Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T14:41:48.749Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Historicity of Sexuality: Knowledge of the Past in the Emergence of Modern Sexual Science

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 September 2019

Alison M. Downham Moore*
Affiliation:
Discipline of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, Western Sydney University
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: Alison.moore@westernsydney.edu.au

Abstract

From the very moment the concept of sexuality emerged in nineteenth-century European medical and psychiatric thought, it became a topic of historicization. This historicization formed a consistent habit of thought in many of the medical and psychiatric texts that first enunciated sexuality as a distinct field of meaning. Dialogue between doctors and the first historians of sexuality informed the emergence of both sexology and of the historiography of sexuality. This dialogue suggests a need to rethink the origins of sexual historiography, situating current historians within a continuous genealogy, rather than as transcendental observers marked by epistemological rupture from earlier biological theories of sexual evolution.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Bullough, Vern, “Sex in History: A Virgin Field,” Journal of Sex Research 8 (1972), 101–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Partner, Nancy, “Foundations: Theoretical Frameworks for the Knowledge of the Past,” in Partner, Nancy and Foot, Sarah, eds., The Sage Handbook of Historical Theory (London, 2013), 18CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 7.

3 Brian Lewis, “The Newest Social History: Crisis and Renewal,” in Partner and Foot, The Sage Handbook of Historical Theory, 225–37, at 227, original emphasis. Amy Richlin, “Sexuality and History,” in ibid., 294–310, at 294; also Ann Curthoys and John Docker, “The Boundaries of History and Fiction,” in ibid., 202–18, at 211.

4 Richlin, “Sexuality and History,” 294.

5 Garton, Steven, Histories of Sexuality: Antiquity to the Sexual Revolution (London, 2004), 14Google Scholar; Orrells, Daniel, Sex: Antiquity and Its Legacy (London, 2015)Google Scholar; Blanshard, Alistair J. L., “Queer Desires and Classicizing Strategies of Resistance,” in Fisher, Kate and Langlands, Rebecca, eds., Sex, Knowledge and Receptions of the Past (Oxford, 2015), 2544CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jana Funke, “Navigating the Past: Sexuality, Race and the Uses of the Primitive in Magnus Hirschfeld's The World Journey of a Sexologist,” in ibid., 111–34. See also Alison M. Moore, “Androgyny, Perversion and Social Evolution in Interwar Psychoanalytic Thought,” in ibid. 220–42; Cocks, Harry and Houlbrook, Matt, “Introduction,” in Houlbrook, Matt and Cocks, Harry, eds., Palgrave Advances in the Modern History of Sexuality (Basingstoke, 2006), 118CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 3–5.

6 Cotti, Patricia, “Freud and the Culture Historians: An Escape from the Clinical?Psychoanalysis and History 11/1 (2009), 4153CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 For instance, Clarke, Ann, Desire: A History of European Sexuality (New York, 2008), 14Google Scholar; Iggers, Georg, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge, 2nd edn (Middletown, 2005), 9192Google Scholar, 121. See also the characterization of history of sexuality as a post-structuralist innovation in Bonnell, Victoria E. and Hunt, Lynn, “Introduction,” in Bonnell and Hunt, eds., Beyond the Cultural Turn (Berkeley, 1999), 133Google Scholar.

8 Weeks, Jeffrey, What Is Sexual History? (Cambridge, 2016), 1Google Scholar.

9 Ibid., 9.

10 Mora, George, “The Beginning of Psychiatric Historiography in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” in Micale, Mark and Porter, Roy, eds., Discovering the History of Psychiatry (New York, 1994), 5381Google Scholar.

11 Rosenbaum, Julius, Die Lustseuche im Alterthume, ester Theil (Halle, 1839)Google Scholar.

12 The second edition of this same work also contains additional source materials: Rosenbaum, Julius, Die Lustseuche im Alterthume (Halle, 1845)Google Scholar.

13 Rosenbaum, Julius, The Plague of Lust: Being a History of Venereal Disease in Classical Antiquity, 2 vols. (Paris, 1901)Google Scholar; Rosenbaum, The Plague of Lust (Charlottesville, 1955).

14 Foucault, Michel, Histoire de la sexualité, vol. 1, La volonté de savoir (Paris, 1976)Google Scholar; Davidson, Arnold I., The Emergence of Sexuality: Historical Epistemology and the Formation of Concepts (Cambridge, MA, 2001)Google Scholar.

