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Cryptic species complexes in manipulative echinostomatid trematodes: when two become six

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

T. L. F. LEUNG ,
D. B. KEENEY  and
R. POULIN
T. L. F. LEUNG*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
D. B. KEENEY
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Department of Biological Sciences, Le Moyne College, 1419 Salt Springs Road, Syracuse, New York13214-1301, USA
R. POULIN
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin9054, New Zealand. Tel: +64 3 479 7964. Fax: +64 3 479 7584. E-mail: leuto618@student.otago.ac.nz
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Summary

Recent studies have shown that some digenean trematodes previously identified as single species due to the lack of distinguishing morphological characteristics actually consist of a number of genetically distinct cryptic species. We obtained mitochondrial 16S and nuclear ITS1 sequences for the redial stages of Acanthoparyphium sp. and Curtuteria australis collected from snails and whelks at various locations around Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. These two echinostomes are well-known host manipulators whose impact extends to the entire intertidal community. Using phylogenetic analyses, we found that Acanthoparyphium sp. is actually composed of at least 4 genetically distinct species, and that a cryptic species of Curtuteria occurs in addition to C. australis. Molecular data obtained for metacercariae dissected from cockle second intermediate hosts matched sequences obtained for Acanthoparyphium sp. A and C. australis rediae, respectively, but no other species. The various cryptic species of both Acanthoparyphium and Curtuteria also showed an extremely localized pattern of distribution: some species were either absent or very rare in Otago Harbour, but reached far higher prevalence in nearby sheltered inlets. This small-scale spatial segregation is unexpected as shorebird definitive hosts can disperse trematode eggs across wide geographical areas, which should result in a homogeneous mixing of the species on small geographical scales. Possible explanations for this spatial segregation of the species include sampling artefacts, local adaptation by first intermediate hosts, environmental conditions, and site fidelity of the definitive hosts.

Keywords

cryptic speciesphylogenyEchinostomatidae16SITS1spatial segregation
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 136 , Issue 2 , February 2009 , pp. 241 - 252
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

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