Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:57:56.971Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Korean Expansion and Decline from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: A View Suggested by Adam Smith

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2008

JUN SEONG HO ,
JAMES B. LEWIS  and
KANG HAN-ROG
JUN SEONG HO
Affiliation:
Research Professor, Academy of Korean Studies, 50 Unjung-dong, Pundang-gu, Sŏngnam-shi, Kyŏnggi-do, Korea 463-791. E-mail: mingoo@aks.ac.kr.
JAMES B. LEWIS
Affiliation:
University Lecturer in Korean History, Oriental Institute, Pusey Lane, Oxford OX1 2LE, United Kingdom. E-mail: Jay.Lewis@orinst.ox.ac.uk.
KANG HAN-ROG
Affiliation:
D.Phil. Candidate in Oriental Studies, Wolfson College, Oxford Univesity, Oxford OX2 6UD, United Kingdom. E-mail: maggadharma@gmail.net.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The first price runs for Korean rice help us develop a Smithian physiocratic model to explain the low, stable prices of the eighteenth century and the rising, volatile prices of the nineteenth. Ownership rights provided incentives, and productivity after 1600 exceeded subsistence to achieve rural commercialization. Infrastructure investment from the late seventeenth century promoted development and prosperity, but declining investment, dysfunctional institutions, bad weather, and a population crash pushed the economy towards subsistence in the nineteenth. Decline saw rice monoculture, inflation, and price volatility even before imperialism's impact. Parallels with China suggest an “East Asian” premodern agricultural model.

Type
ARTICLES
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 68 , Issue 1 , March 2008 , pp. 244 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abel, Wilhelm. Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Translated by Olive Ordish from Agrakrisen und Agrarkonjunktur. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Adachi Yoshihiro (). “Chōsen kōki no bukka hendō: beika hendō to shuzōgyō no hatten wo chūshin ni (– –).” Chōsen gakuhō () no. 132 (July, 1989): 51–78.Google Scholar
Allen, Robert C., Bassino, Jean-Pascal, Ma, Debin, Moll-Murata, Christine, and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. “Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in China, Japan, and Europe, 1738–1925.” Unpublished paper presented at “The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets,” a Global Economic History Network Conference at Utrecht, Utrecht University, 23–25 June 2005.Google Scholar
An Pyŏng-jik () and Yi Yŏng-hun (), eds. Matchil ŭi nongmin tŭl (). Seoul: Ilchogak, 2001.Google Scholar
Anderson, John L.“Climatic Change in European Economic History.” Research in Economic History vol. 6 (1981): 1–34.Google Scholar
Appleby, Andrew B.“Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590–1740.” This Journal 39, no. 4 (1979): 865–87.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1965/2005.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester. Population and Technology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981.Google Scholar
Brenner, Robert, and Isett, Christopher, “England's Divergence from China's Yangzi Delta: Property Relations, Microeconomics, and Patterns of Development.” Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 609–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caton, Hiram. “The Preindustrial Economics of Adam Smith.” This Journal 45, no. 4 (1985): 833–53.Google Scholar
