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Toward an Inventory of Basic Trends and Patterns in Comparative and International Politics*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

Karl W. Deutsch
Karl W. Deutsch*
Affiliation:
Yale University
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Extract

Recent decades have seen a vast increase of research in international relations, as in all fields of political and social science. We have more facts and many more expressions of opinion, and we are facing increasingly serious problems of reorientation. We know that much in the world of relations among nations has changed and is still changing, but what is the nature of this change? Is the world becoming more international? Is it turning into one world in which even the United States and the Soviet Union are influencing each other ever more, or at least into two worlds of two rival and ever more tightty integrated Communist and non-Communist blocs? Is the nation-state being superseded by the rise of new continent-wide or ocean-wide treaty organizations or federations?

And what is happening within most of the old and new nation-states, as they enter upon these new arrangements? Are their governments becoming more stable or less? Are their political and administrative capabilities rising or declining? Are power and prestige within these states shifting toward the elites or toward the masses of their populations? Are political controls of economic life in the long run growing or receding? Are we moving toward a world of “garrison states” or toward a world of “open societies,” or is the world moving in uncharted directions for which not even images have yet been found?

Surely, these seem sweeping questions. Scholars and men of affairs might be tempted to put them aside, and to turn their attention to the immediate business at hand. They may prefer the study of some particular conflict between two countries, or of the interests of this or that state, or of the merits of this or that policy at some particular moment. All serious questions, it has been argued, are particular and perhaps unique, and any broader and more general answers might be neither warranted nor wanted.

Such a retreat into the exclusive study of small-scale and short-range problems is based upon a fallacy. We cannot think about particular problems without making assumptions about the general context of the world in which they occur. Usually these assumptions are intuitive and vague. We form some indefinite conception of how states of a particular size and type of government and culture are expected to behave at particular times and places, and we feel surprised when some particular country departs strikingly from these half-formed expectations.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 54 , Issue 1 , March 1960 , pp. 34 - 57
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1960

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Footnotes

*

A draft of this paper was presented at the International Relations Conference, Northwestern University, April 8–10, 1959. Much of the work reported in this paper has been supported by the Carnegie Corporation; and the research summarized in section VI, below, was started at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.

References

1 cf. Lipset, Seymour M., “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” this Review, Vol. 53 (March, 1959), pp. 69–105 Google Scholar, and Shannon, Lyle W., ed., Underdeveloped Areas (New York, 1957)Google Scholar, and his article, “Is Level of Government Related to Capacity for Self-Government?” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 17 (1958), pp. 367–382. cf. also Lerner, Daniel, The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, The Free Press, 1958)Google Scholar, and Lerner, , “Communication Systems and Social Systems,” Behavioral Science, Vol. 2 (October, 1957), pp. 266–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Lerner, Daniel, “Communication Systems and Social Systems: A Statistical Exploration in History and Policy,” Behavioral Science, Vol. 2 (October, 1957), pp. 266–75, at p. 268CrossRefGoogle Scholar, n. 6, with references.

3 cf. Deutsch, K. W. and Eckstein, Alexander, “National Industrialization and the Relative Decline of Foreign Trade, 1890–1957,” forthcoming, in World Politics (1960).Google Scholar

4 cf. Deutsch, K. W., “Shifts in the Balance of International Communication Flows,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 20 (Spring, 1956), pp. 143–160 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, with further references.

5 cf. Guetzkow, Harold, Multiple Loyalties, Theoretical Approach to a Problem in International Organizations, Publication No. 4, Center for Research on World Political Institutions (Princeton University, 1955)Google Scholar; Haas, Ernst B., The Uniting of Europe (Stanford University Press, 1958)Google Scholar; “Persistent Themes in Atlantic and European Unity,” World Politics, Vol. 10 (July, 1958), pp. 614–628; and “The Challenge of Regionalism,” International Organization, Vol. 12 (Fall, 1958), pp. 440–458; Deutsch, K. W., Burrell, S. A., Kann, Robert A., Lee, Maurice, Lichterman, Martin, Lindgren, Raymond E., Loewenheim, Francis L., and Van Wagenen, Richard W., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton University Press, 1957), chs. 1–3Google Scholar, and Appendix.

6 A fuller account, with the data, will appear in K. W. Deutsch and I. Richard Savage, Regionalism, Trade and International Community, forthcoming.

7 cf. data on German exports in 1938 and 1954 in Deutsch, Karl W. and Edinger, Lewis J., Germany Rejoins the Powers (Stanford, University Press, 1959), pp. 228–231.Google Scholar See also Elliott J. Berg, “The Economic Basis of Political Choice in French West Africa,” this Review, forthcoming June issue.