Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

The paper argues that the concept of organised crime inconsistently incorporates the following notions: a) the provision of illegal goods and services and b) a criminal organization, understood as a large-scale collectivity, primarily engaged in illegal activities with a well-defined collective identity and subdivision of work among its members. Against this superimposition, the author's contention is twofold: (1) The supply of illegal commodities mainly takes place in a `disorganized' way and, due to the constraints of product illegality, no immanent tendency towards the development of large-scale criminal enterprises within illegal markets exist. (2) Some lasting large-scale criminal organizations do exist, but they are neither exclusively involved in illegal market activities, nor is their development and internal configuration the result of illegal market dynamics.For Susan Strange: mentor and friend

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, P.A., [1988], Wheeling and Dealing. An Ethnography of an Upper-level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Albini, J.L., The American Mafia. Genesis of a Legend (New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlacchi, P., [1983, 1986] Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlacchi, P., “Saggio sui mercati illegali” Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia 1988 (XXIX:3), 403–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlacchi, P., [1992] Men of Dishonor. Inside the Sicilian mafia: An Account of Antonino Calderone (New York: William Morrow, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlacchi, P. and R. Lewis, Imprenditorialità illecita e droga. Il mercato dell'eroina a Verona (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Becchi, A., “Italy: ‘Mafia-Dominated Drug Market?' ”, in N. Dorn, J. Jepsen and E. Savona (eds.), European Drug Policies and Enforcement (London: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 119–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, A. and W.J. Chambliss, 1981, Organizing Crime, New York and Oxford, Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blok, A., [1974] The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, 1860–1960: a Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs (New York and Oxford: Polity Press, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassese, A., Il diritto internazionale nel mondo contemporaneo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazzola, F., L'Italia del pizzo. Fenomenologia della tangente quotidiana (Torino: Einaudi, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Catanzaro, R., [1988] Il delitto come impresa. Storia sociale della mafia (Milano: Rizzoli, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Catanzaro, R., [1988] Men of Respect. A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (New York: The Free Press, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Catanzaro, R., “Il governo violento del mercato. Mafia, imprese e sistema politico”, Stato e Mercato 1988 (23 agosto), 177–211.

  • Centorrino, M., L'economia mafiosa (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Centorrino, M., “La mafia come impresa”, Politica ed economia 1989 (9).

  • Chandler, A.D., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A.D., The Essential Alfred Chandler: Essays toward a Historical Theory of Big Business (ed.) and with an introd. by T.K. McCraw (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesneaux, J., Secret Societies in China in the 19th and 20th Century (London: Heinemann, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, K.-L., Chinese Subculture and Criminality (Westport: Greenwood, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, K.-L., Chinatowns Gangs. Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, K.-L., Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciconte, E., 'Ndrangheta dall'Unità ad oggi (Bari: Laterza, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clawson, M.A., Constructing Brotherhood. Class, Gender and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A., “The Concept of Criminal Organisation”, British Journal of Criminology April 1977 (17:2), 97–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, T.A., Director of the Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, “International Organized Crime Syndicates and their Impact on the United States”, Congressional Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 1998.

  • CPM, Commissione Parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e sulle altre associazioni similari, 1992 a, Relazione Annuale, doc. XXIII, n.47, X legislatura.

  • CPM, Commissione Parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e sulle altre associazioni similari, 1992b, Audizione del collaboratore di giustizia Antonino Calderone, XI legislatura, 11 novembre.

  • CPM, Commissione Parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e sulle altre associazioni similari, 1992c, Audizione del collaboratore di giustizia Tommaso Buscetta, XI legislatura, 16 novembre.

  • CPM, Commissione Parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e sulle altre associazioni similari, 1992d, Audizione del collaboratore di giustizia Leonardo Messina, XI legislatura, 4 dicembre.

  • Cressey, D., “Methodological Problems in the Study of Organized Crime as a Social Problem”, Annals 1967 (374), 101–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cressey, D., Theft of the Nation (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörmann, U. et al., Organisierte Kriminalität – wie groß ist die Gefahr? Expertenbefragung zur Entwicklung der Organisierten Kriminalität in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund des zusammenwachsenden Europa (Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, G., “Major Mafia Gangs in Russia”, in P. Williams (ed.), Russian Organized Crime. The New Threat? (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp. 63–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E., [1893, 1902, 1933] The Division of Labor in Society (New York: The Free Press, 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstadt, S.N., “Ritualized Personal Relations. Blood Brotherhood, Compadre, etc.: Some Comparative Hypotheses and Suggestions”, Man 1956 (96), 90–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstadt, S.N. and L. Roniger, “Patron-Client Relationship as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange”, Society for Comparative Study of Society and History 1980, 42–77.

  • Eisenstadt, S.N. and L. Roniger, Patrons, Clients and Friends. Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society (Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • EU Council, “Action Plan to Combat Organized Crime,” adopted by the Council on 28 April 1997, Official Journal of the European Communities 15.8.1997 (C 251), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU Council, “Joint action of 21 December 1998 adopted by the Council on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on making it a criminal offence to participate in criminal organisation in the Member States of the European Union”, Official Journal of the European Communities 29.12.1998 (L 351), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcone, G., in cooperation with Marcelle Padovani, Cose di Cosa Nostra (Milano: Rizzoli, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fijnaut, C., “Organisierte Kriminalität in Nordwesteuropa” in U. Sieber (ed.), Internationale organisierte Kriminalität: Herausforderungen und Lösungen für ein Europa offener Grenzen (Köln: Heymann, 1997), pp. 3–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gambetta, D., The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E., Asylums (New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, F., “The Organized Crime Continuum: a Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model”, Criminal Justice Review Spring 1983 (8), 52–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller, M., “Urban Crime and Criminal Justice: the Chicago Case”, Journal of American History 1970 (57), 619–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller M., “Illegal Enterprise: a Theoretical and Historical Interpretation”, Criminology 1990 (28:2), 207–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, G., “God and the Mafia”, Public Interest Winter 1969 (14), 24–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, H., [1970] Mafia and Mafiosi. The Structure of Power (Westmead: Saxon House, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, D., “Professional and Organized Crime in Britain”, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988), pp. 441–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff, R.C. (ed.), Gangs in America (Newbury Park: Sage, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishino, I., “The Oyabun-Kobun: A Japanese Ritual Kinship Institution”, American Anthropologist 1953 (55), 695–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan Embassy in Rome, Data provided to the Italian Ministry of the Interior unpublished typescript, 1993.

  • Kaplan, D.E. and A. Dubro, Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld (London: Futura, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerner, H.J., Professionelles und Organisiertes Verbrechen. Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme und Bericht über neuere Entwicklungstendenzen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in der Niederlanden (Wiesbaden, BKA: Schriftenreihe des BKA, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerner, H.J. and J.A. Mack, The crime industry (Lexington, Ky.: Lexington Books, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Korf, D.J. and M. de Kort, Drugshandel en drugsbestrijding (Amsterdam: Criminologisches Institut “Bonger”, Univ. van Amsterdam, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauthausen, C. and L.F. Sarmiento, Cocaina & Co. Un Mercado Ilegal por Dentro (Bogotà: Tercer Mundo Editores, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Labrousse, A., “L'approvisionnemente des marchés des drogues dans l'espace Schengen”, Les cahiers de la sécurité intérieure – Drogue, Paris, Institut des Hautes Études de la sécurité Intérieure, 1998 (32:2), 85–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, F.C., Venice and Its History, The Collected Papers of F.C. Lane (Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lestingi, F., “L'associazione della Fratellanza nella provincia di Girgenti”, Archivio di Psichiatria, Antropologia Criminale e Scienze Penali 1884 (V), 452–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R., “Flexible hierarchies and dynamic disorders”, in J. Strang and M. Gossop (eds.), Heroin Addiction and Drug Policy. The British System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 42–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, I., “The Ethnic Vice Industry, 1880–1944”, American Sociological Review June 1977 (42), 464–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhmann, N., Trust and Power (Chichester: Wiley & Sons, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupo, S., “ ‘Il tenebroso sodalizio'. Un rapporto sulla mafia palermitana di fine Ottocento”, Studi storici 1988 (29:2), 463–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupo, S., Storia della mafia dalle origini ai giorni nostri (Roma: Donzelli, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, K., “Fraud, Extortion and Racketeering. The Black Economy in Northern Ireland”, Crime, Law and Social Change 1993 (20), 273–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltz M.D., “On Defining Organized Crime: the Development of a Definition and Typology”, Crime and Delinquency 1976 (3): 338–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, M., [1950] “Saggio sul dono. Forma e motivo dello scambio nelle società arcaiche”, in Idem, Teoria generale della magia e altri saggi (Torino: Einaudi, 1991), 165–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, A.W., The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Drug Trade (Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, J., “Organized Crime in Hong Kong”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 1996 (12:4), 316–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michels, R., [1915] Political Parties. A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracies (New York: The Free Press, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministero dell'Interno, Rapporto annuale sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata per il 1993 (Roma: Camera dei Deputati, 1994), doc. XXXVIII-bis, n. 1, XII legislatura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministero dell'Interno, Relazione sui programmi di protezione, sulla loro efficacia e sulle modalità generali di applicazione per coloro che collaborano alla giustizia – I semestre 1996 (Roma: Senato della Repubblica, 1996), doc. XCI, n. 1, XIII legislatura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M.H., The Effective Regulation of an Illicit Market in Heroin (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W.H., The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime, 1950–1962 (Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W.P., Triad Societies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: 1960).

