briggs, F. Haberl, H. Magee, A. Maggio, R. Mewe, R. Pallavicini, and J. Pye: 2001b, 'The XMM-Newton view of stellar coronae: coronal structure in the Castor X-ray triplet'. A&A 365, L344.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., M. Audard, K. W. Smith, E. Behar, A. J. Beasley, and R. Mewe: 2002a, 'Detection of the Neupert effect in the corona of an RS Canum Venaticorum binary system by XMM-Newton and the Very Large Array'. ApJ 577, 371.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., M. Audard, K. W. Smith, et al.: 2002b, 'A systematic spectroscopic X-ray study of stellar coronae with XMM-Newton: early results'. In: Cool stars, stellar systems and the Sun 12 in press.

  • Güdel, M., M. Audard, A. Sres, R. Wehrli, E. Behar, R. Mewe., A. J. J. Raassen, and H. Magee: 2002c, 'XMM-Newton probes the solar past: coronal abundances of solar analogs at different ages'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 497, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., M. Audard, V. L. Kashyap, J. J. Drake, and E. F. Guinan: 2003a, 'Are coronae of magnetically active stars heated by flares? II. EUV and X-Ray flare statistics and the Differential Emission Measure distribution'. ApJ 582, 423.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Güdel, M., K. Arzner, M. Audard, and R. Mewe: 2003b, 'Tomography of a stellar corona: α Coronae Borealis'. A&A in press.

  • Guillout, P., M. Haywood, C. Motch, and A. C. Robin: 1996, 'The stellar content of soft X-ray surveys. I. An age-dependent numerical model'. A&A 316, 89.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillout, P., M. F. Sterzik, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, C. Motch, D. Egret, W. Voges and R. Neuhäuser: 1998a, 'The large-scale distribution of X-ray active stars'. A&A 334, 540.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillout, P., M. F. Sterzik, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, C. Motch, and R. Neuhäuser: 1998b, 'Discovery of a late-type stellar population associated with the Gould belt'. A&A 337, 113.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillout, P., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, D. Egret, W. Voges, C. Motch, and M. F. Sterzik: 1999, 'The stellar content of soft X-ray surveys. II. Cross-correlation of the ROSAT All-Sky Survey with the Tycho and Hipparcos catalogs'. A&A 351, 1003.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, A. G., V. Migenes, J. G. Doyle, R. E. Spencer, and M. Mathioudakis: 1997, 'Radio and extreme-ultraviolet observations of CF Tucanae'. MNRAS 287, 199.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hénoux, J.: 1998, 'FIP fractionation: theory'. Space Science Reviews 85, 215.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamaguchi, K., H. Terada, A. Bamba, and K. Koyama: 2000, 'Large X-ray flare from a Herbig Be star, MWC297'. ApJ 532, 1111.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamaguchi, K., K. Koyama, S. Yamauchi, and H. Terada: 2002, 'X-ray study of Herbig Ae/Be stars, intermediate mass young stars'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 193, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmer, S., R. D. Jeffries, E. J. Totten, and J. P. Pye: 2001, 'X-rays from the open cluster NGC 6633'. MNRAS 324, 473.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harnden, F. R., N. R. Adams, F. Damiani, J. J. Drake, N. R. Evans, F. Favata, P. Flaccomio, E. Freeman, R. D. Jeffries, V. Kashyap, G. Micela, B. M. Patten, N. Pizzolato, J. F. Schachter, S. Sciortino, J. Stauffer, S. J. Wolk, and M. V. Zombeck: 2001, 'Chandra observations of the open cluster NGC 2516'. ApJ 547, L141.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harra, L. K.: 2002, 'The solar corona as seen by Yohkoh'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 277, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, S. L., G. H. Fisher, T. Simon, S. L. Cully, S. E. Deustua, M. Jablonski, C. M. Johns-Krull, B. R. Pettersen, V. Smith, W. J. Spiesman, and J. Valenti: 1995, 'Simultaneous Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer and optical observations of AD Leonis: evidence for large coronal loops and the Neupert effect in stellar flares'. ApJ 453, 464.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hempelmann, A., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, M. Schultz, G. Rüdiger, and K. Stèpie\({\text{n`}}\): 1995, 'Coronal X-ray emission and rotation of cool main sequence stars'. A&A 294, 515.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hempelmann, A., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and K. Stèpie\({\text{n`}}\): 1996, 'Coronal X-ray emission of cool stars in relation to chromospheric activity and magnetic cycles'. A&A 305, 284.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin, S. T., R. F. Jameson, and I. A. Steele: 1995, 'Chromospheric and coronal activity of low-mass stars in the Pleiades'. MNRAS 274, 869.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Høg, E., C. Fabricius, V. V. Makarov, S. Urban, T. Corbin, G. Wycoff, U. Bastian, P. Schwekendiek, and A. Wicenec: 2000, 'The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars'. A&A 355, L27.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H. S.: 1991, 'Solar flares, microflares, nanoflares, and coronal heating'. Solar Physics 133, 357.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H. S., L. W. Acton, T. Hirayama, and Y. Uchida: 1992, 'White-light flares observed by YOHKOH'. Publ. Astr. Soc. Japan 44, L77.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Huenemoerder, D. P., C. R. Canizares, and N. S. Schulz: 2001, 'X-ray spectroscopy of II Pegasi: coronal temperature structure, abundances, and variability'. ApJ 559, 1135.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Huenemoerder, D. P., C. R. Canizares, and K. Kibbetts: 2002, 'X-ray spectra and light curves of AR Lac: temperature structure, abundances and variability'. In: Cool stars, stellar systems and the Sun 12 in press.