15 Swacha, Michael, “Against Teleologism: Notes on Reason, Madness and Sovereignty from Socrates to the Foucault/Derrida Debate,” Diacritics 44/4 (2016), 6688CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité, 9–22; Hall, Lesley, “Clitoris,” in Blakmore, Colin and Jennett, Sheila, eds., The Oxford Companion to the Body (Oxford, 2001), 160–62Google Scholar; Moore, Alison M., “Victorian Medicine Was Not Responsible for Repressing the Clitoris: Rethinking Homology in the Long History of Women's Genital Anatomy,” Signs: The Journal of Women in Culture and Society 44/1 (2018), 5381CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Laqueur, Thomas, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation (New York, 2003)Google Scholar; Porter, Roy and Hall, Lesley, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650–1950 (New Haven, 1995)Google Scholar; McLaren, Angus, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870–1930 (Chicago, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cryle, Peter, The Telling of the Act: Sexuality as Narrative in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century France (Newark, 2001)Google Scholar; Cryle, , “Vaginismus: A Franco-American story,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 671 (2012), 7193Google Scholar; Downing, Lisa, Desiring the Dead: Necrophilia and Nineteenth-Century French Literature (Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar; Gay, Peter, Schnitzler's Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture, 1815–1914 (New York, 2002), 6494Google Scholar; Brady, Sean, Masculinity and Male Homosexuality in Britain, 1861–1913 (Basingstoke, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Beccalossi, Chiara, Female Sexual Inversion: Same-Sex Desires in Italian and British Sexology, ca. 1870–1920 (Basingstoke, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Beccalossi, Chiara and Crozier, Ivan, eds., A Cultural History of Sexuality in the Age of Empire (London, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Moore, Alison M., Sexual Myths of Modernity: Sadism, Masochism and Historical Teleology (New York, 2015)Google Scholar.

18 Maclaren, Angus, Impotence: A Cultural History (Chicago, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cryle, Peter and Moore, Alison, Frigidity: An Intellectual History (Basingstoke, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Hall, Lesley A., “The Victorians: Our Others, Our Selves?”, in Fischer, Kate and Langlands, Rebecca, eds., Sex, Knowledge, and Reception of the Past (Oxford, 2013), 160–76Google Scholar, at 161.

20 Such as Geddes, Patrick and Thomson, J. Arthur, The Evolution of Sex (London, 1889)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, a work concerned with evolution of sex differences, not of sexuality; Hawkins, Mike, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945 (Cambridge, 1997), 249–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Moore, Sexual Myths of Modernity, 47–50.

22 Corsi, Pietro, “Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: From Myth to History,” in Gissis, Snait B. and Jablonka, Eva, eds., Transformations of Lamarckism (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 918CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 11.

23 Boas, Franz, The Mind of Primitive Man (New York, 1911)Google Scholar.

24 Funke, “Navigating the Past,” 114.

25 See Stoler, Ann Laura, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, NC, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fuechtner, Veronica, Haynes, Douglas E. and Jones, Ryan, eds., A Global History of Sexual Science, 1880–1960 (Oakland, 2018)Google Scholar.

26 Wilson, Elizabeth A., Gut Feminism (Durham, NC, 2015)Google Scholar.

27 Peterson, Jeanne M., The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, 1978), 57Google Scholar.

28 Bachofen, Johann Jakob, Das Mutterrecht: Eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur (Stuttgart, 1861)Google Scholar.

29 Lubbock, John, The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man (New York, 1898)Google Scholar; Morgan, Louis Henry, Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (Chicago, 1877)Google Scholar; Engels, Friedrich, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (Hottingen-Zürich, 1884)Google Scholar; Frazer, James G., The Golden Bough (New York, 1922), 154–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London, 1871)Google Scholar.

31 Corsi, “Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,” 9–18.

32 Pick, Daniel, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c.1848–1918 (Cambridge, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davidson, The Emergence of Sexuality, 1–29; Nye, Robert, Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rohy, Valerie, Anachronism and Its Others: Sexuality, Race, Temporality (New York, 2009)Google Scholar; Richard W. Burckhardt Jr, “Lamarck, Cuvier and Darwinian Animal Behavior and Acquired Characters,” in Gissis and Jablonka, Transformations of Lamarckism, 33–44.

