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Saccadic Adaptation in Chiari Type II Malformation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Michael S. Salman ,
James A. Sharpe ,
Moshe Eizenman ,
Linda Lillakas ,
Teresa To ,
Carol Westall ,
Martin J. Steinbach  and
Maureen Dennis
Michael S. Salman*
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON and the Divisions of Neurology, Vision Science, Research Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON and the Section of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
James A. Sharpe
Affiliation:
Divisions of Neurology, Vision Science, Research Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
Moshe Eizenman
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
Linda Lillakas
Affiliation:
Division of Vision Science, Research Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
Teresa To
Affiliation:
Division of Population Health Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
Carol Westall
Affiliation:
Divisions of Opthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
Martin J. Steinbach
Affiliation:
Divisions of Vision Science, Research Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
Maureen Dennis
Affiliation:
Division of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
*
Section of Pediatric Neurology, AE 108, Harry Medovy House, Children’s Hosptial, 820 Sherbrook St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1R9, Canada
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Abstract

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Background:

Saccadic adaptation corrects errors in saccadic amplitude. Experimentally-induced saccadic adaptation provides a method for studying motor learning. The cerebellum is a major participant in saccadic adaptation. Chiari type II malformation (CII) is a developmental deformity of the cerebellum and brainstem that is associated with spina bifida. We investigated the effects of CII on saccadic adaptation.

Method:

We measured eye movements using an infrared eye tracker in 21 subjects with CII (CII group) and 39 typically developing children (control group), aged 8-19 years. Saccadic adaptation was induced experimentally using targets that stepped horizontally 12º to the right and then stepped backward 3º during saccades.

Results:

Saccadic adaptation was achieved at the end of the adaptation phase in participants in each group. Saccadic amplitude gain decreased by 6.9% in the CII group and 9.3% in the control group. The groups did not differ significantly (p = 0.27). Amplitude gain reduction was significantly less in the CII participants who had multiple shunt revisions. Regression analyses revealed no effects of spinal lesion level, presence of nystagmus, or cerebellar vermis dysmorphology on saccadic adaptation.

Conclusion:

The neural circuits involved in saccadic adaptation appear to be functionally intact in CII.

Résumé:

RÉSUMÉ:Contexte:

L’adaptation saccadique corrige les erreurs de l’amplitude saccadique. L’adaptation saccadique induite expérimentalement peut être utilisée pour étudier l’apprentissage moteur. Le cervelet participe de façon importante à l’adaptation saccadique. La malformation de Chiari de type II (CII) est une malformation du cervelet et du tronc cérébral qui est associée au spina bifida. Nous avons évalué les effets du CII sur l’adaptation saccadique.

Méthodes:

Nous avons mesuré les mouvements oculaires au moyen d’un oculomètre à infrarouge chez 21 sujets atteints de CII (groupe CII) et chez 39 enfants de 8 et 19 ans qui avaient un développement normal (groupe témoin). L’adaptation saccadique était induite expérimentalement au moyen de cibles qui se déplaçaient horizontalement de 12º vers la droite avec retour de 3º pendant les saccades.

Résultats:

L’adaptation saccadique était réussie à la fin de la phase d’adaptation chez les sujets des deux groupes. Le gain d’amplitude saccadique diminuait de 6,9% dans le groupe CII et de 9,3% dans le groupe témoin. Les groupes n’étaient pas significativement différents (p = 0,27). La diminution du gain d’amplitude était significativement moindre chez les sujets CII qui avaient eu de multiples reprises chirurgicales de leur dérivation. Les analyses de régression n’ont pas montré d’effet du niveau de la lésion spinale, de la présence de nystagmus ou de la dysmorphologie du vermis cérébelleux sur l’adaptation saccadique.

Conclusion:

Les circuits nerveux impliqués dans l’adaptation saccadique semblent intacts au point de vue fonctionnel dans le CII

Type
Original Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , November 2006 , pp. 372 - 378
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2006

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