  • Imanishi, K., K. Koyama, and Y. Tsuboi: 2001, 'Chandra observation of the ρ Ophiuchi cloud'. ApJ 557, 747.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. J. and R. D. Jeffries: 1997, 'Rotation, activity and lithium in NGC 6475'. MNRAS 292, 252.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jardine, M. and Y. C. Unruh: 1999, 'Coronal emission and dynamo saturation'. A&A 346, 883.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, R. D.: 1995, 'The kinematics of lithium-rich, active late-type stars: Evidence for a low-mass Local Association'. MNRAS 273, 559.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, R. D., M. R. Thurston, and J. P. Pye: 1997, 'An X-ray survey of the young open cluster NGC 2516'. MNRAS 287, 350.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, R. D. and A. J. Tolley: 1998, 'X-ray emission and low-mass stars in the young open cluster NGC 2547'. MNRAS 300, 331.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, R. D., E. J. Totten, and D. J. James: 2000, 'Rotation and activity in the solar-type stars of NGC 2547'. MNRAS 316, 950.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. M.: 1981, 'An X-ray sampling of nearby stars'. ApJ 243, 234.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. M.: 1986, 'An unbiased X-ray sampling of stars within 25 parsecs of the sun'. ApJ 303, 470.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, O., J. J. Drake, V. Kashyap, N. S. Brickhouse, A. K. Dupree, P. Freeman, P. R. Young, and G. A. Kriss: 2002, 'The Capella giants and coronal evolution across the Hertzsprung gap'. ApJ 565, L97.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. R. A., A. J. Longmore, F. Allard, and P. H. Hauschildt: 1996, 'Spectral analysis of M dwarfs'. MNRAS 280, 77.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, C.: 1980, 'The energy balance of the solar transition region'. A&A 86, 355.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, C., T. R. Ayres, A. Brown, J. L. Linsky, and T. Simon: 1987, 'The chromospheres and coronae of five G-K main-sequence stars'. MNRAS 225, 903.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, C., G. A. Doshek, J. J. Drake, A. B. Galvin, and J. C. Raymond: 1998, 'Coronal abundances: what are they?'. In: R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 154: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, p. 91, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge, P.: 2002, 'Observational and interpretational challenges'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 45, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano, R. and S. Tsuneta: 1995, 'Scaling laws of solar coronal loops obtained with Yohkoh'. ApJ 454, 934.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashyap, V. and J. J. Drake: 1998, 'Markov-Chain Monte Carlo reconstruction of Emission Measure Distributions: application to solar extreme-ultraviolet spectra'. ApJ 503, 450.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashyap, V. and J. J. Drake: 1999, 'On X-ray variability in active binary stars'. ApJ 524, 988.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashyap, V., D. J. J., M. Audard, and M. Güdel: 2002, 'Flare heating of stellar coronae'. In: F. Favata and J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 503, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastner, J. H., D. P. Huenemoerder, N. S. Schulz, C. R. Canizares, and D. A. Weintraub: 2002, 'Evidence for accretion: high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the Classical T Tauri Star TW Hydrae'. ApJ 567, 434.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klimchuck, J. A.: 2002, 'Scaling laws for solar and stellar coronae'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 321, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, R. A. and G. Poletto: 1984, 'Extension of the reconnection theory of two-ribbon solar flares'. Solar Physics 93, 351.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthi, A., C. S. Reynolds, J. L. Linsky, E. Martín, and M. Gagné: 2001, 'Observations of the core of the Pleiades with the Chandra X-ray observatory'. AJ 121, 337.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kürster, M. and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1996, 'Forty days in the life of CF Tucanae (=HD 5305). The longest stellar X-ray flare observed with ROSAT'. A&A 311, 211.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachaume, R., C. Dominik, T. Lanz, and H. J. Habing: 1999, 'Age determinations of main-sequence stars: combining different methods'. A&A 348, 897.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Laming, J. M.: 2002, 'Should you trust the atomic data?'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 25, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laming, J. M., J. J. Drake, and K. G. Widing: 1996, 'Stellar coronal abundances. IV. Evidence of the FIP effect in the corona of ɛ Eridani?'. ApJ 462, 948.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, W. A., E. D. Feigelson, and D. P. Huenemoerder: 1996, 'An improved HR diagram for Chamaeleon I pre-main-sequence stars'. MNRAS 280, 1071.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lean, J.: 1997, 'The Sun's variable radiation and its relevance for Earth'. ARA&A 35, 33.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, J. and S. M. White: 1996, 'Limits to mass outflows from late-type dwarf stars'. ApJ 462, L91.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsky, J. L., B. E. Wood, A. Brown, and R. A. Osten: 1998, 'Dissecting Capella's corona: GHRS spectra of the Fe XXI λ 1354 and He II λ 1640 lines from each of the Capella stars'. ApJ 492, 767.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsky, J. L. and M. Gagné: 2001, 'Analysis of Chandra X-ray spectra of the young, active star AB Dor'. In: American Astronomical Society Meeting, Vol. 198. p. 4405.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggio, A., S. Sciortino, G. S. Vaiana, P. Majer, J. Bookbinder, L. Golub, F. R. Harnden, and R. Rosner: 1987, 'Einstein observatory survey of X-ray emission from solar-type stars: the late F and G dwarf stars'. ApJ 315, 687.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggio, A., R. Pallavicini, F. Reale, and G. Tagliaferri: 2000, 'Twin X-ray flares and the active corona of AB Dor observed with BeppoSAX'. A&A 356, 627.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggio, A., J. J. Drake, V. Kashyap, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, G. Peres, F. R. Harnden, and S. S. Murray: 2002, 'AD Leo observed with Chandra LETGS: emission measure distribution, density and element abundances of the coronal plasma'. In: F. Favata and J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 57, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majer, P., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, L. Golub, F. R. Harnden, and R. Rosner: 1986, 'X-ray spectra and the rotation-activity connection of RS Canum Venaticorum binaries'. ApJ 300, 360.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrini, C. H., P. Démoulin, and J. A. Klimchuk: 2000, 'Magnetic field and plasma scaling laws: their implications for coronal heating models'. ApJ 530, 999.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marino, A., G. Micela, and G. Peres: 2000, 'A systematic analysis of X-ray variability of dM stars'. A&A 353, 177.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marino, A., G. Micela, G. Peres, and S. Sciortino: 2002, 'On X-ray variability in ROSAT-PSPC observations of F7-K2 stars'. A&A 383, 210.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martín, E. L. and H. Bouy: 2002, 'XMM-Newton observations of the nearby brown dwarf LP 944-20'. New Astronomy 7, 595.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McGale, P. A., J. P. Pye, and S. T. Hodgkin: 1996, 'ROSAT PSPC X-ray spectral survey of W UMa systems'. MNRAS 280, 627.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McWilliam, A.: 1997, 'Abundance ratios and Galactic chemical evolution'. ARA&A 35, 503.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mermilliod, J.-C.: 1997, 'Radial velocities and binarity in open clusters'. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 68, 853.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mermilliod, J.-C., C. Turon, N. Robichon, F. Arenou, and Y. Lebreton: 1997, 'The distance of the Pleiades and nearby clusters, ESA SP-402'. In: M. A. C. Perryman and P. L. Bernacca (eds.): Hipparcos Venice 97. Noordwijk, p. 643, ESA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R.: 1999, 'Atomic physics of hot plasmas'. In: J. van Paradijs and J. A. M. Bleeker (eds.): X-ray spectroscopy in astrophysics, Vol. 520 of Lecture Notes in Physics. p. 109, Springer.