33 Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France, 97–131.

34 Rohy, Anachronism and Its Others, 45; Beccalossi, Chiara, “Madness and Sexual Psychopathologies as the Magnifying Glass of the Normal: Italian psychiatry and sexuality, c.1880–1910,” Social History of Medicine 27/2 (2013), 303–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Bietenholz, Peter G., Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age (Leiden, 1994), 350–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Valez, Damian, “Bachofen's Rome and the Fate of the Feminine Orient,” Journal of the History of Ideas 70/3 (2009), 421–43Google Scholar.

37 Allen, Ann Taylor, “Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860–1914,” American Historical Review 104/4 (1999), 10851113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

38 Swiney, Frances, The Bar of Isis; Or, The Law of the Mother (London, 1907)Google Scholar. See Allen, “Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity,” 1102.

39 Leng, Kirsten, Sexual Politics and Feminist Science: Women Sexologists in Germany, 1900–1933 (Ithaca, 2018)Google Scholar.

40 Ibid., 238.

41 Elberskirchen, Johanna, Die Liebe der dritten Geschlechts: Homosexualität, eine bisexuelle Varietät, keine Entartung—keine Schuld (Leipzig, 1904)Google Scholar.

42 von Sacher-Masoch, Leopold, Venus im Pelz: Novelle (Leipzig, 1890; first published 1870)Google Scholar.

43 Freud, Sigmund, Totem and Taboo: Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics (1913), trans. Strachey, James, in Freud, Standard Complete Works, vol. 13 (London, 1950), 14283Google Scholar, at 144.

44 Kenny, Robert, “Freud, Jung and Boas: The Psychoanalytic Engagement with Anthropology Revisited,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 69/2 (2015), 173–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, 2 vols. (New York, 1868)Google Scholar.

46 Ibid., 2: 294.

47 Ibid., 2: 292.

48 Ibid., 2: 298.

49 Kant, Immanuel, “Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History” (1786), in Kant: Political Writings, 2nd edn, trans. Nisbet, H. B. (Cambridge, 1991), 221–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 224.

50 Foucault, La volonté de savoir, 90–93.

51 Ibid., 87–93.

52 Moreau, Paul, Des aberrations du sens génésique (Paris, 1880)Google Scholar.

53 Ibid., 11–75.

54 Ibid., 8. All quotations translated into English from Moreau's text are by Alison M. Downham Moore.

55 Ibid., 10.

56 Ibid., 12. The citation is from Descuret, Jean-Baptiste-Félix, La médecine des passions (Paris, 1841), 479–80Google Scholar.

57 Moreau, Des aberrations du sens génésique, 12.

58 Moore, Alison, “The Invention of Sadism? The Limits of Neologisms in the History of Sexuality,” Sexualities 12/4 (2009), 489506CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

59 Hallett, Julie P., “Making Manhood Hard: Tiberius and Latin Literary Representations of Erectile Dysfunction,” in Masterson, Mark, Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin and Robson, James, eds., Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World (London, 2015), 408–21Google Scholar.

60 Morel, Bénédict Augustin, Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humain (Paris, 1857)Google Scholar.

61 Moreau, Des aberrations du sens génésique, 17–23.

62 Ibid., 30.

63 Boiste, Pierre-Claude Victor, Dictionnaire universel de la langue françoise, avec le latin et les étymologies: extrait comparatif, concordance, critique et supplément de tous les dictionnaires françaises; manuel encyclopédique de grammaire, d'orthographie, de vieux langage, de néologie, etc. (Paris, 1834), 225Google Scholar.

64 Janin, Jules, “Le Marquis de Sade,” Revue de Paris 11 (1834), 347Google Scholar.

65 “De l'influence de la civilisation sur le développement de la folie.” Discussion: Moreau (de Tours), Brierre de Boismont, Alfred Maury, Delasiauve, Gerdy, Ferrus, Archambault, Cerise, Baillarger, Parchappe, Belhomme (Séances des 30 aout, 27 Septembre, 29 Novembre et 27 Décembre 1852), Annales medico-psychologiques 5 (1853), 293–319, at 293.

66 Bossard, Eugène, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-Bleue, 1404–1440 (Paris, 1885)Google Scholar.

67 Moore, Sexual Myths of Modernity, 26.

68 von Krafft-Ebing, Richard, Psychopathia Sexualis mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der conträren Sexualempfindung: Eine medizinisch-gerichtliche Studie für Ärzte und Juristen, 12th edn (Stuttgart, 1903)Google Scholar; Krafft-Ebing, , Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-forensic Study, trans. Klaf, Franklin S. (New York, 1998), 3Google Scholar. All English quotations and page references, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the latter source.

69 Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 3.

70 El-Rouayheb, Khaled, Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500–1800 (Chicago, 2009), 23Google Scholar; Ze'evi, Dror, Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500–1900 (Berkeley, 2006), 149–65Google Scholar.

71 Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 3–4

72 Ibid., 4.

73 Deleuze, Gilles, Présentation de Sacher-Masoch: Le froid et le cruel (Paris, 2007), 62.Google Scholar

74 Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 4.

75 Ibid., 414 n. 5.

76 Freud, Sigmund, “Der Untergang des Ödipuskomplexes” (1924), in Freud, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 13 (London, 1968), 393402Google Scholar. This short paper appears in English translation as “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex,” in The Freud Reader, ed. Peter Gay (London, 1995), 661–4. See Moore, Sexual Myths of Modernity, 55–79.

77 Westermarck, Edward, History of Human Marriage (London: Macmillan & Co, 1891)Google Scholar; Westermarck, Edvard, The Origin of Human Marriage (dissertation) (Helsingfors, 1889)Google Scholar; Westermarck, Edward, Geschichte des menschlichen Ehe, aus dem Engl. von L. Katscher und R. Grazer (Jena, 1893)Google Scholar.

78 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, 274, 284–7.

79 Ihanus, Juhani, Multiple Origins: Edward Westermarck in Search of Mankind (Frankfurt am Main, 1998)Google Scholar.

80 Cotti, “Freud and the Culture Historians,” 49–50.

81 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, 51–113.

82 Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia, 12th edn, 4.

83 Westermarck, Edward, The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas (London, 1906)Google Scholar.

84 Blanshard, “Queer Desires and Classicizing Strategies of Resistance,” 25–44.

85 Burton, Richard F., A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, Now Entitled the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night; with Introduction and Explanatory Notes on the Manners and Customs of Moslem Men and Terminal Essay on the History of the Nights, 16 vols. (Stoke Newington, 1885–1888), 10Google Scholar. See Kennedy, Dane, The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World (Cambridge, MA, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich, Forschungen über das Rätsel der mannmännlichen Liebe (Leipzig, 1898)Google Scholar.

86 Symonds, John Addington, A Problem in Greek Ethics, Being an Inquiry in the Phenomenon of Sexual Inversion, Addressed Especially to Medical Psychologists and Jurists (London, 1910; first published 1873)Google Scholar.

87 Ibid., 72–3.

88 Ibid., title page.

89 Funke, Jana, “‘We Cannot Be Greek Now’: Age Difference, Corruption of Youth and the Making of Sexual Inversion,” English Studies 94/2 (2013), 139–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

90 Ibid., 148. Ellis, Havelock, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2, Sexual Inversion (Philadelphia, 1915; first published 1897), 164Google Scholar.

91 Blanshard, “Queer Desires and Classicizing Strategies of Resistance,” 30.

92 Orrells, Sex, 1.

93 Oosterhuis, Harry, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago, 2000), 139Google Scholar.

94 Beachy, Robert, “The German Invention of Homosexuality,” Journal of Modern History 82 (2010), 801–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 819.

95 Lombroso, Cesare and Ferrero, Guglielmo, La Donna delinquente: La prostituta e la donna normale (Turin, 1893), 397, 446Google Scholar; Lombroso, and Ferrero, , L'Uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria (Turin, 1894)Google Scholar.

96 Nyström, Anton Kristen, Das Geschlechts-Problem (Berlin, 1901)Google Scholar. This German edition claims to be the 7th, but no earlier versions of precisely the same text appear to have survived in any language. Nyström, Anton Kristen, The Natural Laws of Sexual Life: Medical–Sociological Researches, trans. Sandzen, Carl (Kansas City, 1906)Google Scholar.

97 von Schrenck-Notzing, Albert, Die Suggestions-Therapie bei krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinnes mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der conträren Sexualempfindung (Stuttgart, 1892)Google Scholar. See Schrenck-Notzing, , Therapeutic Suggestion on Psychopathia Sexualis with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Feeling, trans. Gilbert, Charles Chaddock (Philadelphia, 1895), 123–44Google Scholar.

