Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T16:07:54.435Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

36 - HSV: persistence in the population: epidemiology, transmission

from Part III - Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host response, and epidemiology: HSV-1 and HSV-2

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

By
Anna Wald  and
Lawrence Corey
Edited by
Ann Arvin ,
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume ,
Edward Mocarski ,
Patrick S. Moore ,
Bernard Roizman ,
Richard Whitley  and
Koichi Yamanishi
Anna Wald
Affiliation:
University of Washington, USA
Lawrence Corey
Affiliation:
University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, WA, USA
Ann Arvin
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
Edward Mocarski
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Patrick S. Moore
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Bernard Roizman
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Richard Whitley
Affiliation:
University of Alabama, Birmingham
Koichi Yamanishi
Affiliation:
University of Osaka, Japan
Get access

Summary

Epidemiology of HSV-1 and HSV-2

Herpes simplex viruses are among the most ubiquitous of human infections. The frequency of HSV infection has been measured by testing various populations for the presence of antibody, as both virus and the immune response are thought to persist after infection for the life of the host. Worldwide, ∼90% of people have one or both viruses. HSV-1 is the more prevalent virus, with 65% of persons in the United States having antibodies to HSV-1 (Xu et al., 2002). The epidemiology in Europe is similar, with at least half of the population seropositive for HSV-1. In the developing world, HSV-1 is almost universal, and usually acquired from intimate contact with family in early childhood (Whitley et al., 1998). After childhood, the HSV-1 prevalence rates increase minimally with age. Rates of HSV-1 infection are similar for men and women. In the United States, African-Americans and Asians have higher rates of HSV-1 infection than whites. The majority of infections are oral, although most are asymptomatic. Some data suggest that in developed countries, acquisition of HSV-1 is delayed from early childhood to adolescence or young adulthood (Hashido et al., 1999; Mertz et al., 2003).

HSV-2 infections are markedly less frequent than HSV-1 infections, with 15%–80% of people in various populations infected (Corey and Wald, 1999). The rates of infection vary with country as well as levels of sexual activity.

Type
Chapter
Information
Human Herpesviruses
Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis
 , pp. 656 - 672
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alster, T. S. and Nanni, C. A. (1999). Famciclovir prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus reactivation after laser skin resurfacing. Dermatol. Surg, 25, 242–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amir, J., Harel, L., Smetana, Z., and Varsano, I. (1999). The natural history of primary herpes simplex type 1 gingivostomatitis in children. Pediatr. Dermatol., 16, 259–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, B. J. (1999). The effectiveness of valacyclovir in preventing reactivation of herpes gladiatorum in wrestlers. Clin. J. Sport Med., 9, 86–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, B. J. (2003). The epidemiology and clinical analysis of several outbreaks of herpes gladiatorum. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 35, 1809–1814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoki, F. Y., Tyring, S., Diaz-Mitoma, F., Gross, G., Gao, J. and Hamed, K. (2006). Single-day, patient-initiated famciclovir therapy for recurrent genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis., 42(1), 8–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arvin, A., Yeager, A., Bruhn, F., and Grossman, M. (1982). Neonatal herpes simplex infection in the absence of mucocutaneous lesions. J. Pediatrics, 100, 715–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arvin, A., Hensleigh, P., Prober, C.et al. (1986). Failure of antepartum maternal cultures to predict the infant's risk of exposure to herpes simplex virus at delivery. N. Engl. J. Med., 315, 796–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, H., Macaluso, M., Nahmias, A.et al. (1999). Correlates of herpes simplex virus seroprevalence among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm. Dis., 26, 329–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagdades, E., Pillay, D., Squire, S., O'Neil, C., Johnson, M., and Griffiths, P. (1992). Relationship between herpes simplex virus ulceration and CD4+ cell counts in patients with HIV infection. AIDS, 6, 1317–1320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balfour H. (1994). Recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 13, 170.CrossRef
Ballard R. (2001). In ASHA Summit on HSV Diagnostics Seattle.
Barton, S. E., Davis, J. M., Moss, V. W., Tyms, A. S., and Munday, P. E. (1987). Asymptomatic shedding and subsequent transmission of genital herpes simplex virus. Genitourin. Med., 63, 102–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Becker, T. M. (1992). Herpes gladiatorum: a growing problem in sports medicine. Cutis, 50, 150–152.Google ScholarPubMed
Beeson, W. H. and Rachel, J. D. (2002). Valacyclovir prophylaxis for herpes simplex virus infection or infection recurrence following laser skin resurfacing. Dermatol Surg., 28, 331–336.Google ScholarPubMed
Bell, W., Chulay, J., and Feinberg, J. (1997). Manifestations resembling thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with advanced HIV disease in a cytomegalovirus prophylaxis trial (ACTG 204). Medicine, 76, 369–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belongia, E., Goodman, J., Holland, E.et al. (1991). An outbreak of herpes gladiatorum at a high school wrestling camp. N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 906–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti, J. K., Corey, L., and Ashley, R. (1994). Recurrence rates in genital herpes after symptomatic first-episode infection. Ann. Intern. Med., 121, 847–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, D. I., Lovett, M. A., and Bryson, Y. J. (1984). Serologic analysis of first-episode nonprimary genital herpes simplex virus infection. Presence of type 2 antibody in acute serum samples. Am. J. Med., 77, 1055–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beyrer, C., Jitwatcharanan, K., Natpratan, C.et al. (1998). Molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in a sexually transmitted disease clinic population in northern Thailand: predominance of herpes simplex virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 178, 243–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, C., Tyssen, D., Tachedjian, G.et al. (1992). Clinical effects and in vitro studies of trifluorothymidine combined with interferon-alpha for treatment of drug-resistant and -sensitive herpes simplex virus infections. J. Infect. Dis., 166, 108–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blower, S. and Boe, C. (1993). Sex acts, sex partners, and sex budgets: implications for risk factor analysis and estimation of HIV transmission probabilitites. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Syndn., 6, 1347–1352.Google Scholar
Brice, S., Krzemien, D., Weston, W., and Huff, J. (1989). Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme. J. Invest. Dermatol., 93, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, Z. A. (2000). HSV-2 specific serology should be offered routinely to antenatal patients [In Process Citation]. Rev. Med. Virol., 10, 141–144.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Z. A., Selke, S. A., Zeh, J.et al. (1997). Acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med., 337, 509–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, Z. A., Wald, A., Morrow, R. A., Selke, S., Zeh, J., and Corey, L. (2003). Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 289, 203–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryson, Y. J., Dillon, M., Bernstein, D. I., Radolf, J., Zakowski, P., and Garratty, E. (1993). Risk of acquisition of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 in sex partners of persons with genital herpes: a prospective couple study. J. Infect. Dis., 167, 942–946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, D. W., Simonsen, J. N., D'Costa, L. J. et al. (1989). Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet, 403–407.CrossRef
Carney, O., Ross, E., Bunker, C., Ikkos, G., and Mindel, A. (1994). A prospective study of the psychological impact on patients with a first episode of genital herpes. Genitourin. Med., 70, 40–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Catotti, D. N., Clarke, P., and Catoe, K. E. (1993). Herpes revisited: still a cause of concern. Sex Transm. Dis., 20, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR Recomm. Rep., 51, 1–82.