  • Mewe, R., J. Heise, E. H. B. M. Gronenschild, A. C. Brinkman, J. Schrijver, and A. J. F. den Boggende: 1975, 'Detection of X-ray emission from stellar coronae with ANS'. ApJ 202, L67.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R., J. S. Kaastra, S. M. White, and R. Pallavicini: 1996, 'Simultaneous EUVE &; ASCA observations of AB Doradus: temperature structure and abundances of the quiescent corona'. A&A 315, 170.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R., J. S. Kaastra, G. H. J. van den Oord, J. Vink, and Y. Tawara: 1997, 'ASCA and EUVE observations of II Pegasi: flaring and quiescent coronal emission'. A&A 320, 147.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R., A. J. J. Raassen, J. J. Drake, J. S. Kaastra, R. L. J. van der Meer, and D. Porquet: 2001, 'Chandra-LETGS X-ray observations of Capella. Temperature, density and abundance diagnostics'. A&A 368, 888.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J.-P.: 1985, 'Solar-stellar outer atmospheres and energetic particles, and galactic cosmic rays'. ApJS 57, 173.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G.: 2001, 'X-ray emission from open clusters'. In: R. Giacconi, L. Stella, and S. Serio (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 234: X-ray Astronomy 2000. p. 143, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G.: 2002, 'Evolution of stellar coronal activity on the main sequence'. In: B. Montesinos, A. Gimenez, and E. F. Guinan (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 269: The evolving Sun and its influence on planetary environments. p. 107, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, and S. Serio: 1984, 'The relationship between X-ray luminosity and Rossby number for a sample of late-type stars'. In: M. Oda and R. Giacconi (eds.): X-Ray Astronomy '84. p. 43.

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, S. Serio, and et al.: 1985, 'Einstein X-ray survey of the Pleiades: the dependence of X-ray emission on stellar age'. ApJ 292, 172.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, G. S. Vaiana, and et al.: 1988, 'The Einstein observatory survey of stars in the Hyades cluster region'. ApJ 325, 798.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, G. Vaiana, and et al.: 1990, 'X-ray studies of coeval star samples. II. The Pleiades cluster as observed with the Einstein observatory'. ApJ 348, 557.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, and F. Favata: 1993, 'Stellar birthrate in the Galaxy in the past billion years: constraints from X-ray flux limited surveys'. ApJ 412, 618.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, V. Kashyap, F. R. Harnden, and R. Rosner: 1996, 'ROSAT observations of the Pleiades cluster. I—X-ray characteristics of a coeval stellar population'. ApJS 102, 75.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., F. Favata, and S. Sciortino: 1997a, 'Hipparcos distances of X-ray selected stars: implications on their nature as stellar population'. A&A 326, 221.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., J. P. Pye, and S. Sciortino: 1997b, 'Coronal properties of nearby old disk and halo dM stars'. A&A 320, 865.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, F. R. Harnden, and R. Rosner: 1998, 'X-ray variability and rotation in the Pleiades cluster'. Ap&SS 261, 105.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, F. Favata, R. Pallavicini, and J. Pye: 1999a, 'X-ray observations of the young open cluster Blanco 1'. A&A 344, 83.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, F. R. Harnden, V. Kashyap, R. Rosner, C. F. Prosser, F. Damiani, J. Stauffer, and J.-P. Caillault: 1999b, 'Deep ROSAT HRI observations of the Pleiades'. A&A 341, 751.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Micela, G., S. Sciortino, R. D. Jeffries, M. R. Thurston, and F. Favata: 2000, 'Rosat HRI observations of the open cluster NGC 2516'. A&A 357, 909.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Montmerle, T., L. Koch-Miramond, E. Falgarone, and J. E. Grindlay: 1983, 'Einstein observations of the p Ophiuchi dark cloud: an X-ray Christmas tree'. ApJ 269, 182.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Motch, C., P. Guillout, F. Haberl, et al.: 1997, 'The ROSAT galactic plane survey: analysis of a low latitude sample area in Cygnus'. A&A 318, 111.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullan, D. J., J. G. Doyle, R. O. Redman, and M. Mathioudakis: 1992, 'Limits on the detectability of mass loss from cool dwarfs'. ApJ 397, 225.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutel, R. L., L. A. Molnar, E. B. Waltman, and F. D. Ghigo: 1998, 'Radio emission from Algol. I. Coronal geometry and emission mechanisms determined from VLBA and Green Bank interferometer observations'. ApJ 507, 371.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ness, J.-U., R. Mewe, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, A. J. J. Raassen, D. Porquet, J. S. Kaastra, R. L. J. van der Meer, V. Burwitz, and P. Predehl: 2001, 'Helium-like triplet density diagnostics. Applications to Chandra-LETGS X-ray observations of Capella and Procyon'. A&A 367, 282.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ness, J.-U., R. Mewe, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and A. J. J. Raassen: 2002a, 'Influence of radiation fields on the density diagnostics. Chandra-LEGTS observations of Algol and Procyon'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 545, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, J.-U., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, V. Burwitz, R. Mewe, and P. Predehl: 2002b, 'Chandra LETGS observation of the active binary Algol'. A&A 387, 1032.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhäuser, R., C. Briceño, F. Comerón, T. Hearty, E. L. Martín, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, B. Stelzer, R. Supper, W. Voges, and H. Zinnecker: 1999, 'Search for X-ray emission from bona-fide and candidate brown dwarfs'. A&A 343, 883.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Neupert, W. M.: 1968, 'Comparison of solar X-ray line emission with microwave emission during flares'. ApJ 153, L59.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, Y. K. and G. Bertelli: 1998, 'Revised ages for stars in the solar neighborhood'. A&A 329, 943.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, R. W., L. W. Hartmann, S. L. Baliunas, D. K. Duncan, and A. H. Vaughan: 1984, 'Rotation, convection, and magnetic activity in lower main-sequence stars'. ApJ 279, 763.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, S., G. Peres, and F. Reale: 2000, 'The Sun as an X-ray star. I. Deriving the emission measure distribution versus temperature of the whole solar corona from the Yohkoh/Soft X-ray telescope data'. ApJ 528, 524.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, S., G. Peres, and F. Reale: 2001, 'The Sun as an X-ray star. IV. The contribution of different regions of the corona to its X-ray spectrum'. ApJ 560, 499.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortolani, A., R. Pallavicini, A. Maggio, F. Reale, and S. White: 1998, 'Flares on AB Dor observed with ASCA'. In: R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 154: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, p. 1532, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osten, R. A. and A. Brown: 1999, 'EUVE photometry of RS CVn systems: four flaring megasecond'. ApJ 515, 746.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Osten, R. A., A. Brown, T. R. Ayres, et al.: 2000, 'Radio, X-ray and EUV coronal variability of the short-period RS CVn binary σ2 Coronae Borealis'. ApJ 544, 953.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottmann, R. and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1996, 'ROSAT observations of a giant X-ray flare on Algol: evidence for abundance variations?'. A&A 307, 813.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottmann, R., M. J. Pfeiffer, and T. Gehren: 1998, 'Photospheric metal abundances in active stellar atmospheres'. A&A 338, 661.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano, I., J. L. Linsky, L. Carkner, R. D. Robinson, B. Woodgate, and G. Timothy: 2000, 'HST/STIS echelle spectra of the dM1e star AU Microscopii outside of flares'. ApJ 532, 497.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini, R., S. Serio, and G. S. Vaiana: 1977, 'A survey of soft X-ray limb flare images — The relation between their structure in the corona and other physical parameters'. ApJ 216, 108.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini, R., L. Golub, R. Rosner, G. S. Vaiana, T. Ayres, and J. L. Linsky: 1981, 'Relations among stellar X-ray emission observed from Einstein, stellar rotation and bolometric luminosity'. ApJ 248, 279.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini, R., G. Tagliaferri, and L. Stella: 1990, 'X-ray emission from solar neighborhood flare stars: a comprehensive survey of EXOSAT results'. A&A 228, 403.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, H. C., C. Jordan, K. Makishima, et al.: 1997, 'An exceptional X-ray flare on the dMe star EQ1839.6+8002'. MNRAS 285, 735.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Panzera, M. R., G. Tagliaferri, L. Pasinetti, and E. Antonello: 1999, 'X-ray emission from A0-F6 spectral type stars'. A&A 348, 161.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1988, 'Nanoflares and the solar X-ray corona'. ApJ 330, 474.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnell, C. E. and P. E. Jupp: 2000, 'Statistical analysis of the energy distribution of nanoflares in the quiet sun'. ApJ 529, 554.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Patten, B. M. and T. Simon: 1993, 'The evolution of stellar coronae: initial results from a ROSAT PSPC observation of IC 2391'. ApJ 415, L123.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Patten, B. M. and T. Simon: 1996, 'The evolution of rotation and activity in young open clusters: IC 2391'. ApJS 106, 489.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pease, D., J. J. Drake, V. Kashyap, P. W. Ratzlaff, S. H. Saar, B. Haisch, A. Dobrzycki, N. R. Adams, and S. J. Wolk: 2002, 'A lot of observations of the coronae of AR Lac'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 551, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peres, G., S. Orlando, F. Reale, R. Rosner, and H. Hudson: 2000, 'The Sun as an X-ray star. II. Using the Yohkoh/Soft X-ray telescope-derived solar emission measure versus temperature to interpret stellar x-ray observations'. ApJ 528, 537.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Peres, G., S. Orlando, F. Reale, and R. Rosner: 2001, 'The distribution of the emission measure, and of the heating budget, among the loops in the corona'. ApJ 563, 1045.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, K. J. H., A. K. Bhatia, H. E. Mason, and D. M. Zarro: 1996, 'High coronal electron densities in a solar flare from Fe XXI and Fe XXII X-ray line measurements'. ApJ 466, 549.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pillitteri, I., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, and F. Favata: 2002, 'The X-ray luminosity distributions of the high-metallicity open cluster Blanco 1'. A&A in press.

