Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T12:59:36.484Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Metabolic syndrome among young adults at high and low familial risk for depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2021

Shimrit Daches Open the ORCID record for Shimrit Daches [Opens in a new window] ,
Miklós Vértes ,
Karen Matthews ,
Edit Dósa ,
Eniko Kiss ,
Ildikó Baji ,
Krisztina Kapornai ,
Charles J. George  and
Maria Kovacs
Shimrit Daches*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Miklós Vértes
Affiliation:
Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Karen Matthews
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Edit Dósa
Affiliation:
Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Hungarian Vascular Radiology Research Group
Eniko Kiss
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Ildikó Baji
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Krisztina Kapornai
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Charles J. George
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Maria Kovacs
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Shimrit Daches, E-mail: shimrit.daches@biu.ac.il
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Our study examined whether the early-onset depression phenotype among young adults (probands) is associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and if MetS characterizes unaffected but high-risk siblings of probands.

Methods

We studied three groups of young adults (Mage = 25 years, s.d. = 3.84 years): probands with histories of childhood onset depression – i.e. early-onset phenotype – (n = 293), their unaffected siblings (high-risk siblings, n = 273), and healthy controls (n = 171). Participants completed a full psychiatric interview, physical and laboratory assessments, and self-rating scales. MetS was defined using the criteria of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001).

Results

Early-onset depression phenotype and being a high-risk sibling were associated with higher MetS composite scores relative to that of controls, but did not differ from one another. With regard to MetS components: Probands and siblings had similarly larger waist circumference and lower HDL than did controls, while siblings and controls had lower triglyceride levels than did probands but did not differ from one another. Groups did not differ on glucose levels and SBP.

Conclusions

Our study extends the literature on the association between MetS and depression and underscores the importance of depression phenotypes: failure to account for the clinical heterogeneity of depression may partly underlie the inconsistent findings regarding its relation to MetS. The results also suggest that, in depression-prone populations, MetS may predate and possibly function as a risk factor for eventual depression.

