Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T22:13:58.884Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Embodied Identities in Roman Britain: A Bioarchaeological Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2017

Rebecca Gowland*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Durham Universityrebecca.gowland@durham.ac.uk

Abstract

Human skeletal remains from Roman Britain are abundant and provide a rich repository of social as well as biological information concerning health, migration, diet and body/society interactions. At present, skeletal remains tend to be marginalised in studies of Roman trade, the military, economy, urbanisation and the like, yet they have huge potential to contribute to current debates. This article aims to highlight the potential of bioarchaeological analysis for understanding aspects of social identity in Roman Britain through the use of a more integrated, theoretical approach towards embodied interactions. It encourages future collaborative scholarship between bioarchaeologists, archaeologists and historians. The social determinants of health and identity will vary greatly between regions and the only way of establishing the diversity of life across the Roman Empire is through the instigation of a more comprehensive, large-scale, integrated study of funerary and skeletal assemblages.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2017. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abu El-Haj, N. 2007: ‘The genetic reinscription of race’, Annual Review of Anthropology 36, 283300Google Scholar
Agarwal, S., and Glencross, B. 2011: Social Bioarchaeology, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, S. 2002: ‘Racialised bodies’, in Evans, M. and Lee, E. (eds), Real Bodies: A Sociological Introduction, New York, 4663Google Scholar
Allason Jones, L. 2005: Women in Roman Britain, YorkGoogle Scholar
Arthur, N., Gowland, R.L., and Redfern, R.C. 2016: ‘Coming of age in Roman Britain: skeletal markers of pubertal timing’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159, 698713Google Scholar
Barker, D.J.P. 2012: ‘Developmental origins of chronic disease’, Public Health 126, 185–9Google Scholar
Barker, D.J.P., Eriksson, J.G., Forsen, T., and Osmond, C. 2002: ‘Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis’, International Journal of Epidemiology 31, 1235–9Google Scholar
Beaumont, J., Geber, J., Powers, N., Lee-Thorp, J., and Montgomery, J. 2013: ‘Victims and survivors: identifying survivors of the Great Famine in 19th century London using carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150, 8798Google Scholar
Beaumont, J., Montgomery, J., Buckberry, J., and Jay, M. 2015: ‘Infant mortality and isotopic composition: new approaches to stress, maternal health and weaning’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157, 441–57Google Scholar
Booth, T.J. 2015: ‘An investigation into the relationship between funerary treatment and bacterial bioerosion in European archaeological human bone’, Archaeometry doi: 10.1111/arcm.12190Google Scholar
Booth, T.J., Redfern, R.C., and Gowland, R.L. 2016: ‘Immaculate conceptions: Micro-CT analysis of diagenesis in Romano-British infant skeletons’, Journal of Archaeological Science 74, 124–34Google Scholar
Bozzolli, C., Deaton, A., and Quintana-Domeque, C. 2009: ‘Adult height and childhood disease’, Demography 46, 647–69Google Scholar
Buckberry, J., and Chamberlain, A. 2002: ‘Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, 231–9Google Scholar
Budgeon, S. 2003: ‘Identity as an embodied event’, Body and Society 9, 3555Google Scholar
Carroll, P.M. 2006: Spirits of the Dead. Roman Funerary Commemoration, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Carroll, P.M. 2013: ‘Ethnicity and gender in Roman funerary commemoration: case studies from the Empire's frontiers’, in Tarlow, S. and Nilsson Stutz, L. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death, Oxford, 559–79Google Scholar
Carroll, M., and Graham, E.-J. (eds) 2014: Infant Health and Death in Roman Italy and Beyond, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 96, Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar
Chenery, C., Eckardt, H., and Müldner, G. 2011: ‘Cosmopolitan Catterick? Isotopic evidence for population mobility on Rome's northern frontier’, Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 1525–36Google Scholar