98 Forel, Auguste, La question sexuelle exposée aux adultes cultivés (Paris, 1906), 154203Google Scholar.

99 Ibid., 2, 157, 201, 591; 2.

100 Ibid.,157.

101 Bloch, Iwan, Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur (Berlin, 1906)Google Scholar.

102 Dühren, Eugène (Iwan Bloch), Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit: Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sexualphilosophie de Sade's auf Grund des neuentdeckten Original-Manuskriptes seines Hauptwerkes ‘Die 120 Tage von Sodom’ (Berlin, 1904)Google Scholar; Bloch, Iwan, Rétif de la Bretonne: der Mensch, der Schriftsteller, der Reformator (Berlin, 1906)Google Scholar.

103 Freud, Sigmund, Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (Leipzig and Vienna, 1905), 34Google Scholar.

104 Cotti, “Freud and the Culture Historians,” 41–53.

105 Bloch, Iwan, Das Geschlechtsleben in England, mit besonderer Beziehung auf London (Charlottenburg, 1901)Google Scholar; Bloch, , A History of English Sexual Morals, trans. Forstern, William (London, 1936)Google Scholar.

106 For instance, Kelley, Donald, Fortunes of History: Historical Inquiry from Herder to Huizinga (New Haven, 2003), 254–79Google Scholar. Kelley's work, against the grain of much historiographic scholarship, also includes discussion of late nineteenth-century amateur historical writing.

107 Bloch, A History of English Sexual Morals, vii–viii.

108 Smith, Bonnie G., The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice (Cambridge, MA, 1998)Google Scholar.

109 Rantala, Heli, “Towards the Inner History of the Nation: Defining ‘Cultural History’ in Nineteenth-Century Finland,” Cultural History 6/2 (2017), 119–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Moore, Alison M., “Historicising Historical Theory's History of Cultural Historiography,” Cosmos & History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 12/1 (2016), 257–91Google Scholar.

110 Franklin, Alfred, La vie privée d'autrefois: Arts et métiers, modes, moeurs, usages des Parisiens, du xiie au xviiie siècle d'après des documents originaux ou inédits (Paris, 1887–1902), 17 volsGoogle Scholar.

111 Franklin, Alfred, Étude historique et topographique sur le plan de Paris, de 1540, dit plan de tapisserie (Paris, 1869)Google Scholar; Franklin, , Moeurs et coutumes des parisiens en 1882: Cours professé au Collège de France pendant le second semestre de l'année 1882 par Alfred Mantien (Paris, 1882)Google Scholar; Franklin, , Les rues et les cris de Paris au xiiie siècle: Pièces historiques publiées d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, et précédées d'une étude sur les rues de Paris au xiiie siècle (Paris, 1874)Google Scholar; Franklin, , Histoire de la Bibliothèque Mazarine: Depuis sa fondation jusqu’à nos jours (Paris, 1860)Google Scholar; Franklin, , Histoire de la bibliothèque de l'abbaye de Saint-Victor à Paris d'après des documents inédits (Paris, 1865)Google Scholar; Franklin, , Dictionnaire historique des arts, métiers et professions exercés dans Paris depuis le treizième siècle (Paris, 1906)Google Scholar; Franklin, , La civilité, l’étiquette, la mode, le bon ton, du xiiie au xixe siècle (Paris, 1908)Google Scholar.

112 Licht, Hans (Paul Brandt), Die Homoerotik in der griechischen Literatur (Bonn, 1921)Google Scholar; Scott, George Ryley, A History of Prostitution from Antiquity to the Present Day (London, 1936)Google Scholar; Scott, , Phallic Worship: A History of Sex and Sexual Rites (London, 1941)Google Scholar; Scott, , Curious Customs of Sex and Marriage: An Inquiry Relating to All Races and Nations from Antiquity to the Present Day (London, 1953)Google Scholar.

113 La Barre, Weston, “A Pioneer Study,” in Taylor, Gordon Rattray, Sex in History (New York, 1954), 12Google Scholar, at 2.

114 Garton, Histories of Sexuality, 2.

115 Thomas, Keith, “The Double Standard,” Journal of the History of Ideas 20/2 (1959), 195216CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

116 Ibid., 196.