Cha, Myung Soo. “Korea before 1945.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History Vol. 3, edited by Joel Mokyr, 220–23. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Cho, H. K. (), NaI. S. (). “18 segi Han'guk ŭi kihu pyŏndong: kangu ryang ŭl chungsim ŭro (18––).” Tongbang hakchi () no. 22 (1979): 83–103.Google Scholar
Chokkye yonghagi (). In Komunsŏ chipsŏng () vol. 21, edited by Chŏngsin, Han'gukYŏn'guwŏn, Munhwa (), pp. 576–965. Sŏngnam: Han'guk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yon'guwŏn, 1995.Google Scholar
Chŏn'guk p'al to-kun-hyŏn chido (). Seoul: Kyujanggak () 10342-10696. MF 83-35-32.Google Scholar
Chŏsang, irwŏl ( 1834–1945). By Pak, Tŭk-yŏng (, 1808–1886) and his descendants from Yech'ŏn County () in Kyŏngsang Province (). In Han'gukhak Chung'ang Yŏn'guwŏn (), ed. Han'gukhak charyo ch'ongsŏ 31, Yech'ŏn Matchil Pak-ssi ka ilgi, vol. 1 (Ilyong p'yŏn) ( 31- 1 []). Sŏngnam: Han'gukhak Chung'ang Yŏn'guwŏn, 2002; vol. 2 (Ilgi p'yŏn []), 2004; and vol. 3 (Ilyong p'yŏn []), 2005.Google Scholar
Chōsen Sōtokufu (). Chōsen Sōtokufu Tōkei Nenpō (). Keijō: Chōsen Sōtokufu, 1910 to 1944 (1906 to 1910, published by Tōkanbu ).Google Scholar
Chosŏn, wangjo sillok (), photolithographic reprint. Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏn'ch'an wiwŏnhoe, 1955–1963.Google Scholar
Chung'ang, Kwansangdae (), ed. Kisang wŏlbo (), 1943–1996.Google Scholar
Chŭngbo munhŏn pigo () (compiled 1907). Ponghan, Hong () et al., ed. Seoul: Myŏngmundang, 1977.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. J. Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. London: Rutledge, 1997.Google Scholar
Climate Dynamics Lab, Seoul National University/Atmospheric Science Program. “Impacts of El-Nino on Korea.” 2005. 12 December 2005 <http://climate.snu.ac.kr/english/research/enso/korea_en.htm>..>Google Scholar
Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. New York: Verso, 2001.Google Scholar
Davis, Walter W.“China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment.” Journal of the History of Ideas 44, no. 4 (1983): 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Gang. The Premodern Chinese Economy: structural equilibrium and capitalist sterility. London: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Deng, Kent. “Why Was the Factor Market so Weak in pre-Opium War China?” Unpublished paper for the June 2005 Utrecht GEHN Workshop Online. 19 March 2006 <http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/DengGEHN6.pdf>..>Google Scholar
de, Vries Jan. “The Industrious Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.” This Journal 54, no. 2 (1994): 249–70.Google Scholar
Fischer, David Hackett. The Great Wave: Price Revolutions and the Rhythm of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: Published for the Association of Asian Studies by University of California Press, 1963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han Sang-kwŏn (). “18 segi mal ~ 19 segi ch'o ŭi changsi paldal e taehan kich'o yon'gu: Kyŏngsangdo chibang ŭl chungsim ŭro (18 ~ 19––).” Han'guk saron () 7 (1981): 179–237.Google Scholar
Han'guk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yŏn'guwŏn (), ed. Microfilm reel no. 006904 for Changhŭng County (), Chŏlla Province ().Google Scholar
Han'guk kak pu-kun sijang sanghwang chosasŏ (). Hansŏng: T'akchibu saseguk (), 1909.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, Robert L. Microfilm reel no. 35-003205-003216 for Haenam County (), Chŏlla Province ().Google Scholar
Heilbroner, Robert L. Microfilm reel no. 009574-009579 for Kyŏngju County (), Kyŏngsang Province ().Google Scholar