Chenery, C., Müldner, G., Evans, J., Eckardt, H., and Lewis, M. 2010: ‘Strontium and stable isotope evidence for diet and mobility in Roman Gloucester, UK’, Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 150–63Google Scholar
Cockayne, K. 2003: Experiencing Age in Ancient Rome, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2004: The Roman Cemetery at Brougham, Cumbria. Excavations 1966–67, Britannia Monograph 21, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2010: ‘Finding the foreigners’, in Eckardt 2010, 27–44Google Scholar
Dasen, V., and Späth, T. 2010: Children, Memory and Family Culture in Roman Culture, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H. (ed.) 2010: Roman Diasporas: Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 78, Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H., Booth, P., Chenery, C., Müldner, G., Evans, J.A., and Lamb, A. 2009: ‘Isotopic evidence for mobility at the late Roman cemetery at Lankhills, Winchester’, Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 2816–25Google Scholar
Eckardt, H., Müldner, G., and Lewis, M.E. 2014: ‘People on the move in Roman Britain’, World Archaeology 46.4, 117Google Scholar
Eckardt, H., Müldner, G., and Speed, G. 2015: ‘The late Roman field army in Roman Britain? Mobility, material culture and multi-isotope analysis at Scorton (N. Yorks)’, Britannia 46, 191223Google Scholar
Elliott, M., and Collard, M. 2009: ‘FORDISC and the determination of ancestry from cranial measurements’, Biology Letters 5, 849–52Google Scholar
Emler, N. 2005: ‘Life course transitions and social identity change’, in Levy, P., Ghisetta, P., Le Goff, J.-M. and Spini, D. (eds), Towards an Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Life Course, New York, 203–21Google Scholar
Evans, J., Stoodley, N., and Chenery, C. 2006: ‘A strontium and oxygen isotope assessment of a possible fourth century immigrant population in a Hampshire cemetery, southern England’, Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 265–72Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. 2005: ‘The bare bones of sex: Part 1 – sex and gender’, Signs 30, 1491–527Google Scholar
Fuller, B.T., Molleson, T.I., Harris, D.A., Gilmour, L.T., and Hedges, R.E.M. 2006: ‘Isotopic evidence for breastfeeding and possible adult dietary differences from late/sub Roman Britain’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 129, 4554Google Scholar
Geller, P.L. 2008: ‘Conceiving sex: formenting a feminist bioarchaeology’, Journal of Social Archaeology 8, 113–38Google Scholar
Geller, P.L. 2016: The Bioarchaeology of Socio-Sexual Lives, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Giannecchini, M., and Moggi-Checchi, J. 2008: ‘Stature in archaeological samples from Central Italy: method issues and diachronic changes’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135, 284–92Google Scholar
Gilchrist, R. 2012: Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course, SuffolkGoogle Scholar
Gilmour, R., Gowland, R.L., Roberts, C.A., Bernert, Z., Kiss, K.K., and Lassányi, G. 2015: ‘Accidents on the Roman border: gendered differences in fracture patterns and healing of upper and lower limb bones at Aquincum, Romano-Hungary’, International Journal of Paleopathology 11, 7991Google Scholar
Gonzalez, P.N., Bernal, V., and Perez, S.I. 2009: ‘Geometric morphometric approach to sex estimation of human pelvis’, Forensic Science International 189, 6874Google Scholar
Gould, S.J. 1997: The Mismeasure of Man, LondonGoogle Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2001: ‘Playing dead: implications of mortuary evidence for the social construction of childhood in Roman Britain’, in Davies, G., Gardner, A. and Lockyear, K. (eds), TRAC 2000. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford, 152–68Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2002: Age as an Aspect of Social Identity in Fourth-to-Sixth Century AD England: The Archaeological Funerary Evidence, unpub. PhD thesis, Durham UniversityGoogle Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2006: ‘Age as an aspect of social identity: the archaeological and funerary evidence’, in Gowland and Knüsel 2006, 143–54Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2007: ‘Beyond ethnicity: social identity in late Roman and early Anglo-Saxon England’, Anglo-Saxon Studies Archaeology and History 14, 5665Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2015: ‘Entangled lives: implications of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis for bioarcheology and the life course’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158, 530–40Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2016a: ‘Elder abuse: evaluating the potentials and problems of diagnosis in the archaeological record’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26, 514–23Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2016b: ‘That “tattered coat upon a stick” the ageing body: evidence for elder abuse and marginalisation in Roman Britain’, in Powell, L., Southwell-Wright, W. and Gowland, R.L. (eds), Care in the Past: Archaeological and Inter-disciplinary Perspectives, Oxford, 7192Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L. 2016c: ‘Ideas of childhood in Roman Britain’, in Revell, L., Moore, A. and Millett, M. (eds), Handbook of Roman Britain, Oxford, 303–20Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L., and Chamberlain, A.T. 2002: ‘A Bayesian approach to ageing perinatal skeletal material from archaeological sites: implications for the evidence for infanticide in Roman Britain’, Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 677–85Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L., and Knüsel, C.J. 2006: Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Gowland, R.L., and Redfern, R.C. 2010: ‘Childhood health in the Roman World: perspectives from the centre and margin of the Empire’, Childhood in the Past: An International Journal 3, 1542Google Scholar
Gowland, R.L., and Thompson, T.J.U. 2013: Human Identity and Identification, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Gowland, R.L., Chamberlain, A.T., and Redfern, R.C. 2014: ‘On the brink of being: re-evaluating infant death and infanticide in Roman Britain’, in Carroll and Graham 2014, 69–88Google Scholar
Grauer, A., and Stuart-Macadam, P. (eds) 1998: Sex and Gender in Paleopathological Perspective, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Gravlee, C.C. 2009: ‘How race becomes biology: embodiment of social inequality’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, 4757Google Scholar
Griffin, R., Pitts, M., Smith, R., and Brook, A. 2011: ‘Inequality at late Roman Baldock, UK: the impact of social factors on health and diet’, Journal of Anthropological Research 67, 533–56Google Scholar
Harlow, M., and Laurence, R. 2002: Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome: A Life Course Approach, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hollimon, S.E. 2011: ‘Sex and gender in bioarchaeological research. Theory, method and interpretation’, in Agarwal, S.C. and Glencross, B.A. (eds), Social Bioarchaeology, Oxford, 150–82Google Scholar
Jasienska, G. 2009: ‘Low birth weight of contemporary African Americans: an inter-generational effect of slavery?’, American Journal of Human Biology 21, 1624Google Scholar
Joyce, R. 2005: ‘Archaeology of the body’, Annual Review of Anthropology 34, 139–58Google Scholar
Killgrove, K., and Montgomery, J. 2016: ‘All roads lead to Rome: exploring human migration to the Eternal City through biochemistry of skeletons from two imperial-era cemeteries (1st–3rd C AD)’, PLOS ONE, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147585Google Scholar
Knudson, K.J., and Stojanowski, C.M. (eds) 2009: Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, Gainesville, FloridaGoogle Scholar
Krieger, N., and Davy Smith, G. 2004: ‘Bodies count and body counts: social epidemiology and embodying inequality’, Epidemiological Review 26, 92103Google Scholar
Kuzawa, C.W., and Sweet, E. 2009: ‘Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health’, American Journal of Human Biology 21, 215Google Scholar
Leach, S., Lewis, M., Chenery, C., Müldner, G., and Eckardt, H. 2009: ‘Migration and diversity in Roman Britain: a multidisciplinary approach to the identification of immigrants in Roman York, England’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140, 546–61Google Scholar
Leach, S., Eckardt, H., Chenery, C., Müldner, G., and Lewis, M. 2010: ‘A “lady” of York: migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman York’, Antiquity 84, 131–45Google Scholar
Lewis, M.E. 2010: ‘Life and death in a Civitas capital: metabolic disease and trauma in the children from late Roman Dorchester, Dorset’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142, 405–16Google Scholar
