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Pavlov in America: A Heterodox Approach to the Study of his Influence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 April 2014

Gabriel Ruiz ,
Natividad Sánchez  and
Luis Gonzalo De la Casa
Gabriel Ruiz*
Affiliation:
University of Seville
Natividad Sánchez
Affiliation:
University of Seville
Luis Gonzalo De la Casa
Affiliation:
University of Seville
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Gabriel Ruiz, Departamento de Psicología Experimental, C/ Camilo José Cela s/n. 41018 Sevilla. E-mail: gruiz@us.es
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Abstract

This work presents a critical analysis of Pavlov's influence that goes beyond the conventional view: that which reduces his influence in American psychology to the behaviorism of Watson and Hull. In order to understand the nature of the Russian physiologist's influence in American psychology, we propose a distinction between three approaches to it: 1) the symbolic approach, on representing a model of the possibility of constructing an objective psychology; 2) the methodological approach, given the importance of the technique of conditional reflexes; and 3) the theoretical approach, which is derived from his theory of higher nervous activity. This perspective permits us to suggest that most of Pavlov's influence on behaviorism was of a symbolic and methodological nature—though the methodological influence also reached other authors that did not belong to the behaviorist traditions, as was the case of Mateer. As far as the theoretical influence is concerned, our work proposes that it is more visible in authors such as Gantt and Liddell, or even in authors such as Boldirev, Director of the Pavlovian Laboratory at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan. The case of Gantt is especially interesting because, in addition to his important contributions, he played an essential role in the foundation of the Pavlovian Society, and the journal Conditional Reflex. What our work proposes is that to understand the nature of Pavlov's influence in American psychology it is necessary to take into account the very characteristics of that psychology: its pragmatic interests, its methodological rigor, the dominant systems of neo-behavioral theory and the changes that occurred after the Second World War.

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis crítico de la influencia de Pavlov que va más allá de su visión convencional: aquélla que reduce su influencia en la psicología americana al conductismo de Watson y Hull. Para entender la naturaleza de la influencia del fisiólogo ruso en la psicología norteamericana proponemos distinguir entre tres sentidos de la misma: 1) el simbólico, al representar un modelo de la posibilidad de construir una psicología objetiva; 2) el metodológico, por la importancia de la técnica de los reflejos condicionales; 3) el teórico, que se deriva de su teoría de la actividad nerviosa superior. Esta perspectiva nos permite sugerir que la mayor parte de la influencia de Pavlov sobre el conductismo fue de carácter simbólico y metodológico, aunque la influencia metodológica también alcanzó a autores que no pertenecieron a las tradiciones conductistas como fue el caso de Mateer. En lo que concierne a la influencia teórica, nuestro trabajo propone que es más visible en autores como Gantt y Liddell, o en otros menos conocidos como Boldirev, director de un laboratorio pavloviano en el Battle Creek Sanitarium de Michigan. El caso de Gantt nos parece de especial interés porque además de sus importantes contribuciones, jugó un papel esencial en la fundación de la Pavlovian Society y de la revista Conditional Reflex. En conclusión, lo que nuestro trabajo propone es que para entender la naturaleza de la influencia de Pavlov en la psicología norteamericana hay que tener muy presentes las propias características de esa psicología: sus intereses pragmáticos, su rigurosidad metodológica, los sistemas teóricos neoconductistas dominantes y los cambios que se fueron produciendo tras la segunda guerra mundial.

Keywords

PavlovAmerican psychologybehaviorismPavlovpsicología americanaconductismo
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 6 , Issue 2: Special Issue: A Century of Pavlovian Theory: The Madrid Lecture (Pavlov, 1903) , November 2003 , pp. 99 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

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