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Spatial Variability in the Folsom Archaeological Record: A Multi-Scalar Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Brian N. Andrews ,
Jason M. LaBelle  and
John D. Seebach
Brian N. Andrews
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, and Department of History and Political Science, Rogers State University, Claremore, OK 74017 (bnandrew@smu.edu)
Jason M. LaBelle
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523 (jason.labelle@colostate.edu)
John D. Seebach
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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Abstract

Most models of Folsom adaptation consider specialized bison hunting and high rates of residential mobility to be defining characteristics. We use spatial and assemblage content data from a sample of 619 Folsom sites located throughout the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and Southwest to evaluate whether the archaeological record actually reflects these characteristics. Three spatial scales of analysis are utilized. First, site scale analysis of a subset of sites shows a great deal of variability in spatial and temporal characteristics. Sites can be roughly divided into small, single occupation locales and large, serially occupied sites. Second, day-to-day foraging occurs at what we term the foraging scale. This intermediate spatial scale is poorly understood for Folsom groups, though large sites such as Blackwater Draw and Lindenmeier provide clues that are supplemented by information from the ethnographic record. Third, the macro-regional scale analysis utilizes the entire site sample and indicates that the Folsom archaeological record consists primarily of small locales scattered across the landscape punctuated by only a few large, serially occupied sites. Overall, our analysis suggests that Folsom adaptive systems were more variable than normally recognized, and, in certain settings, may have been characterized by reduced residential mobility. Furthermore, we postulate that Folsom land use, rather than being conditioned primarily by mobile prey, may have been at least partly conditioned by more predictable resources such as wood, water, and toolstone.

Résumé

Résumé

La mayoría de los modelos de adaptación Folsom consideran la especialización a la caza de bisonte y los altos índices de mobilidad residencial como las características que los definen. En nuestra investigación se uso contenido espacial e información del contenido del ensamblaje de una muestra de 619 sitios Folsom ubicados en toda la zona las Grandes Llanuras, las Montañas Rocallosas, y el sudoeste de los Estados Unidos, para evaluar si en realidad el registro arqueológico refleja esta características. Se utilizaron tres escalas espaciales de análisis. En primer lugar, el uso de la escala sitio de análisis de un subgrupo de sitios indica una gran variabilidad en características de espacio y tiempo. Los sitios pueden ser divididos aproximadamente en pequeñas localidades de una sola ocupación, y grandes localidades donde ocupaciones son de tipo secuencial. En segundo lugar, la recolección de alimentos ocurre día a día dentro de lo que hemos definido como la escala de forraje. Esta escala de espacio intermedia ha sido pobremente entendida dentro de los grupos Folsom, a pesar de que sitios como Blackwater Draw y Lindenmeier nos proporcionan pistas que son suplementadas con información del registro etnográfico. En tercer lugar, la escala macro-regional de análisis utiliza la totalidad de las muestras del sitio e indíca que el registro arqueológico Folsom consiste primordialmente de pequeñas localidades esparcidas por el paisaje, apuntando a solo unos sitios de gran tamaño, con ocupaciones seriales. En resumen, nuestro análisis sugiere que los sistemas adaptativos Folsom eran mas variables de lo que se reconoce normalemente, y en ciertos escenarios, pueden ser caracterizados como de reducida mobilidad residencial. Además, hemos postulado que el uso Folsom de la tierra, mas que de haber sido condicionado principalmente por la mobilidad de la presa, pudo haber sido condicionada en parte por recursos mas predecibles como la madera, el agua, y los utensilios de piedra.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 73 , Issue 3 , July 2008 , pp. 464 - 490
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

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