  • Pizzolato, N., P. Ventura, F. D'Antona, A. Maggio, G. Micela, and S. Sciortino: 2001, 'Subphotospheric convection and magnetic activity dependence on metallicity and age: Models and tests'. A&A 373, 597.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzolato, N., A. Maggio, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, and P. Ventura: 2003, 'The stellar activity-rotation relationship revisited: dependence of saturated and non-saturated X-ray emission regimes on spectral class for late-type MS stars'. A&A 397, 147.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. J. and J. A. Klimchuck: 1995, 'Soft X-ray loops and coronal heating'. ApJ 454, 499.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pottasch, S. R.: 1963a, 'The lower solar corona: interpretation of the ultraviolet spectrum'. ApJ 137, 945.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pottasch, S. R.: 1963b, 'The lower solar corona: the abundance of iron'. MNRAS 125, 543.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pravdo, S. H., E. D. Feigelson, G. Garmire, Y. Maeda, Y. Tsuboi, and J. Bally: 2001, 'Discovery of X-rays from the protostellar outflow object HH2'. Nat 413, 708.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Preibisch, T., H. Zinnecker, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1993, 'ROSAT-detection of a giant X-ray flare on LkHα 92'. A&A 279, L33.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Preibisch, T., R. Neuhäuser, and J. M. Alcalá: 1995, 'A giant X-ray flare on the young star P1724'. A&A 304, L13.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Preibisch, T. and H. Zinnecker: 2001, 'Deep Chandra X-ray observatory imaging study of the very young stellar cluster IC 348'. AJ 122, 866.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Preibisch, T. and H. Zinnecker: 2002, 'X-ray properties of the young stellar and substellar objects in the IC 348 cluster: the Chandra view'. AJ 123, 1613.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Prosser, C. F., S. Randich, J. R. Stauffer, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and T. Simon: 1996, 'ROSAT pointed observations of the α Persei cluster'. AJ 112, 1570.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J. P. and I. M. McHardy: 1983, 'The Ariel V sky survey of fast-transient X-ray sources'. MNRAS 205, 875.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J. P., S. Hodgkin, R. Stern, and J. Stauffer: 1994, 'ROSAT X-ray luminosity functions of the Hyades dK and dM stars'. MNRAS 266, 798.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raassen, A. J. J., R. Mewe, M. Audard, M. Güdel, E. Behar, J. S. Kaastra, R. L. J. van der Meer, C. R. Foley, and J.-U. Ness: 2002, 'High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of Procyon by Chandra and XMM-Newton'. A&A 389, 228.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Radick, R. R., G. W. Lockwood, B. A. Skiff, and D. T. Thompson: 1995, 'A 12 year photometric study of lower main-sequence Hyades stars'. ApJ 452, 332.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S.: 1998, 'Supersaturation in X-ray emission of cluster stars'. In: R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 154: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, p. 501, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S.: 2000, 'Coronal activity among open cluster stars'. In: R. Pallavicini, G. Micela, and S. Sciortino (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 198: Stellar Clusters and Associations: Convection, Rotation, and Dynamos. p. 401, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S., R. G. Gratton, and R. Pallavicini: 1993, 'Lithium in RS CVn binaries and related chromospherically active stars. II. Spectrum synthesis analysis'. A&A 273, 194.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S., M. S. Giampapa, and R. Pallavicini: 1994, 'Lithium in RS CVn binaries and related chromospherically active stars. III. Northern RS CVn systems'. A&A 283, 893.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S. and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1995, 'A ROSAT X-ray study of the Praesepe cluster'. A&A 298, 115.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, C. F. Prosser, and J. R. Stauffer: 1995, 'A X-ray study of the young open cluster IC 2602'. A&A 300, 134.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and C. Prosser: 1996a, 'Coronal activity in the Coma Berenices open cluster'. A&A 313, 815.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, C. F. Prosser, and J. R. Stauffer: 1996b, 'The X-ray properties of the young open cluster around α Persei'. A&A 305, 785.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Randich, S., K. P. Singh, T. Simon, S. A. Drake, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1998, 'ROSAT HRI observations of the intermediate-age open cluster IC 4756'. A&A 337, 372.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reale, F.: 2002, 'Stellar flare modeling'. In: F. Favata and J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 103, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reale, F., R. Betta, G. Peres, S. Serio, and J. McTiernan: 1997, 'Determination of the length of coronal loops from the decay of X-ray flares. I. Solar flares observed with Yohkoh SXT'. A&A 325, 782.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reale, F. and G. Micela: 1998, 'Determination of the length of coronal loops from the decay of X-ray flares. II. Stellar flares observed with ROSAT/PSPC'. A&A 334, 1028.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reale, F., G. Peres, and S. Orlando: 2001, 'The Sun as an X-ray star. III. Flares'. ApJ 557, 906.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reale, F., F. Bocchino, and G. Peres: 2002, 'Modeling non-confined coronal flares: dynamics and X-ray diagnostics'. A&A 383, 952.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, N., S. Hawley, and M. Mateo: 1995, 'Chromospheric and coronal activity in low-mass Hyades dwarfs'. MNRAS 272, 828.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, J. B. and K. G. Strassmeier: 2001, 'Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XVII. The solar-type Pleiades star HII 314 = V1038 Tauri'. A&A 377, 264.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. D., J. L. Linsky, B. E. Woodgate, and J. G. Timothy: 2001, 'Far-ultraviolet observations of flares on the dM0e star AU Microscopii'. ApJ 554, 368.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner, R., W. H. Tucker, and G. S. Vaiana: 1978, 'Dynamics of the quiescent solar corona'. ApJ 220, 643.