Abstract
Three recent studies have furnished strong observational confirmation that companion galaxies have significant excess redshifts. In the best studied groups and clusters of galaxies, the new evidence shows that smaller, hydrogen rich or later type companions have excess redshifts of the order of +200 km s-1 or more.
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Arp, H. New Evidence on the Excess Redshift of Companion Galaxies. Astrophysics and Space Science 250, 163–170 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000454914491
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000454914491