Chase, R. A., Pottage, J. C. Jr., Haber, M. H., Kistler, G., Jensen, D., and Levin, S. (1987). Herpes simplex viral hepatitis in adults: two case reports and review of the literature. Rev. Infect. Dis., 9, 329–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, C. Y., Ballard, R. C., Beck-Sague, C. M.et al. (2000). Human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease in South Africa: the herpetic connection [see comments]. Sex Transm. Dis., 27, 21–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chuang, I., Van Beneden, C., Beall, B., and Schuchat, A. (2002). Population-based surveillance for postpartum invasive group A streptococcus infections, 1995–2000. Clin. Infect. Dis., 35, 665–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, B., Rowley, A., and Long, C. (1994). Herpes simplex type 2 in a patient with Mollaret's meningitis: demonstration by polymerase chain reaction. Ann. Neurol., 35, 112–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corey, L. and Spear, P. G. (1986). Infections with herpes simplex viruses (part 1). N. Engl. J. Med., 314, 686–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corey, L., and Wald, A. (1999). In Sexually Transmitted Diseases, ed. Holmes, K., Sparling, P., PA, M., Lemon, S., Stamm, W., Piot, P., Wasserheit, J. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Corey, L., Adams, H. G., Brown, Z. A., and Holmes, K. K. (1983). Clinical course of genital herpes simplex virus infections in men and women. Ann. Intern. Med., 48, 973.Google Scholar
Corey, L., Whitley, R. J., Stone, E. F., and Mohan, K. (1988). Difference between herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 neonatal encephalitis in neurological outcome. Lancet, 1, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corey, L., Wald, A., Celum, C. L., and Quinn, T. C. (2004a). The effects of herpes simplex virus-2 on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission: a review of two overlapping epidemics. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 35, 435–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corey, L., Wald, A., Patel, R.et al. (2004b). Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N. Engl. J. Med., 350, 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darby, G., Field, H., and Salisbury, S. (1981). Altered substrate specificity of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase confers acyclovir-resistance. Nature, 289, 81–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeJesus, E., Wald, A., Warren, T.et al. (2003). Valacyclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J. Infect Dis, 188, 1009–1016.Google Scholar
Deshpande, S. P., Lee, S., Zheng, M.et al. (2001). Herpes simplex virus-induced keratitis: evaluation of the role of molecular mimicry in lesion pathogenesis. J. Virol, 75, 3077–3088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, C., Selke, S., Ashley, R., Benedetti, J., and Corey, L. (1999). Clinical course of patients with serologic evidence of recurrent genital herpes presenting with signs and symptoms of first episode disease. Sex. Transm. Dis., 26, 221–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dignani, M. C., Mykietiuk, A., Michelet, M.et al. (2002). Valacyclovir prophylaxis for the prevention of Herpes simplex virus reactivation in recipients of progenitor cells transplantation. Bone Marrow Transpl., 29, 263–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elion, G., Furman, P., Fyfe, J., deMiranda, P., Beauchamp, L., and Schaeffer, H. (1977). The selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 5716–5720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enders, G., Risse, B., Zauke, M., Bolley, I., and Knotek, F. (1998). Seroprevalence study of herpes simplex virus type 2 among pregnant women in Germany using a type-specific enzyme immunoassay [In Process Citation]. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 17, 870–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelberg, R., Carrell, D., Krantz, E., Corey, L., and Wald, A. (2003). Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex. Transm. Dis., 30, 174–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erlich, K., Mills, J., Chatis, P.et al. (1989). Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 320, 293–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, A. and Dick, E. (1964). Acute pharyngitis and tonsilitis in University of Wisconsin students. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 190, 699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, D., McQuillan, G., Johnson, R.et al. (1997). Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N. Engl. J. Med., 337, 1105–1111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flewett, T., Parker, R., and Philip, W. (1969). Acute hepatitis due to herpes simplex in an adult. J. Clin. Pathol., 22, 60–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florman, A. (1973). Intrauterine infection with herpes simplex virus: resultant congenital malformations. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 225, 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frederick, D. M., Bland, D., and Gollin Y. (2002). Fatal disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in a previously healthy pregnant woman. A case report. J Reprod Med., 47, 591–596.Google Scholar
Freeman, E. E., Weiss, H. A., Glynn, J. R., Cross, P. L., Whitworth, J. A., and Hayes, R. J. (2006). Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS, 20(1), 73–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gateley, A., Gander, R., Johnson, P., Kit, S., Otsuka, H., and Kohl, S. (1990). Herpes simplex virus 2 meningoencephalitis resistant to acyclovir in a patient with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis., 161, 711–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, R. S., McDuffie, R. S. Jr., McNabb, F., Fryer, G. E., Miyoshi, T., and Merenstein, G. (1994). Neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis during 2 years of a universal screening program. Obstet. Gynecol., 84, 496–500.Google Scholar
Goyette, R., and Donowho E. (1974). Fulminant hepatitis during pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 43, 191–195.Google ScholarPubMed
Guex-Crosier, Y., Rochat, C., and Herbort, C. P. (1997). Necrotizing herpetic retinopathies. A spectrum of herpes virus-induced diseases determined by the immune state of the host. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., 5, 259–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutierrez, K. M., Halpern MSF, Maldonado, Y., and Arvin, A. M. (1999). The epidemiology of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in California from 1985 to 1995. J. Infect. Dis., 180, 199–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashido, M., Kawana, T., Matsunaga, Y., and Inouye S. (1999). Changes in prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 antibodies from 1973 to 1993 in the rural districts of Japan. Microbiol. Immunol., 43, 177–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group (1997). A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for the prevention of stromal keratitis or iritis in patients with herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. The Epithelial Keratitis Trial. Arch. Ophthalmol., 115, 703–712.CrossRef
Hill, T., Blyth, W., and Harbour, D. (1978). Trauma to the skin causes recurrence of herpes simplex in the mouse. J. Gen. Virol., 39, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, J., Weston, W., and Tonnesen M. (1983). Erythema multiforme: A critical review of characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 6, 763–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itoh, N., Matsumura, N., Ogi, A.et al. (2000). High prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis syndrome associated with herpes simplex virus in Japan. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 129, 404–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kampgen, E., Burg, G., and Wank, R. (1988). Association of herpes simplex virus-induced erythema multiforme with the human leukocyte antigen DQw3. Arch. Dermatol., 124, 1372–1375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keane, J., Malkinson, F., Bryant, J., and Levin, S. (1976). Herpesvirus hominis hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation: occurrence in an adult with pemphigus vulgaris. Arch. Dermatol., 93, 1312–1317.Google Scholar
Kimberlin, D., Lin C-Y., Jacobs, R.et al. (2001a). Natural history of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in the acyclovir era. Pediatrics, 108, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimberlin, D., Lin, C.-Y., Jacobs, R.et al. (2001b). The safety and efficacy of high-dose acyclovir in the management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Pediatrics, 108, 230–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimberlin, D., Powell, D., Gruber, W., et al. (1996). Administration of oral acyclovir suppressive therapy after neonatal herpes simplex virus disease limited to the skin, eyes and mouth: results of a phase I/II trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 15, 247–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobberman, T., Clark, L., and Griffin, W. (1980). Maternal death secondary to disseminated herpesvirus hominis. Am. J. Obstet. Gyn., 137, 742–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koelle, D. M., Abbo, H., Peck, A., Ziegweld, K., and Corey, L. (1994). Direct recovery of herpes simplex virus (HSV) – specific T lymphocyte clones from recurrent genital HSV-2 lesions. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 956–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koelle, D. M., Reymond, S. N., Chen, H.et al. (2000). Tegument-specific, virus-reactive CD4 T cells localize to the cornea in herpes simplex virus interstitial keratitis in humans. J. Virol., 74, 10930–10938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lafferty, W. E., Coombs, R. W., Benedetti, J., Critchlow, C., and Corey, L. (1987). Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection: influence of anatomic site and viral type. N. Engl. J. Med., 316, 1444–1449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafferty, W. E., Downey, L., Celum, C., and Wald, A. (2000). Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. J. Infect. Dis., 181, 1454–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lairson, D. R., Begley, C. E., Reynolds, T. F., and Wilhelmus, K. R. (2003). Prevention of herpes simplex virus eye disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch. Ophthalmol., 121, 108–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakeman, F. and Whitley, R. (1995). Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 857–863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lalezari, J., Schacker, T., Feinberg, J.et al. (1997). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cidofovir topical gel for the treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection in patients with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis., 176, 892–898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langenberg, A., Corey, L., Ashley, R., Leong, W., and Straus, S. (1999). A prospective study of new infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. N. Engl. J. Med., 341, 1432–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemak, M., Duvic, M., Bean, S. (1986). Oral acyclovir for the prevention of herpes-associated erythema multiforme. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 15, 50–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leone, P. A., Trottier, S., and Miller, J. M. (2002). Valacyclovir for episodic treatment of genital herpes: a shorter 3-day treatment course compared with 5–day treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 958–962.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liesegang, T. J. (2001). Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance. Cornea, 20, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linnemann, C., First, M., Alvira, M., Alexander, J., and Schiff, G. (1976). Herpesvirus hominis type 2 meningoencephalitis following renal transplantation. Am. J. Med., 61, 703–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowance, D., Neumayer, H. H., Legendre, C. M.et al. (1999). Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 1462–1470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowhagen, G. B., Tunback, P., Andersson, K., Bergstrom, T., and Johannisson, G. (2000). First episodes of genital herpes in a Swedish STD population: a study of epidemiology and transmission by the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) typing and specific serology. Sex. Transm. Infect., 76, 179–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luchi, M., Feldman, M., and Williams, W. (1995). Fatal disseminated herpes simplex II infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. (letter to editors), 22, 799–801.Google Scholar
Malkin, J. E., Morand, P., Malvy, D.et al. (2002). Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in the general French population. Sex. Transm. Infect., 78, 201–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malo, A., Kampgen, E., and Wank, R. (1998). Recurrent herpes simplex virus-induced erythema multiforme: different HLA-DQB1 alleles associate with severe mucous membrane versus skin attacks. Scand. J. Immunol., 47, 408–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzella, J. P., McConville, J. H., Valenti, W., Menegus, M. A., Swierkosz, E. M., and Arens, M. (1984). An outbreak of herpes simplex virus type I gingivostomatitis in a dental hygiene practice. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 252, 2019–2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mertz, G. J., Coombs, R. W., Ashley, R.et al. (1988). Transmission of genital herpes in couples with one symptomatic and one asymptomatic partner: a prospective study. J. Infect. Dis., 157, 1169–1177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertz, G. J., Benedetti, J., Ashley, R., Selke, S. A., and Corey, L. (1992). Risk factors for the sexual transmission of genital herpes. Ann. Intern. Med., 116, 197–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertz, G. J., Rosenthal, S. L., and Stanberry, L. R. (2003). Is herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) now more common than HSV-2 in first episodes of genital herpes?Sex. Transm. Dis., 30, 801–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyers, J., Flournoy, N., and Thomas, E. (1980). Infection with herpes simplex virus and cell-mediated immunity after marrow transplant. J. Infect. Dis., 142, 338–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mindel, A., Taylor, J., Tideman, R. L.et al. (2000). Neonatal herpes prevention: a minor public health problem in some communities. Sex. Transm. Infect., 76, 287–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miura, S., Smith, C., Burnett, J., and Aurelian, L. (1992). Detection of viral DNA within skin of healed recurrent herpes simplex infection and erythema multiforme lesions. J. Invest. Dermatol., 98, 68–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse, S. A., Trees, D. L., Htun, Y.et al. (1997). Comparison of clinical diagnosis and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 175, 001–007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, P. P., Sun, Y. J., Tan, H. H., and Tan, S. H. (2003). Detection of herpes simplex virus genomic DNA in various subsets of Erythema multiforme by polymerase chain reaction. Dermatology, 207, 349–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niimura, M., and Nishikawa, T. (1988). Treatment of eczema herpeticum with oral acyclovir. Am. J. Med., 85, 49–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Picard, F., Dekaban, G., Silva, J., and Rice, G. (1993). Mollaret's meningitis associated with herpes simplex type 2 infection. Neurology, 43, 1722–1727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posavad, C. M., Wald, A., Kuntz, S. et al. (2001). In Conf. Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect., Chicago, IL pp. 211.