  • Murray, D. in cooperation with Baoqi Q., The Origins of the Tiandihui. The Chinese Triads in Legend and History (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, R.T., “L'economia ribelle: le operazioni di mercato nero nelle organizzazioni guerrigliere”, Rassegna italiana di sociologia 1993a (XXXIV:2), 243–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, R.T., “The Insurgent Economy: Black Market Operations of Guerrilla Organizations”, Crime, Law and Social Change 1993b (20), 13–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, R.T. “Loose Cannons: Cover Commerce and Underground Finance in the Modern Arms Black Market”, Crime, Law and Social Change 1995 (22), 1–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, R.T. The “Underworld of Gold”, Crime, Law and Social Change 1996 (25), 191–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, R.T., “Mafias, Myths and Markets: On the Theory and Practice of Enterprise Crime”, in Transnational Crime (London: Frank Cass, 1997a), (3:3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, R.T. “Financial Flows in Crime”, at International Conference on Responding to the Challenges of Transnational Crime, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, 1997b.

  • NPA, National Police Agency, White Paper on Police: Organized Crime Control Today and Its Future Task, excerpt, (Tokyo: 1989).

  • Ownby, D., Brotherhoods and Secret Societies in Early and Mid-Qing China. The Formation of a Tradition (Stanford, Ca: Stanford University Press, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pansa, A., Interview of the author with A. Pansa, Director of Servizio centrale operativo (Roma: ministero dell'interno, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “An Underestimated Criminal Phenomenon: the Calabrian’ ndrangheta”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 1994 (2:3), 212–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “The Banco Ambrosiano Case: An Investigation into the Underestimation of the Relations between Organized Crime and Economic Crime”, Crime Law and Social Change 1995 (XXIII:4), 345–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., The Pledge to Secrecy: Culture, Structure and Action of Mafia Associations, Ph.D. dissertation, (Firenze: European University Institute, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “Droga-Traffici”, in Cliomedia (ed.), Mafia, Enciclopedia elettronica (Torino: Cliomedia, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “The Pentiti's Contribution to the Conceptualization of the Mafia Phenomenon”, in V. Ruggiero, N. South and I. Taylor (eds.), The New European Criminology, Crime and Social Order in Europe (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 264–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “The Future of Sicilian and Calabrian Organized Crime”, in S. Einstein and M. Amir (eds.), Organized Crime: Uncertainties and Dilemmas (Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1999a), pp. 155–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “Organized crime in Germany”, in Cliomedia (ed.), The Mafia. 150 years of facts, stories and faces (Torino: Cliomedia, 1999b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., Fratelli di mafia: Cosa Nostra e’ Ndrangheta (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2000a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., Pilot Project to Describe and Analyse Local Drug Markets – First-Phase Final Report: Illegal Drug Markets in Frankfurt and Milan (Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2000b, at (http://www.emcdda.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L., “The Informal Economy and Organized Crime”, in H.-J. Albrecht and J. Shapland (eds.), The Informal Economy: Threat and Opportunity in the City (Freiburg: edition iuscrim, 2001, forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

  • Passas, N., “The Rise of Transnational Crime”, paper presented at the International Conference on Responding to the Challenges of Transnational Crime, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, 25–27 September 1998.