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner, R., Y. Avni, J. Bookbinder, R. Giacconi, L. Golub, F. R. Harnden, C. W. Maxson, K. Topka, and G. S. Vaiana: 1981, 'The stellar contribution to the galactic soft X-ray background'. ApJ 249, L5.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rucinski, S. M.: 1998, 'Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer investigation of three short-period binary stars'. AJ 115, 303.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, R. E., G. Basri, E. L. Martín, and L. Bildsten: 2000, 'Chandra detection of an X-ray flare from the brown dwarf LP 944-20'. ApJ 538, L141.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Saar, S. H.: 1991, 'Recent advances in the observation and analysis of stellar magnetic fields'. In: I. Tuominen, D. Moss, and G. Ruediger (eds.): IAU Colloquium 130, The Sun and Cool Stars: activity, magnetism, dynamos. Berlin: Springer, p. 389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanz Forcada, J.: 2001, 'Las coronas estelares de los sistemas binarios activos'. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanz-Forcada, J. and G. Micela: 2002, 'The EUVE point of view of AD Leo'. A&A 394, 653.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanz-Forcada, J., N. S. Brickhouse, and A. K. Dupree: 2002a, 'Quiescent and flaring structure in RS Canum Venaticorum stars'. ApJ 570, 799.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanz-Forcada, J., N. S. Brickhouse, and A. K. Dupree: 2003, 'The structure of stellar coronae in active binary systems'. ApJS 145, 147.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M.: 1994, 'ROSAT observations of stellar flares'. ApJS 90, 735.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M.: 1997, 'Coronae on solar-like stars'. A&A 318, 215.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M.: 1998, 'Inference of stellar coronal structure'. In: R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 154: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, p. 463, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., L. Golub, F. R. Harnden, C. Maxson, R. Rosner, and G. S. Vaiana: 1985, 'An Einstein observatory X-ray survey of main-sequence stars with shallow convection zones'. ApJ 290, 307.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., A. Collura, S. Sciortino, et al.: 1990a, 'Einstein observatory coronal temperatures of late-type stars'. ApJ 365, 704.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, G. S. Vaiana, F. R. Harnden, and R. Rosner: 1990b, 'X-ray studies of coeval star samples. III — X-ray emission in the Ursa Major stream'. ApJ 351, 492.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., P. Kahabka, J. Stauffer, and A. J. M. Piters: 1993, 'ROSAT All-Sky X-ray Survey of the core region of the Pleiades cluster'. A&A 277, 114.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M. and M. Kurster: 1993, 'A spatially resolved x-ray image of a star like the Sun'. Science 262, 215.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., T. A. Fleming, and M. S. Giampapa: 1995, 'The X-ray view of the low mass stars in the solar neighborhood'. ApJ 450, 392.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., J. J. Drake, B. M. Haisch, and R. A. Stern: 1996a, 'A close look at the coronal density of Procyon'. ApJ 467, 841.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M., R. A. Stern, J. J. Drake, and M. Kürster: 1996b, 'CF Tucanae: another case of a coronal MAD syndrome?'. ApJ 464, 898.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M. and F. Favata: 1999, 'Continuous heating of a giant X-ray flare on Algol'. Nat 401, 44.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J. H. M. M. and C. Liefke: 2002, 'X-ray emission from the ultracool dwarf LHS 2065'. A&A 382, L9.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, N., C. R. Canizares, D. P. Huenemoerder, J. C. Lee, and K. Tibetts: 2002, 'X-ray plasma diagnostics of stellar winds in very young massive stars'. In: F. Favata and J. J. Drake (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 277: Stellar coronae in the Chandra and XMM era. p. 165, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, H.: 1843, 'Solar observations during 1843'. Astronomische Nachrichten 20.

  • Sciortino, S., G. Micela, F. Favata, A. Spagna, and M. G. Lattanzi: 2000, 'ROSAT HRI survey of the open cluster Stock 2'. A&A 357, 460.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sciortino, S., G. Micela, F. Damiani, et al.: 2001, 'XMM-Newton survey of the low-metallicity open cluster NGC 2516'. A&A 365, L259.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Serio, S., G. Peres, G. S. Vaiana, L. Golub, and R. Rosner: 1981, 'Closed coronal structures. II — Generalized hydrostatic model'. ApJ 243, 288.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Serio, S., F. Reale, J. Jakimiec, B. Sylwester, and J. Sylwester: 1991, 'Dynamics of flaring loops. I. Thermodynamic decay scaling laws'. A&A 241, 197.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N. R.: 1996, 'Elemental abundance variations in the solar atmosphere'. ApJ 469, 423.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Siarkowski, M.: 1992, 'Three-dimensional deconvolution of X-ray emission from AR Lac'. MNRAS 259, 453.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Siarkowski, M., P. Pres, S. A. Drake, N. E. White, and K. P. Singh: 1996, 'Corona(e) of AR Lacertae. II. The spatial structure'. ApJ 473, 470.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Siess, L., E. Dufour, and M. Forestini: 2000, 'An internet server for pre-main sequence tracks of low-and intermediate-mass stars'. A&A 358, 593.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, T. and W. B. Landsman: 1997, 'High chromospheres of late A stars'. ApJ 483, 435.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, T. and B. M. Patten: 1998, 'A deep X-ray image of IC 2391'. PASP 110, 283.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., S. A. Drake, and N. E. White: 1995, 'A study of the coronal X-ray emission from short-period Algol binaries'. ApJ 445, 840.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., S. A. Drake, and N. E. White: 1996a, 'RS CVn versus Algol-type binaries: a comparative study of their X-ray emission'. AJ 111, 2415.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., N. E. White, and S. A. Drake: 1996b, 'Corona(e) of AR Lac: I. The temperature and abundance distribution'. ApJ 456, 766.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Skumanich, A.: 1972, 'Time scales for Ca II emission decay, rotational braking, and lithium depletion'. ApJ 171, 565.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Soderblom, D. R., B. F. Jones, S. Balachandran, J. R. Stauffer, D. K. Duncan, S. B. Fedele, and J. D. Hudon: 1993, 'The evolution of the lithium abundances of solar-type stars. III. The Pleiades'. AJ 106, 1059.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Solanki, S. K., S. Motamen, and R. Keppens: 1997, 'Polar spots and stellar spindown: is dynamo saturation needed?'. A&A 325, 1039.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Soon, W., S. Baliunas, E. S. Posmentier, and P. Okeke: 2000, 'Variations of solar coronal hole area and terrestrial lower tropospheric air temperature from 1979 to mid-1998: astronomical forcings of change in earth's climate?'. New Astronomy 4, 563.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stauffer, J. R., J.-P. Caillault, M. Gagné, C. F. Prosser, and L. W. Hartmann: 1994, 'A deep imaging survey of the Pleiades with ROSAT'. ApJS 91, 625.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stelzer, B., R. Neuhäuser, S. Casanova, and T. Montmerle: 1999, 'Rotational modulation of X-ray flares on late-type stars: T Tauri stars and Algol'. A&A 344, 154.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stelzer, B. and R. Neuhäuser: 2001, 'X-ray emission from young stars in Taurus-Auriga-Perseus: Luminosity functions and the rotation — activity — age — relation'. A&A 377, 538.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stelzer, B., V. Burwitz, M. Audard, M. Güdel, J.-U. Ness, N. Grosso, R. Neuhäuser, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, P. Predehl, and B. Aschenbach: 2002, 'Simultaneous X-ray spectroscopy of YY Gem with Chandra and XMM-Newton'. A&A 392, 585.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A.: 1998, 'Long-term X-ray variability in cool stars'. In: R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder (eds.): ASP Conf. Ser. 154: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, p. 223, ASP, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., M. C. Zolcinski, S. K. Antiochos, and J. H. Underwood: 1981, 'Stellar coronae in the Hyades — A soft X-ray survey with the Einstein Observatory'. ApJ 249, 647.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., S. K. Antiochos, and F. R. Harnden: 1986, 'Modeling of coronal X-ray emission from active cool stars. I Hyades cluster'. ApJ 305, 417.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, C. Rosso, J. P. Pye, S. T. Hodgkin, and J. R. Stauffer: 1992a, 'First results from ROSAT all-sky survey observations of the Hyades cluster'. ApJ 399, L159.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., Y. Uchida, S. Tsuneta, and F. Nagase: 1992b, 'GINGA observations of X-ray flares on Algol'. ApJ 400, 321.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, J. P. Pye, S. T. Hodgkin, J. R. Stauffer, and T. Simon: 1994, 'Coronal X-ray sources in the Hyades: A 40 kilosecond ROSAT pointing'. ApJ 427, 808.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., J. R. Lemen, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and J. P. Pye: 1995a, 'EUVE observations of Algol: detection of a continuum and implications for the coronal [Fe/H] abundance'. ApJ 444, L45.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. A., J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and P. T. Kahabka: 1995b, 'ROSAT All-Sky Survey Observations of the Hyades Cluster'. ApJ 448, 683.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterzik, M. F. and J. H. M. M. Schmitt: 1997, 'Young cool stars in the solar neighborhood'. AJ 114, 1673.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Strassmeier, K., D. Hall, F. Fekel, and M. Check: 1993, 'A catalog of chromospherically active binary stars (second edition)'. A&AS 100, 173.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuik, R., J. H. M. J. Bruls, and R. J. Rutten: 1997, 'Modeling Li I and K I sensitivity to Pleiades activity'. A&A 322, 911.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Swank, J. H. and N. E. White: 1980, 'X-ray spectroscopy of late-type stars'. In: A. K. Dupree (ed.): SAO Special Report 389: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun. p. 47.

  • Swank, J. H., N. E. White, S. S. Holt, and R. H. Becker: 1981, 'Two-component X-ray emission from RS Canum Venaticorum binaries'. ApJ 246, 208.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sylwester, B., J. Sylwester, S. Serio, et al.: 1993, 'Dynamics of flaring loops. III — Interpretation of flare evolution in the emission measure-temperature diagram'. A&A 267, 586.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sylwester, J., J. R. Lemen, R. D. Bentley, A. Fludra, and M.-C. Zolcinski: 1998, 'Detailed evidence for flare-to-flare variations of the coronal calcium abundance'. ApJ 501, 397.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliaferri, G., G. Cutispoto, R. Pallavicini, S. Randich, and L. Pasquini: 1994, 'Photometric and spectroscopic studies of cool stars discovered in EXOSAT X-ray images. II. Lithium abundances'. A&A 285, 272.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Testa, P., G. Peres, F. Reale, and S. Orlando: 2002, 'Temperature and density structure of hot and cool loops derived from the analysis of TRACE data'. ApJ 580, 1159.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobias, S. M., N. H. Brummell, T. L. Clune, and J. Toomre: 1998, 'Pumping of Magnetic Fields by Turbulent Penetrative Convection'. ApJ 502, L177.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Topka, K., L. Golub, P. Gorenstein, F. R. Harnden, G. S. Vaiana, Y. Avni, and R. Rosner: 1982, 'A magnitude limited stellar X-ray survey and the F star X-ray luminosity function'. ApJ 259, 677.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi, Y., K. Koyama, H. Murakami, et al.: 1998, 'ASCA detection of a superhot 100 million K X-ray flare on the weak-lined T Tauri star V773 Tauri'. ApJ 503, 894.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi, Y., K. Imanishi, K. Koyama, N. Grosso, and T. Montmerle: 2000, 'Quasi-periodic X-ray flares from the protostar YLW15'. ApJ 532, 1089.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuru, T., K. Makishima, T. Ohashi, et al.: 1989, 'X-ray and radio observations of flares from the RS Canum Venaticorum system UX Arietis'. PASP 41, 679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y. and T. Sakurai: 1983, 'Interacting magnetospheres in RS CVn binaries — Coronal heating and flares'. In: IAU Colloq. 71: Activity in Red-Dwarf Stars. p. 629.