Prober, C. G., Corey, L., Brown, Z. A.et al. (1992). The management of pregnancies complicated by genital infections with herpes simplex virus. Clin. Infect. Dis., 15, 1031–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puchhammer-Stockl, E., Heinz, F., Kundi, M.et al. (1993). Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 31, 146–148.Google ScholarPubMed
Pue, M. A. and Benet, L. Z. (1993). Pharmacokinetics of famciclovir in man. Antiviral Chem. Chemother, 4(S1), 47–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, T. C., Corey, L., Chaffee, R. G., Schuffler, M. D., Brancato, F. P., and Holmes, K. K. (1981). The etiology of anorectal infection in homosexual men. Am. J. Med., 71, 395–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsey, P., Fife, K., Hackman, R., Meyers, J., and Corey, L. (1982). Herpes simplex virus pneumonia: clinical, virologic, and pathologic features in 20 patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 97, 813–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitano, M., Tyring, S., Lang, W.et al. (1998). Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: a large-scale dose range-finding study. J. Infect. Dis., 178, 603–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyes, M., Shaik, N. S., Graber, J. M.et al. (2003). Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics. Arch. Intern. Med., 163, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romanowski, B., Aoki, F. Y., Martel, A. Y., Lavender, E. A., Parsons, J. E., and Saltzman, R. L. (2000). Efficacy and safety of famciclovir for treating mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection in HIV-infected individuals. Collaborative Famciclovir HIV Study Group [In Process Citation]. AIDS, 14, 1211–1217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rompalo, A., Mertz, G., Davis, L., et al. (1988). Oral acyclovir for treatment of first-episode herpes simplex virus proctitis. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 259, 2879–2881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, S. L., Stanberry, L. R., Biro, F. M., et al. (1997). Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus in adolescents. Clin. Infect. Dis., 24, 135–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, J. D. C., Smith, I. W., and Elton, R. A. (1993). The epidemiology of herpes simplex types 1 and 2 infection of the genital tract in Edinburgh 1978–1991. Genitourin. Med., 69, 381–383.Google ScholarPubMed
Safrin, S., Crumpacker, C., Chatis, P., et al. (1991). A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 551–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safrin, S., Elbaggari, A., and Elbeik, T. (1992). Risk factors for the development of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infection. VII International AIDS Conference 1992; Abstract B. 1548.
Safrin, S., Elbeik, T., Phan, L., et al. (1994). Correlation between response to acyclovir and foscarnet therapy and in vitro susceptibility result for isolates of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 38, 1246–1250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacker, T., Hu, H. L., Koelle, D. M.et al. (1998a). Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 128, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacker, T., Zeh, J., Hu, H. L., Hill, J., and Corey, L. (1998b). Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV-2 reactivations among HIV-infected men. J. Infect. Dis., 178, 1616–1622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacker, T. W., Ryncarz, A. J., Goddard, J., Diem, K., Shaughnessy, M., and Corey, L. (1998c). Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1–infected men. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 280, 61–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrag, S. J., and Schuchat, A. (2004). Easing the burden: characterizing the disease burden of neonatal group B streptococcal disease to motivate prevention. Clin. Infect. Dis., 38, 1209–1211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serwadda, D., Gray, R. H., Sewankambo, N. K., et al. (2003). Human immunodeficiency virus acquisition associated with genital ulcer disease and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: a nested case-control study in Rakai, Uganda. J. Infect. Dis., 188, 1492–1497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheffield, J. S., Hollier, L. M., Hill, J. B., Stuart, G. S., and Wendel, G. D. (2003). Acyclovir prophylaxis to prevent herpes simplex virus recurrence at delivery: a systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol., 102, 1396–1403.Google ScholarPubMed