Han'guk kak pu-kun sijang sanghwang chosasŏ (). Hansŏng: T'akchibu saseguk (), 1909.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, Robert L. “The Paradox of Progress: Decline and Decay in The Wealth of Nations.” In Essays on Adam Smith, edited by Andrew S. Skinner and Thomas Wilson, 524–39. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Hobson, John M.The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Ren-Guang, Wu, Kinter, James L., and Song, Yang. “Connection of Summer Rainfall Variations in South and East Asia: Role of El Nino-Southern Oscillation.” International Journal of Climatology 25, no. 9 (2005): 1279–89.Google Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C. The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C. The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350–1988. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C. “Development of Involution in Eighteenth-Century Britain and China? A Review of Kenneth Pomeranz's The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy.” Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 501–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, To-yŏn (). Han'guk hanŭihak taegyŏ, Vol. 25 and 26, Ŭijong son'ik (, 25-26, ). Seoul: Yŏgang ch'ulp'an-sa (photolithographic reprint), 1998.Google Scholar
Injo, sillok (), photolithographic reprint within the Chosŏn wangjo sillok (). Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏn'ch'an wiwŏnhoe, 1955–1963.Google Scholar
Ilsŏngnok () (1760–1910). Seoul: Kyujanggak (), cat. no.12811, 12812, 12813, 12814, 12815, 12816, 12817.Google Scholar
Jun Seong Ho (, Chŏn Sŏng-ho). “1725–1761 nyŏn'gan Kyŏngsang-do Kosŏng chibang ŭi mulga sujun e kwanhan yŏn'gu: Kyŏngsang-do Kosŏng-hyŏn Sŭngch'ong myŏngnok punsŏk (1725–1761 – <<>> –).” T'aedong kojŏn yŏn'gu () 13 (1996): 31–61.> –).” T'aedong kojŏn yŏn'gu () 13 (1996): 31–61.' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jun+Seong+Ho+(,+Chŏn+Sŏng-ho).+“1725–1761+nyŏn'gan+Kyŏngsang-do+Kosŏng+chibang+ŭi+mulga+sujun+e+kwanhan+yŏn'gu:+Kyŏngsang-do+Kosŏng-hyŏn+Sŭngch'ong+myŏngnok+punsŏk+(1725–1761+–+<<>>+–).”+T'aedong+kojŏn+yŏn'gu+()+13+(1996):+31–61.>Google Scholar
Jun, Seong Ho, and Lewis, J. B.. “18-19 segi mulga ch'use (1744-1862) (18~19[1744-1862]).” Chosŏn sidaesa hakpo () 2 (1997): 193–237.Google Scholar
Jun, Seong Ho, and Lewis, J. B.. “Accounting Techniques in Korea: 18th-century Archival Samples from a Non-Profit Association in the Sinitic World.” Accounting Historians Journal 33, no. 1 (June 2006): 53–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jun, Seong Ho, and Lewis, J. B.. “Wages, Rents, and Interest Rates in southern Korea, 1700 to 1900.” In Research in Economic History, Vol. 24, edited by Alexander J. Field, Gregory Clark, and William A. Sundstrom, 221–81. Berkeley: University of California, 2006.Google Scholar
Jung, Hyun-Sook, Gyu-Ho, Lim, and Jai-Ho, Oh. “Interpretation of the Transient Variations in the Time Series of Precipitation Amounts in Seoul, Korea. Part 1: Diurnal Variation.” Journal of Climate 14, no. 13 (2001): 2989–3004.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsson, Anders. “Famine, Finance and Political Power: Crop Failure and Land-Tax Reductions in Late Eighteenth-Century Chosŏn Korea.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 4 (2005): 552–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsson, Anders. The Hong Kyŏngnae Rebellion 1811–1812. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, 2000.Google Scholar
