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Public Health Assessments in Disaster Settings: Recommendations for a Multidisciplinary Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2012

Josephine Malilay*
Affiliation:
Disaster Epidemiology and Assessment Team, Health Studies Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
*
Disaster Epidemiology and Assessment Team, Health Studies Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE (Mailstop E-23), Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA, E-mail: JMalilay@cdc.gov

Abstract

Introduction:

Rapid assessments of needs and health status have been conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in natural disaster settings for gathering information about the status of affected populations during emergencies. A review of eight such assessments (6 from hurricanes, 1 from an ice storm, and 1 from an earthquake) examines current methods and applications, and describes the use of results by policy makers so assessments in post-disaster settings can be improved.

Objective:

Because the results of assessments greatly influence the nature of relief activities, a review can: 1) ascertain strengths and limitations; 2) examine the methods; and 3) ascertain the utility of results and their use by policy makers. This review compares assessments for similarities and differences: 1) across disaster types; 2) within similar disasters; 3) by timing when the assessments are conducted; and 4) in domestic and international settings. The review also identifies decision-making actions that result from the assessments, and suggests direction for future applications.

Methods:

Assessments reported in CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from 1980 through 1999 were reviewed because they applied a systematic methodology in data collection. They were compared descriptively for study characteristics and content areas.

Results:

Of 13 assessments identified from six reports, eightwere reviewed because they focused on initial assessments, rather than on repeated studies. Of the eight, six pertained to hurricanes; one to an ice storm; and one to an earthquake. Seven (88%) were performed during or after the third day post-impact (range: 1–70 days, median: 7 days). All eight addressed demographics, morbidity, and water availability; seven concerned food, sanitation, and transportation; and six queried access to medical care and electricity. Of the three assessments conducted more than 10 days post-event, two addressed vulnerable children, the elderly, pregnant and lactating women, and migrant workers; two singled storm preparation and evacuation behavior; and one concerned mental health, preventive health care, and social programs. Only one, after an earthquake, asked about disaster-related deaths in household members. Two were international assessments and both were performed at least 60 days post-event. All eight provided estimates of proportions of needs based on survey respondents; none, however, extrapolated the proportions to estimate the magnitude of needs for populations at risk. Of the eight, five confirmed a policy decision, such as accelerating delivery of food supplies.

Conclusion:

Assessments typically were conducted within 1 week after the precipitating event occurred. Most, performed within 3–10 days, focused on demographics, health status, food and water, and restoration of utilities. Three assessments, conducted >1 month later, concerned longterm planning. Only one was performed <72 hours post-event. Five assessments resulted in policy actions to guide relief activities. Increasing application of health assessments provides: 1) impetus for improving current methodologies; 2) standardizing collection instruments; 3) involving other sectors in emergency relief; and 4) ensuring useful information for decision makers.

Resumen

Introducción:

Evaluaciones rdpidas de las necesidades y el estado de salud se han llevado a cabo por el Centro para el Controly Prevención de Enfermedades Estadounidense (CDC), en situaciones de desastres naturales

Para recoger información acerca del estado de las poblaciones afectadas durante emergencias. Una revisión de ocho de tales evaluaciones (seis de huracanes, uno de una tormenta de hielo y uno de un terremoto) examinan los métodos y aplicaciones actuales y describe el uso de los resultados por los políticos de manera que las evaluaciones en situaciones de desastre, puedan ser mejoradas.

Objetivo:

Debido a que los resultados de las evaluaciones influyen grandemente en la naturaleza de las actividades de ayuda, una revisión puede: 1) valorar fortalezas y limitaciones. 2) Examinar los métodos. 3) Evaluar la utilidad de los resultados y su uso por los políticos. Esta revisión compara evaluaciones en cuanto a similitudesy diferencias: 1)por tipo de desastre. 2) En desastres similares 3) Por el momento en que se realizaron las evaluaciones. 4) En situaciones domésticas e internacionales. Esta revisión también identifica acciones de toma de decisiones que resultaron de las evaluaciones y sugiere dirección para aplicaciones futuras.

Métodos:

Evaluaciones reportadas en los informes semanales de morbilidady mortalidad del CDC de 1980 a 1999 fueron revisadas debido a que aplicaron una metodología sistemática en la recolección de datos. Fueron comparadas descriptivamente por características de estudio y áreas de contenido

Resultados:

De trece evaluaciones identificadas de seis reportes, se revisaron ocho porque enfocaron evaluaciones initiales más que sobre estudios repetidos. De las ocho, seis fueron de huracanes, una de una tormenta de hielo y una de un terremoto. Siete (88%) se llevaron a cabo durante o después del tercer día postimpacto (rango 1*70 días, media 7 días). Los ocho enfocaron la demografía, morbilidad y disponibilidad de agua; siete consideraron alimentación, sanidady transporte; y seis cuestionaron acceso a la atención médica y la electricidad. De las tres evaluaciones llevadas a cabo más de diez días postevento, dos se dirigieron a niños vulnerables, los viejos, mujeres embarazadas y en lactancia, y trabajadores migratorios. Dos simularizaron preparación de tormentas y conportamiento en evacuaciones; y uno consideró la salud mental, cuidado preventivo de la salud y programas sociales. Solamente uno, después de un terremoto preguntó acerca de las muertes relationadas con el desastre en miembros de la familia. Dos fueron evaluaciones internacionales y ambas fueron llevadas a cabo por lo menos sesenta días postevento. Las ocho dieron estimaciones de la necesidad basadas en respuestas a encuestas; ninguna sin embargo, extrapoló las proporciones para estimar la magnitud de las necesidades para poblaciones en riesgo. De las ocho, cinco confirmaron una decisión política, tal como el acelaramiento de la entrega de alimentos.

Conclusion:

Las evaluaciones fueron típicamente llevadas a cabo en la primera semana después de que el evento precipitante ocurrió. La mayoría, llevadas a cabo entre 3*10 días enfocaron la demografía, el estado de

Salud, alimento y agua y restauración de servicios. Tres evaluaciones llevadas a cabo más de un mes después discutieron la planificación a largo plazo. Solamente una se llevó a cabo en menos de 72 horas postevento.

Cinco evaluaciones resultaron en acciones políticas que guiaron las actividades de ayuda. La aplicación de las evaluaciones en salud proveen: 1) ímpetu para mejorar las metodologias actuales. 2) Normatización de los instrumentos de colección. 3) Compromiso de otros sectores en la ayuda de emergencias y 4) asegurar información útil para la toma de decisiones.

Type
Public Health and Disasters
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2000

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