Siegal, F., Lopez, C., Hammer, G.et al. (1981). Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N. Engl. J. Med., 305, 1439–1444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J. S., Herrero, R., Munoz, N.et al. (2001). Prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among middle-age women in Brazil and the Philippines. Sex. Transm. Dis., 28, 187–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snoeck, R., Andrei, G., Gerard, M.et al. (1994). Successful treatment of progressive mucocutaneous infection due to acyclovir- and foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus with (S)-1(3–hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine (HPMPC). Clin. Infect. Dis., 18, 570–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soul-Lawton, J., Seaber, E., On, N., Wootton, R., Rolan, P., and Posner, J. (1995). Absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of valaciclovir, the L-Val ester of acyclovir, following oral administration to humans. Antimicrob Agents Chem., 36, 2759–2764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, P. M., Holland, E. J., and Huang, A. J. (2003). Bilateral herpetic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology, 110, 493–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruance, S. (1984). Pathogenesis of herpes simplex labialis: excretion of virus in the oral cavity. J. Clin. Microbiol., 19, 675–679.Google ScholarPubMed
Spruance, S., Overall, J., Kern, E., Krueger, G., Pliam, V., and Miller, W. (1977). The natural history of recurrent herpes simplex labialis: implications for antiviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 297, 69–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruance, S., Hamill, M., Hoge, W., Davis, L., and Mills, J. (1988). Acyclovir prevents reactivation of herpes simplex labialis in skiers. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 260, 1597–1599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruance, S., Freeman, D., Stewart, J.et al. (1991). The natural history of ultraviolet radiation-induced herpes simplex labialis and response to therapy with peroral and topical formulations of acyclovir. J. Infect. Dis., 163, 728–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruance, S., Rea, T., Thoming, C., Tucker, R., Saltzman, R., and Boon, R. (1997). Penciclovir cream for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 277, 1374–1379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruance, S. L., Jones, T. M., Blatter, M. M.et al. (2003). High-dose, short-duration, early valacyclovir therapy for episodic treatment of cold sores: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 1072–1080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanberry, L. R., Spruance, S. L., Cunningham, A. L.et al. (2002). Glycoprotein-D-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital herpes. N. Engl. J. Med., 347, 1652–1661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, H., Elek, S., Millar, D., and Anderson, H. (1959). Herpetic whitlow, a form of cross-infection in hospitals. Lancet, 2, 871–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sucato, G., Celum, C., Dithmer, D., Ashley, R., and Wald, A. (2001). Demographic rather than behavioral risk factors predict herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in sexually active adolescents. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 20, 422–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan-Bolyai, J., Hull, H. F., Wilson, C., and Corey, L. (1983). Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in King County, Washington: increasing incidence and epidemiological correlates. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 250, 3059–3062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, A., Smithwick, E., Seligman, S., and Kim, D. (1974). Fatal disseminated herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection in an adult with associated thymic dysplasia. Am. J. Med., 56, 545–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swanson, J. and Chenitz, W. (1990). Psychosocial aspects of genital herpes: a review of the literature. Pub. Health Nurs., 7, 96–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, J., and Rouse, B. T. (1998). Immunopathology of herpetic stromal keratitis: discordance in CD4+ T cell function between euthymic host and reconstituted SCID recipients. J. Immunol., 160, 3965–3970.Google ScholarPubMed
Thomas, J., Gangappa, S., Kanangat, S., and Rouse, B. T. (1997). On the essential involvement of neutrophils in the immunopathologic disease: herpetic stromal keratitis. J. Immunol, 158, 1383–1391.Google ScholarPubMed
Thompson, W., Culbertson, W., Smiddy, W., Robertson, J., and Rosenbaum, J. (1994). Acute retinal necrosis caused by reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2. Am. J. Opthalmol., 118, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tookey, P. and Peckham, C. S. (1996). Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in the British Isles. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol., 10, 432–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, T. H., Stanescu, D., Caspers-Velu, L.et al. (2004). Clinical characteristics of acute HSV-2 retinal necrosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 137, 872–879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varela, J. A., Garcia-Corbeira, P., Aguanell, M. V.et al. (2001). Herpes simplex virus type 2 seroepidemiology in Spain: prevalence and seroconversion rate among sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees. Sex. Transm. Dis., 28, 47–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verjans, G. M., Remeijer, L., Mooy, C. M., and Osterhaus, A. D. (2000). Herpes simplex virus-specific T cells infiltrate the cornea of patients with herpetic stromal keratitis: no evidence for autoreactive T cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 2607–2612.Google ScholarPubMed
