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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008
Nation-Building implies integration on a variety of levels, but the converse is not true. Integration may result in a dependency, but does not imply the mental awareness of unity. Because of the ethnic interaction that has taken place over the centuries before and during the era of colonialism, there exist greater and lesser degrees of functional integration in Africa. Because of this interaction, Ronald Cohen and John Middleton have stated that ‘ethnic units as clear-cut entities are sociological abstractions ’1 However, one would be hard pressed to find anything approaching the breadth and depth of integration so necessary for us to ignore ethnic identity and diversity within any modern African state. Nation-building indicates a movement from simple interaction, through varying degrees of systems integration, to an ultimate awareness of membership in a common polity.
Page 211 note 1 Cohen, Ronald and Middleton, John (eds.), From Tribe to Nation in Africa (Scranton, 1970), p. 9.Google Scholar
Page 211 note 2 Zolberg, Aristide, One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast (Princeton, 1969 edn.), p. 16.Google Scholar
Page 211 note 3 The illustration is based upon my visit to Djakoteti, Ivory Coast, in April 1966. This small Bakoué village of less than 40 people is located near the upperSan Pédro River, approximately 30 miles from the Atlantic coast.
Page 213 note 1 Zolberg, op. cit. p. 11, indicates that there are at least 60 perceived groups in the Ivory Coast, whereas the results of the official demographic survey lists 220 ethnic groups clustered into five principal categories. See Enquête démographique, 1957–1958, résultats définitfs, Supplément trimestriel au Bulletin mensuel de la statistique (Abidjan, 1966), VIII, I, pp. 24–25.Google Scholar
Page 213 note 2 Zolberg, op. cit. p. 20.
Page 213 note 3 Ibid. See pp. 29–35 and ch. 2.
Page 213 note 4 Ibid. p. 67. See also Schachter, Ruth, ‘Single-Party Systems in West Africa’, in The American Political Science Review (Menasha), LV, 2, 06 1961, p. 295,Google Scholar and Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa (Oxford, 1964), pp. 16–22.Google Scholar For greater elaboration by Zolberg, see his ‘Ivory Coast’ in James S. Coleman and Carl G. Rosberg, Jr. (eds.), Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley, 1964), pp. 66–68.Google Scholar
Page 214 note 1 Cf. Schachter, loc. cit. pp. 296–99; Morgenthau, op. cit. pp. 16–22 and Zolberg, loc. cit. pp. 70–72 and One-Party Government, pp. 65–66.
Page 214 note 2 Potholm, Christian P., Four African Political Systems (Englewood Cliffs, 1970), p. 266.Google Scholar
Page 214 note 3 Cohen and Middleton, op. cit. pp. 9–10.
Page 214 note 4 Ibid. p. 17.
Page 214 note 5 Ibid.
Page 214 note 6 Deutsch, Karl W., ‘The Growth of Nations’, in World Politics (Princeton), v, 01 1953, pp. 169–70.Google Scholar
Page 214 note 7 Deutsch, Karl W., ‘Social Mobilization and Political Development’, in The American Political Science Review, LV, 3, 09 1961, p. 494.Google Scholar
Page 215 note 1 Schachter, loc. cit. p. 302, and Morgenthau, op. cit. p. 346.
Page 215 note 2 Zolberg, Aristide, ‘Mass Parties and National Integration: the case of the Ivory Coast’, in The Journal of Politics (Gainesville), xxv, 1, 02 1963, p. 40.Google Scholar
Page 217 note 1 Law 59–4, as reported in U.S. Department of State, Airgram A-207, ‘New Territorial Divisions of Ivory Coast’, 27 08 1969, p. 3.Google Scholar
Page 217 note 2 Law 59–133, ibid.
Page 217 note 3 For an excellent explanation of Houphouēt-Boigny's stand, see Zolberg, , One-Party Government, pp. 236–39.Google Scholar
Page 218 note 1 Decree of 3 January 1961, as reported later in Fraternité-matin (Abidjan), 12 06 1969, p. 7.Google Scholar
Page 218 note 2 Zolberg, , One-Party Government, p. 330.Google Scholar
Page 218 note 3 Ibid. footnote 79, p. 279.
Page 218 note 4 Ibid. p. 277.
Page 218 note 5 Emerson, Rupert, ‘Nation-Building in Africa’, in Deutsch, Karl W. and Foltz, William J. (eds.), Nation-Building (New York, 1963), p. 107.Google Scholar
Page 218 note 6 Zolberg, , One-Party Government, p. 53.Google Scholar
Page 218 note 7 Zolberg, , ‘Mass Parties and National Integration’, p. 38.Google Scholar
Page 218 note 8 Department of State, Airgram A-207, p. 3.Google Scholar
Page 219 note 1 Schachter, loc. cit. p. 302, and Morgenthau, op. cit. p. 346.
Page 219 note 2 Zolberg, , One-Party Government, p. 286.Google Scholar
Page 219 note 3 Ibid. p. 318.
Page 219 note 4 Ibid. p. 271.
Page 219 note 5 Alexander, A. S. Jr, ‘The Ivory Coast Constitution: an accelerator, not a brake’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), I, 3, 09 1963, p. 309.Google Scholar
Page 219 note 6 Zolberg, , One-Party Government, p. 264.Google Scholar
Page 219 note 7 Ibid. p. 357.
Page 223 note 1 Afrique de l'ouest (Paris, 1958), pp. 394–95.Google Scholar
Page 223 note 2 Greenberg, Joseph H., The Languages of Africa (Bloomington, 1966), p. 8;Google ScholarRoberts, T. D. et al. , Area Handbook for the Ivory Coast (Washington, The Foreign Areas Studies Division, Special Operations Research Office, The American University, 1962), p. 80.Google Scholar
Page 223 note 3 Area Handbook, pp. 68–71.
Page 223 note 4 Fraternité-matin, 12 06 1969, p. 7.Google Scholar
Page 224 note 1 Area Handbook, p. 79.
Page 224 note 2 Ibid. pp. 72–73.
Page 225 note 1 Fraternité-matin, 12 06 1969, p. 7.Google Scholar
Page 228 note 1 Ibid.
Page 228 note 2 Department of State, Airgram A-207, p. 2.Google Scholar
Page 228 note 3 Duchacek, Ivo D., Comparative Federation (New York, 1970), p. 3.Google Scholar