Lock, M. 1993: Encounters with Aging: Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M., Hunter-Mann, K., Montgomery, J., Muldner, G., McLaughlin, R.L., Teasdale, M.D., van Rheenen, W., Veldink, J.H., van den Berg, L.H., Hardiman, O., Carroll, M., Roskams, S., Oxley, J., Morgan, C., Thomas, M.G., Barnes, I., McDonnell, C., Collins, M.J., and Bradley, D.G. 2016: ‘Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons’, Nature Communications 7, Article Number 10326Google Scholar
Mays, S. 1993: ‘Infanticide in Roman Britain’, Antiquity 67, 883–8Google Scholar
Mays, S., and Eyers, J. 2011: ‘Perinatal infant death at the Roman villa site at Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, England’, Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 1931–8Google Scholar
Meskell, L., and Preucel, R.W. 2004: Identities. A Companion to Social Archaeology, Oxford, 121–41Google Scholar
Millett, M., and Gowland, R. 2015: ‘Infant and child burial rites in Roman Britain: a study from East Yorkshire’, Britannia 46, 171–89Google Scholar
Montgomery, J., Evans, J., Chenery, S., Pashley, V., and Killgrove, K. 2010: ‘“Gleaming, white and deadly”: using lead to track human exposure and geographic origins in the Roman period in Britain’, in Eckardt 2010, 199–226Google Scholar
Moore, A. 2009: ‘Hearth and home: the burial of infants within Romano-British domestic contexts’, Childhood in the Past: An International Journal 2, 3354Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, C.C., and Moses, Y.T. 1997: ‘Restablishing race in anthropological discourse’, American Anthropologist 99, 516–33Google Scholar
Müldner, G. 2013: ‘Stable isotopes and diet: their contribution to Romano-British research’, Antiquity 87, 137–49Google Scholar
Noy, D. 2010: ‘Epigraphic evidence for immigrants in Rome and Roman Britain’, in Eckardt 2010, 1326Google Scholar
Oudshoorn, N. 1994: Beyond the Natural Body: An Archaeology of Sex Hormones, LondonGoogle Scholar
Ousley, S., Jantz, R., and Freid, D. 2009: ‘Understanding race and human variation: why forensic anthropologists are good at identifying race’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, 6876Google Scholar
Parkin, T. 2003: Old Age in the Roman World, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J. 2010: ‘Burial, identity and migration in the Roman world’, in Eckardt 2010, 7998Google Scholar
Pearce, J. 2013a: Contextual Archaeology of Burial Practice. Case Studies from Roman Britain, BAR British Series 588, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J. 2013b: ‘Beyond the grave. Excavating the dead in the late Roman provinces’, Late Antique Archaeology 9, 441–82Google Scholar
Powell, L.A. 2008: Recording Fractures: Assessing the Potential for a Biocultural Investigation of Romano-British Urbanisation, unpub. MSc dissertation, University of BradfordGoogle Scholar
Powell, L.A., Redfern, R.C., and Millard, A.R. 2014: ‘Infant feeding practices in Roman London: evidence from isotope analysis’, in Carroll and Graham 2014, 89110Google Scholar
Prowse, T., Schwarz, H.P., Saunders, S., Macchiarelli, R., and Bondioli, L. 2005: ‘Isotopic paleodiet studies of skeletons from the Imperial Roman-Age cemetery of Isola Sacra, Rome, Italy’, Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 259–72Google Scholar
Prowse, T.L., Schwarcz, H.P., Garnsey, P., Knyf, M., Macchiarelli, R., and Bondioli, L. 2007: ‘Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to imperial Rome’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132, 510–19Google Scholar
Prowse, T.L., Schwarcz, H.P., Garnsey, P., Knyf, M., Macchiarelli, R., and Bondioli, L. 2008: ‘Isotopic and dental evidence for infant and young child feeding practices in an imperial Roman skeletal sample’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137, 294308Google Scholar
Rawson, B. 2003: Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2003: ‘Sex and the city: a biocultural investigation into female health in Roman Britain’, in Carr, G., Swift, E. and Weekes, J. (eds), TRAC 2002: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford, 147–70Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C. 2007: ‘The influence of culture upon childhood: an osteological study of Iron Age and Romano-British Dorset, England’, in Harlow, M. and Laurence, R. (eds), Age and Ageing in the Roman Empire: Approaches to the Roman Life Course, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 64, Portsmouth, RI, 171–90Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., and DeWitte, S. 2011: ‘A new approach to the study of