Keywords

depression phenotypesearly-onsethigh-risk samplesmetabolic syndrome
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 4 , March 2023 , pp. 1355 - 1363
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, M., Bhuket, T., Torres, S., Liu, B., & Wong, R. J. (2015). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003–2012. JAMA, 313(19), 1973–1974. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.4260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akbaraly, T. N., Ancelin, M. L., Jaussent, I., Ritchie, C., Barberger-Gateau, P., Dufouil, C., … Ritchie, K. (2011). Metabolic syndrome and onset of depressive symptoms in the elderly: Findings from the three-city study. Diabetes care, 34(4), 904–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akbaraly, T. N., Kivimäki, M., Brunner, E. J., Chandola, T., Marmot, M. G., Singh-Manoux, A., & Ferrie, J. E. (2009). Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in middle-aged adults: Results from the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care, 32(3), 499–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association, . (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2006). Implications of high-risk family studies for prevention of depression. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31(6), 126–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakhtiari, A., Hashemi, M., Hosseini, S. R., Omidvar, S., Bijani, A., & Khairkhah, F. (2018). The relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome in the elderly population: The cohort aging study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4), 230.Google ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck depression inventory–II. Psychological Assessment. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar
Bondar, R. J. L., & Mead, D. C. (1974). Evaluation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides in the hexokinase method for determining glucose in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 20(5), 586–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borghi, C., Dormi, A., Ambrosioni, E., & Gaddi, A. (2002). Relative role of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure as risk factors for cardiovascular events in the Brisighella Heart Study. Journal of Hypertension, 20(9), 1737–1742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brailean, A., Curtis, J., Davis, K., Dregan, A., & Hotopf, M. (2020). Characteristics, comorbidities, and correlates of atypical depression: Evidence from the UK biobank mental health survey. Psychological Medicine, 50(7), 1129–1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719001004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucolo, G., & David, H. (1973). Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clinical Chemistry, 19(5).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, D. B., Utzschneider, K. M., Hull, R. L., Kodama, K., Retzlaff, B. M., Brunzell, J. D., … Kahn, S. E. (2004). Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, 53(8), 2087–2094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., … Oja, P. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daches, S., Vine, V., George, C. J., & Kovacs, M. (2019). Adversity and depression: The moderating role of stress reactivity among high and low risk youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(8), 1391–1399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Frias, C. M., Bunce, D., Wahlin, Å., Adolfsson, R., Sleegers, K., Cruts, M., … Nilsson, L. G. (2007). Cholesterol and triglycerides moderate the effect of apolipoprotein E on memory functioning in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(2), P112–P118. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.2.P112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demirci, H., Cinar, Y., & Bilgel, N. (2011). Metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in a primary health care setting in Turkey. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(1), 49–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, J. A., Reddy, P., Davis-Lameloise, N., Philpot, B., Laatikainen, T., Kilkkinen, A., … Janus, E. D. (2008). Depression: An important comorbidity with metabolic syndrome in a general population. Diabetes Care, 31(12), 2368–2373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enko, D., Brandmayr, W., Halwachs-Baumann, G., Schnedl, W. J., Meinitzer, A., & Kriegshäuser, G. (2018). Prospective plasma lipid profiling in individuals with and without depression. Lipids in Health and Disease, 17(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0796-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ervin, R. B. (2009). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index. National Health Statistics Report. United States, 2003–2006.Google Scholar
Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (2001). Executive summary of the third report (NCEP) -adult treatment panel III. Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 2486–2497. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 – research version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, research version; SCID-5-RV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, pp. 1–94.Google Scholar
Foley, D. L., Morley, K. I., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Whitfield, J. B., & Martin, N. G. (2010). Major depression and the metabolic syndrome. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 13(4), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.13.4.347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galassi, A., Reynolds, K., & He, J. (2006). Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Medicine, 119(10), 812–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gami, A. S., Witt, B. J., Howard, D. E., Erwin, P. J., Gami, L. A., Somers, V. K., & Montori, V. M. (2007). Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death. A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49(4), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Parizad, N., & Sayehmiri, K. (2016). The relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(6), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.26523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, B. I., Carnethon, M. R., Matthews, K. A., McIntyre, R. S., Miller, G. E., Raghuveer, G., … McCrindle, B. W. (2015). Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 132(10), 965–986. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herva, A., Räsänen, P., Miettunen, J., Timonen, M., Läksy, K., Veijola, J., … Joukamaa, M. (2006). Co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in young adults: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(2), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000203172.02305.ea.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, T. L., & Chen, J. F. (2004). Lipid and lipoprotein levels in depressive disorders with melancholic feature or atypical feature and dysthymia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58(3), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01235.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002). Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(3), 215–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan-Miller, D., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2007). Health outcomes related to early adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(3), 256–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinder, L. S., Carnethon, M. R., Palaniappan, L. P., King, A. C., & Fortmann, S. P. (2004). Depression and the metabolic syndrome in young adults: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(3), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000124755.91880.f4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiss, E., Gentzler, A. M., George, C., Kapornai, K., Tamás, Z., Kovacs, M., & Vetró, Á. (2007). Factors influencing mother-child reports of depressive symptoms and agreement among clinically referred depressed youngsters in Hungary. Journal of Affective Disorders, 100(1–3), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, M., & Lopez-Duran, N. (2010). Prodromal symptoms and atypical affectivity as predictors of major depression in juveniles: Implications for prevention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(4), 472–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02230.