Kim, Hyŏn-yŏng (), ed. Taegu Wŏlch'on Tanyang U-ssi komunsŏ (). Seoul: Han'guk komunsŏ hakhoe, 1994.Google Scholar
Kim, Kuen-Tae. “Eighteenth-Century Korean Marriage Customs: The Tansŏng Census Registers.” Continuity and Change 20, no. 2 (2005): 193–209.Google Scholar
Kim, Yŏng-sŏp. (). Chosŏn hugi nong'ŏpsa yŏn'gu, I (, I). Seoul: Ilchogak, 1970.Google Scholar
Kim, Yŏng-sŏp. (). Chŭngbo-p'an Chosŏn hugi nong'ŏpsa yŏn'gu, II, Nong'ŏp kwa nong'ŏp ŭi pyŏndong (, –II, –). Seoul: Ilchogak, 1971 (revised 1994).Google Scholar
Kokch'ong p'yŏngo (). Compilation date unknown but during King Chŏngjo's reign: 1776–1800. Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 1027-v.1-4.Google Scholar
Kyŏngsang-do, chiriji () (1425). In Chŏn'guk chiriji (), edited by Hanguk-hak, munhŏn yŏn`guso (), 99-291. Seoul: Asea munhwasa, 1983.Google Scholar
Kyŏngsang-do ŭpchi () (1832). In Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 666. Kyŏngsang-do ŭpchi () (1871). In Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 12173. Kyŏngsang-do ŭpchi () (1895). In Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 12174. Kyŏngsang-do ŭpchi () also in (Hanguk-hak Munhŏn Yŏn`guso) ed. (Hanguk chiriji ch`ongsŏ ŭpchi Kyŏngsang-do p`yŏn, 1–4). : (Seoul: Asea Munhwasa), 1982, 1987.Google Scholar
Labrousse, C. E.Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenues en France au XVIIIe siècle, 2 vol. Paris: Librairie Dalloz, 1933.Google Scholar
Larson, Brooke. “Rural Rhythms of Class Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Cochabamba.” In Essays on the Price History of Eighteenth-Century Latin America , edited by Lyman L. Johnson and Enrique Tandeter, 277–307. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Lee, Hochol. “Agriculture as a Generator of Change in Late Choson.” In The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies: Responses to Modernity in the Diverse States of Southeast Asia and Korea, 1750-1900, edited by Anthony Reid, 103–31. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Lee, James Z. and Feng, Wang. One Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, James B., and Jun, Seong Ho. “Economic Perspectives on Korean History: Macroscopic Structures, Part 1.” Unpublished paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Association for Korean Studies in Europe,: London, 2001.Google Scholar
Li, Lillian M.“Integration and Disintegration in North China's Grain Markets, 1738–1911.” This Journal 60, no. 3 (2000): 665–99.Google Scholar
Lim, G. H. (), Jhun J. G. (), and Oh C. H. (). “Ch'ŭk'ugi kangsuryang charyo wa kangsu model ŭl iyong han Han pandoŭi kihuhak chŏk'in kangsuryang yech'ŭk ().” Ch'oechong pogosŏ (), Rep KOSEF 93-0700-06-02-3. Seoul: Seoul taehakkyo, 1996.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter. H.“English Population, Wages, and Prices: 1541–1913.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 15, no. 4 (1985): 609–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, William. “Adam Smith and Asia.” The Journal of Asian Studies 23, no. 3 (1964): 345–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddison, Angus. The World Economy: a Millennial Perspective. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Man'gi yoram () in two volumes (1808). Seoul: Kyŏngin Munhwasa, 1972.Google Scholar
Maverick, Lewis A.China, a Model for Europe. San Antonio, Texas: Paul Anderson, 1946.Google Scholar
Michell, Tony. “Fact and Hypothesis in Yi Dynasty Economic History: The Demographic Dimension.” Korean Studies Forum no. 5 (1979–1980 Winter-Spring): 65–93.Google Scholar
Miyajima, Hiroshi (). “Ri-chō kōki nōsho no kenkyū–sangyō teki nōgyō no hatten to nōnusei teki sho keihei no kaitai wo megutte (―).” Jinbun gakuhō () 43 (1977): 63–102.Google Scholar
Mun Chŏng-ch'ang (). Chōsen no shijō (). Tokyo: Nihon hyōronsha (), 1941.Google Scholar
Paek, Nam-un (, J: Haku Nan-un). Chōsen shakai keizaishi (). Tokyo: Kaizōsha, 1933.Google Scholar
Pak, Hŭi-jin () and Ch'a Myŏng-su (). “Chokp'o e nat'anan in'gu pyŏndong, 1700–1938 (, 1700–1938).” In Han'guk ŭi changgi kyŏngje t'onggye I, 17-20 segi ( I, 17–20 ), unpublished collection, 2003.Google Scholar
Pak, Wŏn-kyu (), Sŏ Chŏng-uk (). “So namu yŏllyun yŏndaegi rŭl iyonghan Yŏngdong chibang ŭi 5~6 wŏl kang suryang (253 nyŏn'gan: A.D. 1746~1998) pokwŏn ( 5~6 [253: A.D. 1746~1998] )”. Han'guk che sagi hakhoechi (, The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research) 14:2 (2000): 87–99.Google Scholar
Palais, James B.Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Peacock, Alan. “The Treatment of the Principles of Public Finance in The Wealth of Nations.” In Essays on Adam Smith, edited by Andrew S. Skinner and Thomas Wilson, 553–67. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Perdue, Peter C. “The Qing State and the Gansu Grain Market, 1739–1864.” In Chinese History in Economic Perspective, edited by Thomas G. Rawski and Lillian M. Li, 100–25. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Persson, Karl Gunnar. Grain Markets in Europe 1500-1900: Integration and Deregulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Mark A.Korean Adoption and Inheritance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Pibyŏnsa tŭngnok () (1617–1892). Seoul: Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 15044-v.1-273.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyŏllye chibyo (in two volumes) () (1592–1841). In Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 2089 and 2090. Typeset version in Kuksa P`yŏnch`an Wiwŏnhoe () ed. Seoul: T`amgudang (), 1969 and 1971.Google Scholar
Richards, John F.The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Rimwŏn kyŏngje-chi () (1830). By Sŏ Yu-ku (, 1764–1827). Reprinted by Pogyŏng munhwasa (), 1983.Google Scholar
Shiue, Carol H.“Local Granaries and Central Government Disaster Relief: Moral Hazard and Intergovernmental Finance in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century China.” This Journal 64, no. 1 (2004): 100–24.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: Penguin Books, 1999.Google Scholar
Sok, taejŏn (, ca. 1746), “Hojŏn, chŏnt'aek, chingch'ae, maemaehan (, , , ).” In Chosŏn wangjo pŏpjŏnjip volume 3 (), edited by Kyŏng`in, munhwasa p`yŏnbu (). Seoul: Kyŏng`in Munhwasa, 1972.Google Scholar
Spengler, Joseph J.“Adam Smith's Theory of Economic Growth, part 1.” The Southern Economic Journal 25, no. 4 (1959): 397–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudō, Yoshiyuki (). “Chōsen kōki tanbo suiden bunki ni kansuru kenkyū, 1, 2, 3 (, 1, 2, 3).” Rekishigaku kenkyū () 45 (July 1937): 2–48; 46 (August 1937): 39–65; and 47 (September 1937): 23–68.Google Scholar
Sŭngch'ong myŏngnok (). By Ku Sang-tŏk ( 1706–1761) from Kosŏng () in Kyŏngsang Province (). In Han'guk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yŏn'guwŏn () ed. Han'gukhak charyo ch'ongsŏ 7, Sŭngch'ong myŏngnok: 18 segi Kosŏnghyŏn ŭi nongga ilgi ( 7, : ) (1725–1761). Sŏngnam: Han'guk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yon'guwŏn, 1995.Google Scholar
Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi ().Google Scholar