  • Ulrich, R. K.: 1975, 'Solar neutrinos and variations in the solar luminosity'. Science 190, 619.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaiana, G. S., A. S. Krieger, and A. F. Timothy: 1973, 'Identification and analysis of structures in the corona from X-ray photography'. Solar Physics 32, 81.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaiana, G. S. and R. Rosner: 1978, 'Recent advances in coronal physics'. ARA&A 16, 393.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaiana, G. S., G. Fabbiano, R. Giacconi, L. Golub, P. Gorenstein, F. R. Harnden, J. P. Cassinelli, B. M. Haisch, H. M. Johnson, J. L. Linsky, C. W. Maxson, R. Mewe, R. Rosner, F. Seward, K. Topka, and C. Zwaan: 1981, 'Results from an extensive Einstein stellar survey'. ApJ 244, 163.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Oord, G. H. J., R. Mewe, and A. C. Brinkman: 1988, 'An EXOSAT observation of an X-ray flare and quiescent emission from the RS CVn binary σ2 CrB'. A&A 205, 181.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Oord, G. H. J. and R. Mewe: 1989, 'The X-ray flare and the quiescent emission from Algol as detected by EXOSAT'. A&A 213, 245.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Oord, G. H. J., C. J. Schrijver, M. Camphens, R. Mewe, and J. S. Kaastra: 1997, 'EUV spectroscopy of cool stars. III. Interpretation of EUVE spectra in terms of quasi-static loops'. A&A 326, 1090.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ventura, P., A. Zeppieri, I. Mazzitelli, and F. D'Antona: 1998a, 'Full spectrum of turbulence convective mixing: I. theoretical main sequences and turn-off for 0.6 — 15 M '. A&A 334, 953.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ventura, P., A. Zeppieri, I. Mazzitelli, and F. D'Antona: 1998b, 'Pre-main sequence Lithium burning: the quest for a new structural parameter'. A&A 331, 1011.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ventura, R., A. Maggio, and G. Peres: 1998c, 'Loop modeling of coronal X-ray spectra. V. One-and two-loop model fitting of G-type star ROSAT/PSPC spectra'. A&A 334, 188-200.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vesecky, J. F., S. K. Antiochos, and J. H. Underwood: 1979, 'Numerical modeling of quasi-static coronal loops. I — Uniform energy input'. ApJ 233, 987.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vilhu, O.: 1984, 'The nature of magnetic activity in lower main sequence stars'. A&A 133, 117.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vilhu, O. and S. M. Rucinski: 1983. 'Period-activity relations in close binaries'. A&A 127, 5.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vilhu, O., B. Gustafsson, and B. Edvardsson: 1987, 'Spectroscopy of the rapidly rotating K star HD 36705'. ApJ 320, 850.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M., P. A. Charles, and C. S. Bowyer: 1978, 'Discovery of quiescent X-ray emission from HR1099 and RS CVn'. Nat 274, 569.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M., W. Cash, P. A. Charles, and C. S. Bowyer: 1980, 'X-rays from RS Canum Venaticorum systems — A HEAO 1 survey and the development of a coronal model'. ApJ 236, 212.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M. and S. Bowyer: 1981, 'On the coronae of rapidly rotating stars. I — The relation between rotation and coronal activity in RS CVn systems'. ApJ 245, 671.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M., D. M. Gibson, and G. S. Basri: 1983, 'First observations of stellar coronal structure — The coronae of AR Lacertae'. ApJ 267, 665.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M., A. Brown, R. D. Mathieu, and P. C. Myers: 1988, 'X-ray sources in regions of star formation. III. Naked T Tauri stars associated with the Taurus-Auriga complex'. AJ 96, 297.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M. and W. T. Boyd: 1991, 'Star formation in Taurus-Auriga: the high mass stars'. ApJ 370, 318.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wargelin, B. J. and J. J. Drake: 2002, 'Stringent X-ray constraints on loss from proxima Centauri'. ApJ 578, 503.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. and K. G. Strassmeier: 2001, 'Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XV. A possible detection of differential rotation and local meridional flows on the rapidly-rotating giant HD 218153 = KU Pegasi'. A&A 373, 974.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E., R. A. Shafer, K. Horne, A. N. Parmar, and J. L. Culhane: 1990, 'X-ray eclipse mapping or AR Lacertae'. ApJ 350, 776.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • White, N., K. Arnaud, C. Day, K. Ebisawa, E. Gotthelf, K. Mukai, Y. Soong, T. Yaqoob, and A. Antunes: 1994, 'An ASCA observation of one orbital cycle of AR Lac'. Publ. Astr. Soc. Japan 46, L97.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. M., J. Lim, S. M. Rucinski, C. Roberts, D. Kilkenny, S. G. Ryan, P. Prado, and M. R. Kundu: 1996, 'A search for rotational modulation in the EUV emission from AB Doradus'. In: IAU Colloq. 152: Astrophysics in the Extreme Ultraviolet. p. 165.

  • White, S. M., R. J. Thomas, J. W. Brosius, and M. R. Kundu: 2000, 'The absolute abundance of iron in the solar corona'. ApJ 534, L203.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Widing, K. G. and U. Feldman: 2001, 'On the rate of abundance modifications versus time in active region plasmas'. ApJ 555, 426.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Winebarger, A. R., A. G. Emslie, J. T. Mariska, and H. P. Warren: 2002, 'Energetics of explosive events observed with SUMER'. ApJ 565, 1298.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, C. A.: 1869, 'On a new method of observing contacts at the Sun's limb and other spectroscopic observations during the recent eclipse'. The American Journal of Science and Arts XLVIII(144), 370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zickgraf, F. J., I. Thiering, J. Krautter, I. Appenzeller, R. Kneer, W. H. Voges, B. Ziegler, C. Chavarria, A. Serrano, R. Mujica, M. Pakull, and J. Heidt: 1997, 'Identification of a complete sample of northern ROSAT All-Sky Survey X-ray sources. II. The optical observations'. A&A 123, 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinnecker, H. and T. Preibisch: 1994, 'X-ray emission from Herbig Ae/Be stars: A ROSAT survey'. A&A 292, 152.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Favata, F., Micela, G. Stellar Coronal Astronomy. Space Science Reviews 108, 577–708 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SPAC.0000007491.80144.21

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SPAC.0000007491.80144.21

Navigation