  • Perrow, C., “The Analysis of Goals in Complex Organizations”, American Sociological Review 1961 (26): 854–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzino, P., “Onorata società o industria della violenza? Mafia e mafiosi tra realtà storica e paradigmi sicilianisti”, Studi storici 1988 (29:2), 437–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzino, P., Una certa reciprocità di favori. Mafia e modernizzazione violenta nella Sicilia postunitaria (Milano: Angeli, 1990a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzino, P., “La tradizione rivoluzionaria siciliana e l'invenzione della mafia”, Meridiana 1990b (7–8), 45–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzino, P., “La mafia siciliana come ‘industria della violenza'. Caratteri storici ed elementi di continuità”, Dei delitti e delle pene 1993 (2), 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzino, P. (ed.), Mafia: industria della violenza. Scritti e documenti inediti sulla mafia dalle origini ai giorni nostri (Firenze: La Nuova Italia, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizzorno, A., “I mafiosi come classe media violenta”, Polis 1987 (1:2), 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poggi, G., [1991] Lo Stato. Natura, sviluppo e prospettive (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, W.W., [1990] “Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization”, in G. Thompson, J. Frances, R. Levaèiæ and J. Mitchell (eds.), Markets, Hierarchies and Networks. The Coordination of Social Life (London: Sage, 1991) pp. 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Impact: Organized Crime Today. Report to the President and the Attorney General, April 1986.

  • PrPA, Procura della Repubblica di Palermo, Direzione Distrettuale Antimafia, Richiesta di applicazione di misure cautelari nei confronti di Abbate Luigi + 87, 23 dicembre 1993.

  • PrRC, Procura della Repubblica di Reggio Calabria, Direzione Distrettuale Antimafia, Richiesta di ordini di custodia cautelare in carcere e di contestuale rinvio a giudizio nel procedimento contro Condello Pasquale + 477, luglio, 1995.

  • Pütter, N., Der Anti-OK Komplex. Organisierte Kriminalität und ihre Folgen für die Polizei in Deutschland (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raith, W., Mafia: Ziel Deutschland. Vom Verfall der politischen Kultur zur Organisierten Kriminalität (Köln: Kösler, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebscher E. and W. Vahlenkamp, Organisierte Kriminalität in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bestandsaufnahme, Entwicklungstendenzen und Bekämpfung aus der Sicht der Polizeipraxis (Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Recupero, A., “Ceti medi e ‘homines novi': alle origini della mafia”, Polis 1987 (2), 307–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, P., Disorganized Crime. The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, P., The Organization of Illegal Markets: An Economic Analysis (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, P., “The Decline of the American mafia”, Public Interest Summer 1995 (120), 89–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, P. and J. Haaga, The Organization of High-Level Drug Markets: An Exploratory Study (Santa Monica: Rand, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Romano, S., [1918] L'ordinamento giuridico (Firenze: Sansoni, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahlins, M.D., Stone Age Economics (Chicago, and New York: Aldine Atherton, Inc., 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Jankowski, M., Islands in the Street. Gangs and American Urban Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santino, U. and G. La Fiura, L'impresa mafiosa. Dall'Italia agli Stati Uniti (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelley, L., “Criminal Kaleidoscope: The Diversification and Adaptation of Criminal Activities in the Soviet Successor States”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice 1996 (4:3), 243–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, F.M. and D. Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J. and P. Schneider, Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily (New York: Academic Press, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, D., Yakuza Diary (New York: Atlantic Press, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, L., “Criminal Kaleidoscope: The Diversification and Adaption of Criminal Activities in the Soviet Successor States”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 1996.

  • Sieber, U., “Organisierte Kriminalität in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, in U. Sieber (ed.), Internationale Organisierte Kriminalität. Herausforderungen und Lösungen für eine Europa offener Grenzen (Köln: Carl Heymann, 1997), pp. 43–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieber, U. and M. Bögel, Logistik der Organisierten Kriminalität. Wirschaftswissenschaftlicher Forschungsansatz und Pilotstudie zur internationalen Kfz-Verschiebung, zur Aus beutung von Prostitution, zum Menschenhandel und zum illegalen Glücksspiel (Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sielaff W., “Organisierte Kriminalität”, Kriminalistik 1983 (8), 417–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.C. Jr., [1975] The Mafia Mystique (New York: Basic Books, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.C. Jr., “Mafia: The Prototypical Alien Conspiracy”, The Annals of the Anerican Academy January 1976 (423), 75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.G., Corporations and Society (Duckworth, 1974).

  • Stark, D.H., The Yakuza: Japanese Crime Incorporated, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1981.

  • Sterling, C., Thieves’ World: The Threat of the New Global Network of Organized Crime (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on Organized Crime, The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Task Force Report: Organized Crime (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Teece, D., “Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization September 1980 (I), 223–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tegnaeus, H., Blood-Brothers. An Ethno-Sociological Study of Blood-Brotherhood with Special Reference to Africa (New York: Philosophical Library, 1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoumi, F.E., Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C., “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime”, in P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol (eds.), Bringing the State back in (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 169–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • TrMI, Tribunale di Milano, Ufficio del Giudice per le Indagini Preliminari, Ordinanza di custodia cautelare in carcere nei confronti di Flachi Giuseppe + 207, 27 maggio, 1994a.

  • TrMI, Tribunale di Milano, Ufficio del Giudice per le Indagini Preliminari, Ordinanza di custodia cautelare in carcere nei confronti di Abys Adriano + 394, 6 giugno, 1994b.

  • TrPA, Tribunale di Palermo, Ufficio Istruzione Processi Penali, Ordinanza-sentenza di rinvio a giudizio nei confronti di Abbate Giovanni + 706, novembre 1986.

  • TrRC, Tribunale di Reggio Calabria, Ufficio Istruzione Processi Penali, Ordinanza-sentenza di rinvio a giudizio nei confronti di Albanese Mario + 190, 1988.

  • TrRC, Tribunale di Reggio Calabria, Ufficio del Giudice per le Indagini Preliminari, Ordinanza di custodia cautelare in carcere nei confronti di Labate Pietro + 17, 7 gennaio, 1994a.

  • TrVV, Tribunale di Vibo Valentia, Ufficio Istruzione Processi Penali, Ordinanza-sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro Mancuso Francesco + 200, s.d. 1985.

  • UNESC, United Nations, Economic and Social Council, “Problems and dangers posed by organized transnational crime in the various regions of the world”, Background document for the World Ministerial Conference on Organized Transnational Crime, E/CONF.88/2, 18 August 1994.

  • UNGA, United Nations, General Assembly, Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Revised Draft United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, A/AC.254/Rev. 1, 10 February 1999.

  • UNGA, United Nations, General Assembly, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Work of its First to Eleventh Sessions. A/SS/383, November 2 2000.

  • U.S. Senate, Third Interim Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (Kefavuer Committee), 81st Congress, 2d session, 1951.

  • U.S. Senate, Committee on Government Operations, Hearings of Joseph Valachi before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 1963.

  • Van Duyne, P.C., “Organized Crime, Corruption and Power”, Crime, Law and Social Change 1997 (26), 201–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M., [1922] Economy and Society, edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weschke, E. and K. Heine-Heiß, Organisierte Kriminalität als Netzstrukturkriminalität (Berlin: Fachhochschule für Verwaltung und Rechtspflege, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. and C. Florez, “Transnational criminal organizations and drug trafficking”, Bulletin on Narcotics 1994 (XLVI:2), 9–24.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Paoli, L. The paradoxes of organized crime. Crime, Law and Social Change 37, 51–97 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013355122531

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013355122531

Keywords

Navigation