Romanization in Britain: a regional perspective of cultural change in later Iron Age and Roman Dorset using the Siler and Gompertz-Makeham models of mortality’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144, 269–85Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., and Gowland, R.L. 2012: ‘A bioarchaeological perspective on the pre-adult stages of the life course: implications for the care and health of children in the Roman Empire’, in Harlow, M. and Loven, L. Larsson (eds), Families in the Roman and Late Antique World, London, 111–40Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., Grocke, D., Millard, A.R., Ridgeway, V., and Johnson, L. 2016: ‘Going south of the river: a multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London’, Journal of Archaeological Science 74, 1122Google Scholar
Revell, L. 2005: ‘The Roman life course: a view from inscriptions’, European Journal of Archaeology 8, 4363Google Scholar
Robb, J. 2002: ‘Time and biography: osteobiography of the Italian Neolithic lifespan’, in Hamilakis, Y., Pluciennik, M. and Tarlow, S. (eds), Thinking Through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Robb, J., Bigazzi, R., Lazzari, L., Scarsini, C., and Sonego, F. 2001: ‘Social “status” and biological “status”: a comparison of grave goods and skeletal indicators from Pontecagnano’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115, 213–28Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A., and Cox, M. 2003: Health and Disease in Britain: From Prehistory to the Present Day, GloucesterGoogle Scholar
Samworth, R., and Gowland, R.L. 2007: ‘Estimation of adult skeletal age-at-death: statistical assumptions and applications’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17, 174–88Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2010: Physical Well-Being in the Roman World, Stanford UniversityGoogle Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N., and Lock, M.M. 1987: ‘The mindful body: a prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology’, Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1, 641Google Scholar
Shapland, F., and Lewis, M. 2013: ‘Brief communication: a proposed osteological method for the estimation of pubertal stage in human skeletal remains’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151, 302–10Google Scholar
Shapland, F., and Lewis, M.E. 2014: ‘Brief communication: a proposed method for the assessment of pubertal stage in human skeletal remains using cervical vertebrae maturation’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153, 144–53Google Scholar
Shaw, H., Redfern, R.C., Montgomery, J., Gowland, R.L., and Evans, J. 2016: ‘Identifying migrants in Roman London using lead and strontium isotopes’, Journal of Archaeological Science 66, 5768Google Scholar
Shilling, C. 1993: The Body and Social Theory, LondonGoogle Scholar
Sofaer, J. 2006: The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Sofaer Derevenski, J. 1997: ‘Age and gender at the site of Tiszapolgár-Basatanya, Hungary’, Antiquity 71, 875–89Google Scholar
Sofaer Derevenski, J. 2000: ‘Sex differences in activity-related osseous change in the spine and the gendered division of labor at Ensay and Wharram Percy, UK’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, 333–54Google Scholar
Swift, E. 2010: ‘Identifying migrant communities: a contextual analysis of grave assemblages from continental late Roman cemeteries’, Britannia 41, 237–82Google Scholar
Thompson, T.J.U. (ed.) 2015: The Archaeology of Cremation, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Thompson, T.J.U., Szigeti, J., Gowland, R.L., and Witcher, R. 2016: ‘Death on the frontier: military cremation practices in the north of Roman Britain’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10, 828–36Google Scholar
Turner, B.S. 1984: The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. 2015: ‘Normal bone physiology, remodeling and its hormonal regulation’, Surgery 33, 16Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R.G. 2006: ‘Ourselves and others – for better or worse: social vulnerability and inequality’, in Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R.G. (eds), Social Determinants of Health (2nd edn), Oxford, 341–57Google Scholar
Williams, F.L., Belcher, R.L., and Armelagos, G.J. 2005: ‘Forensic misclassification of ancient Nubian crania: implications for assumptions about human variation’, Current Anthropology 46, 340–6Google Scholar