Vyse, A. J., Gay, N. J., Slomka, M. J.et al. (2000). The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes. Sex. Transm. Infect., 76, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, J., Day, L., Crowley, J., and Meyers, J. (1984a). Recurrent infection with herpes simplex virus after marrow transplantation: role of the specific immune response and acyclovir treatment. J. Infect. Dis., 149, 750–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, J., Newton, B., Flournoy, N., and Meyers, J. (1984b). Oral acyclovir for prevention of herpes simplex virus reactivation after marrow transplantation. Ann. Int. Med., 100, 823–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, A. and Link, K. (2002). Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) seropositive persons: a meta-analysis. J. Infect. Dis., 185, 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wald, A., Corey, L., Cone, R., Hobson, A., Davis, G., and Zeh, J. (1997). Frequent genital HSV-2 shedding in immunocompetent women. J. Clin. Invest., 99, 1092–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wald, A., Langenberg, A., Link, K.et al. (2001). Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 285, 3100–3106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wald, A., Carrell, D., Remington, M., Kexel, E., Zeh, J., and Corey, L. (2002a). Two-day regimen of acyclovir for treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 944–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, A., Zeh, J. E., Selke, S. A., Warren, T., Ashley, R. L., and Corey, L. (2002b). Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among men. J. Infect. Dis., 186 Suppl 1, S34–S39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, A., Huang, M. L., Carrell, D., Selke, S., and Corey, L. (2003). Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J. Infect. Dis., 188, 1345–1351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, H., Buve, A., Robinson, N.et al. (2001). The epidemiology of HSV-2 infection and its association with HIV infection in four urban African populations. AIDS, 15 (suppl 4), S97–S108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, C. Jr. and Abele, D. (1966). Eczema herpeticum, primary and recurrent. Arch. Dermatol., 93, 162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitley, R. (1988). The frustrations of treating herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 259, 1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitley, R. J. and Gnann Jr, J. W. (1992). Acyclovir: a decade later. N. Engl. J. Med., 327, 782–789.Google ScholarPubMed
Whitley, R. and Lakeman, F. (1995). Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: therapeutic and diagnostic considerations. Clin. Infect. Dis., 20, 414–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitley, R., Nahmias, A., Visintine, A., Fleming, C., and Alford, C. (1980). The natural history of genital herpes simplex virus infection of mother and newborn. Pediatrics, 66, 489.Google Scholar
Whitley, R. J., Alford, C. A., Hirsch, M. S.et al. (1986). Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 314, 144–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitley, R., Corey, L., Arvin, A.et al. (1998). Changing presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates. J. Infect. Dis., 158, 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitley, R., Arvin, A., Prober, C.et al. (1991b). A controlled trial comparing vidarabine with acyclovir in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 324, 444–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitley, R., Arvin, A., Prober, C.et al. (1991b). Predictors of morbidity and mortality in neonates with herpes simplex infections. N. Engl. J. Med., 324, 450–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitley, R. J., Kimberlin, D. W., and Roizman, B. (1998). Herpes simplex viruses. Clin. Infect. Dis., 26, 541–553; quiz 554–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilhelmus, K., Beck, R., Moke, P.et al. (1998). Acyclovir for the prevention of recurrent herpes simplex virus eye disease. Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 339, 300–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, D., Barton, S., and Cowan, F. (2000). HSV-2 specific serology should not be offered routinely to antenatal patients [In Process Citation]. Rev. Med. Virol., 10, 145–153.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wollenberg, A., Zoch, C., Wetzel, S., Plewig, G., and Przybilla, B. (2003). Predisposing factors and clinical features of eczema herpeticum: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 49, 198–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, F., Schillinger, J. A., Sternberg, M. R.et al. (2002). Seroprevalence and coinfection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in the United States, 1988–1994. J. Infect. Dis., 185, 1019–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, L., Tedder, D., Ashley, R., and Levin, M. (1991). Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with Mollaret's meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 1082–1085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshida, M. and Amatsu, A. (2000). Asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus into the oral cavity of patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Virol., 16, 65–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×