Sungkyunkwan (Sŏnggyun'gwan, ) University Museum Manuscript Collection.Google Scholar
Sunjo, sillok (), photolithographic reprint within the Chosŏn wangjo sillok (). Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏn'ch'an wiwŏnhoe, 1955–1963.Google Scholar
Swaemirok () (1591–1601). By Oh Hŭi-mun () (1539–1613). Kuksa Pyŏnch'an Wiwŏnhoe () ed. Kuksa Pyŏnch'an Wiwŏnhoe (), 1962; Han'gukhak Chung'ang Yŏn'guwŏn microfilm: MF35-4677, MF35-4678, MF35-4679.Google Scholar
T`akchi chŏnbugo (, ca. 1900). Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 5470 (6 vols.); cat. no. 5173 (3 vols.); cat. no. 12208 (2 vols.); cat. no. 2939 (1 vol.); cat. no. 2940 (1 vol.). Photolithographic reprint in Sahoe kyŏngjesa saryo ch`ongsŏ 3, T`akchi chŏnbugo ( 3, ). Seoul: Yŏgang ch`ulp`ansa, 1986.Google Scholar
Tongguk munhŏn pigo (). First compiled by royal order in 1770. Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 4125 (109 books in 40 volumes). Earliest form of the Chŭngbo munhŏn pigo.Google Scholar
Totman, Conrad. Pre-industrial Korea and Japan in environmental perspective. Leiden: Brill, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ŭpchi (), 1871. Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 12173.Google Scholar
Ŭpchi (), 1895. Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 12174.Google Scholar
Wada, Yūji (). Chōsen kodai kansoku kiroku chōsa hōkoku. (). Keijō: Chōsen Sōtokufu Kansokujo, 1917.Google Scholar
Will, Pierre-Étienne and Wong, R. Bin; with James Lee and contributions by Jean Oi and Peter Perdue. Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650–1850. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, R. Bin. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Wrigley, E. A., and Schofield, R. S.. The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Yi Chŏng-su (). “16 segi chungban~18 segi ch'o ŭi hwapye yudong silt'ae–saenghwal ilgi ryu wa 'chŏntap maemae myŏngmun' ŭl chungsim ŭro– (16~18 –-). Chosŏn shidaesa hakbo () 32 (2005): 95–148.Google Scholar
Yi Hŏn-ch'ang (). “Sukjong-Chŏngjo cho [1678–1800] miga ŭi pyŏndong (-- (1678–1800) ).” Kyŏngje sahak () 21 (1996): 117–58.Google Scholar
Yi Kyŏng-sik (). “16 segi changsi ŭi sŏngnip kwa kŭ kiban (16).” Han'guksa yŏn'gu () 57:0 (1987): 43–91.Google Scholar
Yi, Yŏng-gu (), and Yi Ho-ch'ŏl (). “Chosŏn sidae ŭi in'gu kyumo ch'ukye (I) ( [I]).” Kyŏngyŏng sahak () 2 (1987): 183–210.Google Scholar
Yi, Yŏng-gu () and Yi Ho-ch'ŏl (). “Chosŏn sidae ŭi in'gu kyumo ch'ukye (II):17, 18 segi in'gu chŭngga yŏl ch'ukye yul chungsim ŭro ( [II] –17, 18 –).” Kyŏngyŏng sahak () 2 (1988): 183–210.Google Scholar
Yi, Yŏng-hun (). Chosŏn hugi sahoe kyŏngje-sa (). Seoul: Han'gilsa, 1988.Google Scholar
Yi, Yŏng-hun (), ed. Suryang kyŏngje-sa ro tasi pon C hosŏn hugi (). Seoul: Seoul taehakkyo ch'ulp'anbu, 2004.Google Scholar
Yi, Yŏng-hun (), and Pak Yi-t'aek (). “Nongch'on migok sijang kwa chŏn'guk chŏk sijang t'onghap: 1713–1937 (: 1713–1937).” Chosŏn sidaesa hakbo () 16 (2001.3): 149–212.Google Scholar
Yŏji, tosŏ () (1765). Preserved in Hanguk Kyohoe Yŏn`guso (). Photolithographic reprint in Kuksa P`yŏnch`an Wiwŏnhoe (), ed. Yŏji tosŏ (). Seoul: T`amgudang (), 1973.Google Scholar
Yŏng-ji yosŏn () (1876). By Ch'oe Sŏk-pong (). Kyujanggak (), cat. no. 12621-v.1-2.Google Scholar
Zelin, Madeleine. “A Critique of Rights of Property in Prewar China.” In Contract and Property in Early Modern China, edited by Madeleine Zelin, Jonathan K. Ocko, and Robert Gardella, 17–36. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar