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Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2021

Luís Dionísio Open the ORCID record for Luís Dionísio [Opens in a new window] ,
Francisco Medeiros ,
Manuel Pequito  and
Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
Luís Dionísio*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal Military Academy, Lisbon, Portugal
Francisco Medeiros
Affiliation:
Equine Military Veterinary Clinic, Army School of Arms, Mafra, Portugal
Manuel Pequito
Affiliation:
Egas Moniz Higher Institute, Almada, Portugal
Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
Affiliation:
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
*
Author for correspondence: Luís Dionísio, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: lmdionisio@hotmail.com
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Abstract

Influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. There are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. Equine influenza (EI) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in Prague. The influenza A viruses responsible for EI are H7N7 and H3N8. Outbreaks of EI are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize H3N8 outbreaks in several countries. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is based on the clinical signs presented by the infected animals, which can be confirmed by performing complementary diagnostic tests. In the diagnosis of EI, in the field, rapid antigen detection tests can be used for a first approach. Treatment is based on the management of the disease and rest for the animal. Regarding the prognosis, it will depend on several factors, such as the animal's vaccination status. One of the important points in this disease is its prevention, which can be done through vaccination. In addition to decreasing the severity of clinical signs and morbidity during outbreaks, vaccination ensures immunity for the animals, reducing the economic impact of this disease.

Keywords

diagnosiseconomic impactequine influenzaprognosistreatmentvirus
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , June 2021 , pp. 56 - 71
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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