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovacs, M., Obrosky, S., & George, C. (2016). The course of major depressive disorder from childhood to young adulthood: Recovery and recurrence in a longitudinal observational study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 374–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasserre, A. M., Strippoli, M. F., Glaus, J., Gholam-Rezaee, M., Vandeleur, C. L., Castelao, E., … Preisig, M. (2017). Prospective associations of depression subtypes with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the general population. Molecular Psychiatry, 22(7), 1026–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, K. P., Liang, T. L., Liao, I. C., & Tsay, S. L. (2014). Associations among depression, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in young adult females. Biological Research For Nursing, 16(3), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800413500138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, X., Li, J., Zheng, P., Zhao, X., Zhou, C., Hu, C., … Xu, G. (2016). Plasma lipidomics reveals potential lipid markers of major depressive disorder. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 408(23), 6497–6507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9768-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannie, Z. N., Williams, C., Diesch, J., Steptoe, A., Leeson, P., & Cowen, P. J. (2013). Cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in young people at familial risk of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 18–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marazziti, D., Rutigliano, G., Baroni, S., Landi, P., & Dell'Osso, L. (2014). Metabolic syndrome and major depression. CNS Spectrums, 19(4), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852913000667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maziade, M., Roy, M. A., Fournier, J. P., Cliche, D., Merette, C., Caron, C., … Raymond, V. (1992). Reliability of best-estimate diagnosis in genetic linkage studies of major psychoses: Results from the Quebec pedigree studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(12), 1674–1686. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.12.1674.Google ScholarPubMed
McCaffery, J. M., Niaura, R., Todaro, J. F., Swan, G. E., & Carmelli, D. (2003). Depressive symptoms and metabolic risk in adult male twins enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute twin study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(3), 490–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, R. S., Soczynska, J. K., Liauw, S. S., Woldeyohannes, H. O., Brietzke, E., Nathanson, J., … Kennedy, S. H. (2012). The association between childhood adversity and components of metabolic syndrome in adults with mood disorders: Results from the international mood disorders collaborative project. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 43(2), 165–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreira, F. P., Jansen, K., de Cardoso, T. A., Mondin, T. C., da Magalhães, P. V. S., Kapczinski, F., … Wiener, C. D. (2017). Metabolic syndrome in subjects with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder in a current depressive episode: Population-based study: Metabolic syndrome in current depressive episode. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 92, 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, J. E., & Banks, W. A. (2010). Lipids and cognition. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(3), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-091576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhtz, C., Zyriax, B. C., Klähn, T., Windler, E., & Otte, C. (2009). Depressive symptoms and metabolic risk: Effects of cortisol and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(7), 1004–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padmos, R. C., Van Baal, G. C. M., Vonk, R., Wijkhuijs, A. J., Kahn, R. S., Nolen, W. A., & Drexhage, H. A. (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on pro-inflammatory monocytes in bipolar disorder: A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(9), 957–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, A., Keum, N., Okereke, O. I., Sun, Q., Kivimaki, M., Rubin, R. R., & Hu, F. B. (2012). Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 35(5), 1171–1180. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC11-2055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulkki-Råback, L., Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., Mattsson, N., Raitakari, O. T., Puttonen, S., … Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2009). Depressive symptoms and the metabolic syndrome in childhood and adulthood: A prospective cohort study. Health Psychology, 28(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Repousi, N., Masana, M. F., Sanchez-Niubo, A., Haro, J. M., & Tyrovolas, S. (2018). Depression and metabolic syndrome in the older population: A review of evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 237, 56–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Retnakaran, R., Zinman, B., Connelly, P. W., Harris, S. B., & Hanley, A. J. (2006). Nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in pediatric metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 148(2), 176–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, D. (2011). Prevalence and clinical course of depression: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1117–1125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, J., Yaroslavsky, I., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., George, C. J., Baji, I., … Kovacs, M. (2014). The association between major depressive disorder in childhood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescence. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sevincok, L., Buyukozturk, A., & Dereboy, F. (2001). Serum lipid concentrations in patients with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(1), 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370104600110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shao, T. N., Yin, G. Z., Yin, X. L., Wu, J. Q., Du, X. D., Zhu, H. L., … Hui, L. (2017). Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with cognitive impairments among patients with major depressive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 75, 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherrill, J. T., & Kovacs, M. (2000). Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents (ISCA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200001000-00018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skilton, M. R., Moulin, P., Terra, J. L., & Bonnet, F. (2007). Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 62(11), 1251–1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeuchi, T., Nakao, M., Kachi, Y., & Yano, E. (2013). Association of metabolic syndrome with atypical features of depression in Japanese people. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67(7), 532–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takeuchi, T., Nakao, M., Nomura, K., & Yano, E. (2009). Association of metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in Japanese men. Diabetes and Metabolism, 35(1), 32–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, C., Hyppönen, E., & Power, C. (2008). Obesity and type 2 diabetes risk in midadult life: The role of childhood adversity. Pediatrics, 121(5), e1240–e1249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tune, J. D., Goodwill, A. G., Sassoon, D. J., & Mather, K. J. (2017). Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome. Translational Research 183, 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2017.01.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaccarino, V., McClure, C., Johnson, B. D., Sheps, D. S., Bittner, V., Rutledge, T., … Merz, C. N. B. (2008). Depression, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815c1b85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vancampfort, D., Correll, C. U., Wampers, M., Sienaert, P., Mitchell, A. J., De Herdt, A., … De Hert, M. (2014). Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of prevalences and moderating variables. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2017–2028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogelzangs, N., Beekman, A. T., Boelhouwer, I. G., Bandinelli, S., Milaneschi, Y., Ferrucci, L., & Penninx, B. W. (2011). Metabolic depression: A chronic depressive subtype? Findings from the InCHIANTI study of older persons. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(5), 598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, S., Hicks, B. M., Foster, K. T., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2015). Age of onset and course of major depressive disorder: Associations with psychosocial functioning outcomes in adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 45(3), 505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, S., Yang, H., Guo, X., Zheng, L., & Sun, Y. (2017). Metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms among rural Northeast general population in China. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zisook, S., Lesser, I., Stewart, J. W., Wisniewski, S. R., Balasubramani, G. K., Fava, M., … Trivedi, M. H. (2007). Effect of age at onset on the course of major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1539–1546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed