Aksu, A. E., Hiscott, R. N., Mudie, P. J.et al. (2002). Persistent Holocene outflow from Black Sea to Eastern Mediterranean contradicts Noah's flood hypothesis. GSA Today, 12, 4–10.
Allen, J. R. M., Brandt, U., Brauer, A.et al. (1999). Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature 400, 740–743.
Alley, R. B., Meese, D. A., Shuman, C. A.et al. (1993). Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event. Nature, 362, 527–529.
Alroy, J. (2001). A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science, 292, 1893–1896.
Ambrose, S. H. (1998). Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 34, 623–651.
Ammerman, A. J. & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1984) The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press).
Angel, J. L. (1984). Health as a crucial factor in the changes from hunting to developed farming in the eastern Mediterranean. In Cohen, M. N. & Armelagos, G. J., eds. Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (proceedings of a conference held in 1982). (Orlando: Academic Press) pp. 51–73.
Arnold, N. S., Andel, T. H. & Valen, V. (2002). Extent and dynamics of the Scandinavian ice-sheet during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (60 000 – 30 000 yr BP)Quaternary Research, 57, 38–48.
Baillie, M. G. L. (1995). A Slice Through Time: Dendrochronology and Precision Dating. (London: Batsford).
Baillie, M. (1999). Exodus to Arthur: Catastrophic Encounters with Comets. (London: Batsford).
Balter, M. (2001). Did plaster hold Neolithic society together?Science, 294, 2278–2281.
Bar-Yosef, O. (1986). The walls of Jericho: An alternative interpretation. Current Anthropology, 27, 57–62.
Bar-Yosef, O.(1998). The Natufian culture in the Levant: Threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 159–179.
Bar-Yosef, O.(2002). The Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 363–393.
Barber, D. C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C.et al. (1999). Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature, 400, 344–348.
Barnosky, A. D., Bell, C. J., Emslie, S. D.et al. (2004a). Exceptional record of mid-Pleistocene vertebrates helps differentiate climatic from anthropogenic ecosystem perturbations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 9297–9302.
Barnosky, A. D., Koch, P. L., Feranec, R. S., Wing, S. L. & Shabel, A. B. (2004b). Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science, 306, 70–75.
Bartov, Y., Goldstein, S. L., Stein, M. & Enzel, Y. (2003). Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked to North Atlantic Heinrich events. Geology, 31, 439–442.
Blunier, T. & Brook, E. J. (2001). Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period. Science, 291, 109–112.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W.et al. (1992). Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature, 360, 245–249.
Bond, G. C. & Lotti, R. (1995). Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last deglaciation. Science, 267, 1005–1010.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M.et al. (1997). A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial climates. Science, 278, 1257–1265.
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J.et al. (2001). Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science, 294, 2130–2136.
Bonfils, C., Noblet-Decoudre, N., Braconnot, P. & Joussaume, S. (2001). Hot desert albedo and climate change: Mid-Holocene monsoon in North Africa. Journal of Climate, 14, 3724–3737.
Bonsall, C., Machlin, M. G., Payton, R. W. & Boroneant, A. (2002). Climate, floods and river gods: environmental change and the Meso-Neolithic transition in southeast Europe. Before Farming, 4, 1–14.
Bosch, E., Calafell, F., Cornas, D.et al. (2001). High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. American Journal of Human Genetics, 68, 1019–1029.
Bowler, J. M., Johnston, H., Olley, J. M.et al. (2003). New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature, 421, 837–840.
Broecker, W. S. (1995). Chaotic climate. Scientific American, 267, No. 11, 44–50.
Brown, M. D., Hosseini, S. H., Torroni, A.et al. (1998). mtDNA haplogroup X: an ancient link between Europe/West Asia and North America?American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1852–1861.
Burns, S. J., Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., Kramers, J. & Al-Subbary, A. A. (2003). Indian Ocean climate and an absolute chronology over Dansgaard/Oeschger events 9 to 13. Science, 301, 1365–1367.
Burroughs, W. J. (1997). Does the Weather Really Matter? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Burroughs, W. J.(1998). Degrees of damage. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, 123, 22–25.
Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Earth Sciences (1982), Smith, D. G., ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M. & Wilson, A. C. (1987). Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature, 325, 31–36.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1997). Genes, peoples, and languages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94, 7719–7724.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.(2000). Genes, People and Languages. (London: Penguin Press).
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. (1993). Demic expansions and human evolution. Science, 259, 639–646.
Chikhi, L., Nichols, R. A., Barbujani, G. & Beaumont, M. A. (2002). Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 11008–11013.
Clark, P. U., Alley, R. B., Keigwin, C. D.et al. (1996). Origin of the first glacial meltwater pulse following the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography, 11, 563–577.
Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S.et al. (1997). A comparison of the volcanic records from the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice cores. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 26707–26723.
CLIMAP Project Members (1976). The surface of the ice-age Earth. Science 191, 1131–1137.
CLIMAP (1981). Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Geological Society of America, Map and Chart Series, Vol. C36.
Clottes, J., Chauvet, J.-M., Bounel-Deschanps, E.et al. (1995). Les peintures paléolithiques de la Grotte Chauvet Pont d'Arc, à Vallon Pont d'Arc (Ardèche, France). Compte Rendu de l' Academie des Sciences Paris, 320, 1133–1140.
Clottes, J. (2002). Palaeolithic art in France. Adoranter, Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art, pp. 5–19.
Conard, N. J. (2003). Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature, 426, 830–832.
Coope, G. R., Lemdahl, G., Lowe, J. J. & Walkling, A. (1998). Temperature gradients in northern Europe during the last glacial–Holocene transition (14–9 14C kyr BP) interpreted from coleopteran assemblages. Journal of Quaternary Science, 13, 419–433.
Coukell, A. (2001). Spellbound: Could mysterious figures lurking in Australian rock art be the world's oldest shamans? New Scientist, 19 May 2001, 34–37.
Cremaschi, M. & di Lernia, S. (1999). Holocene climatic changes and cultural dynamics in the Libyan Sahara. African Archaeological Review, 16, no 4. (See also, conference abstracts Environmental Catastrophes and Recoveries in the Holocene. 29 August–2 September 2002, Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.)
Cruciani, F., Santolamazza, P., Sher, P.et al. (2002). A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics 70, 1197–1214.
Cullen, H. M., Kaplan, A., Arkin, P. A. & deMenocal, P. B. (2002). Impact of North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow. Climate Change, 55, 315–338.
Dansgaard, W. & Oeschger, H. (1989). In The Environmental Record in Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Oeschger, H. & Langway, C. C. eds. (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 287–318.
Davis, B. A. S., Brewer, S., Stevenson, A. C.et al. (2003). The temperature of Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1701–1706.
Dayton, L. (2001). Mass extinctions pinned on ice age hunters. Science, 292, 1819.
deMenocal, P. D. (2001). Cultural responses to climate change during the late Holocene. Science, 292, 667–673.
deMenocal, P. D., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T. & Sarnthein, M. (2000). Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene warm period. Science, 288, 2198–2202.
d'Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Lawson, G.et al. (2003). Archaeological evidence of the emergence of language, symbolism, and music – An alternative multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of World Prehistory, 17, 1–70.
Deser, C., Walsh, J. E. & Timlin, M. S. (1999). Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends. Journal of Climate, 13, 617–633.
Diamond, J. (1987). The worst mistake in the history of the human race. Discover, 64–66.
Dickson, B., Yashayaev, I., Meincke, J.et al. (2002). Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the last four decades. Nature, 416, 832–837.
di Lernia, S. (2001). Dismantling dung: delayed use of food resources among early Holocene foragers of the Libyan Sahara. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 20, 408–441.
Dillehay, T. D. (1997). Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile, Vol. 2: The Archaeological Context and Interpretation. (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press).
Dillehay, T. D.(2000). The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory. Basic Books: New York.
Dorale, J. A., Edwards, R. L., Ito, E. & Gonzalez, L. A. (1998). Climate and vegetation history of the Midcontinent from 75 to 25 ka: A speleothem record from Crevice Cave, Missouri, USA. Science, 282, 1871–1874.
Elias, S. A. (1999). Mid-Wisconsin seasonal temperatures reconstructed from fossil beetle assemblages in eastern North America: comparisons with other proxy records from the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Quaternary Science, 14, 255–262.
Emiliani, C. (1955), Pleistocene temperatures, Journal of Geology, 63, 538–578.
Enzel, Y., Ely, L. L., Mishra, S.et al. (1999). High-resolution Holocene environmental changes in the Thar Desert, Northwestern India. Science, 284, 125–128.
Eshed, V., Gopher, A., Gage, T. B., & Herkovitz, I. (2003). Has the transition to agriculture reshaped the demographic structure of prehistoric populations? New evidence from the Levant. American Journal Physical Anthropology 124, 315–329.
European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Community Members (2004). Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature, 429, 623–628.
Excoffier, L. & Schneider, S. (1999). Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 10597–10602.
Ferguson, R. B. (2003). The birth of war. Natural History, July–August.
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S. J., Mudelsee, M.et al. (2003). Holocene forcing of the Indian Monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from Southern Oman. Science, 300, 1737–1739.
Florineth, D. & Schluchter, C. (1999). Alpine evidence for atmospheric circulation patterns in Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Research, 54, 295–308.
Foreman, S. L., Oglesby, R. & Webb, R. S. (2001). Temporal and spatial patterns of Holocene dune activity on the Great Plains of North America: megadroughts and climate links. Global and Planetary Change, 29, 1–29.
Frich, P., Alexander, L. V., Della-Marta, P.et al. (2002). Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate Research, 19, 193–212.
Gagan, M. K., Ayliffe, L. K., Scott-Gagan, H., et al. (2002). Coral reconstruction of abrupt tropical cooling 8,000 years ago. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, A255 (abstract).
Gallup, J. L. & Sachs, J. E. (2000). The Economic Burden of Malaria. Centre for International Development, Harvard University, Working Paper No 52.
Gallup, J. L., Sachs, J. E. & Mellinger, A. (1999). Geography and Economic Development. Centre for International Development, Harvard University, Working Paper No 1.
Gamble, C. (1999). The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Gasse, F. (2000). Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18, 189–211.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ouahdi, R.et al. (2003). Precise dating of Dansgaard – Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe stalagmite data. Nature, 421, 833–837.
Gray, R. D. & Atkinson, Q. D. (2003). Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin. Nature, 426, 435–439.
Grayson, D. K. (1998). Confirming antiquity in the Americas. Science, 282, 1425–1426.
Greenberg, J. & Merritt, R. (1992). Linguistic origins of Native Americans. Scientific American, November 1992, 94–99.
Greenberg, J., Turner, C. & Zegura, E. (1986). The settlement of the Americas: a comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence. Current Anthropology 27, 477–497.
Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) Members (1993). Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core. Nature, 364, 203–207.
Grimm, E. C., Jacobson, G. L., Watts, W. A.et al. (1993). A 50,000-year record of climate oscillations from Florida and its temporal correlation with the Heinrich events. Science, 261, 198–200.
Grootes, P. M., Stuiver, M., White, J. W. C.et al. (1993). Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP 2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature, 366, 552–554.
Guiot, J. (1997). Back at the last interglacial. Nature, 388, 25–27.
Guthrie, R. D. (1990). The Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Haas, J. (2001). Warfare and the evolution of culture. In Archaeology at the Millennium, Feinmann, G. M. & Price, T. D., eds. (New York: Kluwer/Plenum). pp. 329–350.
Hakkinen, S. & Rhines, P. (2004). Decline of subpolar North Atlantic circulation during the 1990s. Science, 304, 555–559.
Hanotte, O., Bradley, D. G., Ochieng, J. W.et al. (2002). African pastoralism: Imprints of origins and migrations. Science, 296, 336–338.
Harpending, H. & Rogers, A. (2000). Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation. Annual Reviews of Genomics and Human Genetics 1, 361–385.
Harpending, H. C., Sherry, S. T., Rogers, A. R. & Stoneking, M. (1993). The genetic structure of ancient human populations. Current Anthropology, 34, 483–496.
Harpending, H. C., Batzer, M. A., Gurven, M.et al. (1998). Genetic traces of ancient demography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95, 1961–1967.
Haas, J. (2002). Warfare and the evolution of culture. In Archaeology at the Millennium, Feinmann, G. & Price, D., eds. (New York, Plenum).
Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Peterson, L. C.et al. (2001). Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene. Science, 293, 1304–1308.
Haug, G. H., Genther, D., Peterson, L. C.et al. (2003). Climate and the collapse of Maya civilisation. Science, 299, 1731–1735.
Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142–152.
Henshilwood, C. S.et al. (2002). Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science, 296, 1278–1280.
Henshilwood, C. S.et al. (2004). Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science, 304, 404.
Hewitt, G. (2000). The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature, 405, 907–913.
Hillman, G. R., Hedges, R., Moore, A.et al. (2001). New evidence of late glacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates. The Holocene, 11, 383–393.
Hodell, D. A., Curtis, J. H. & Brenner, M. (1995). Possible role of climate in the collapse of Classic Maya civilization. Nature 375, 391–394.
Hodell, D. A., Kanfoush, A., Shemesh, A.et al. (2001). Abrupt cooling of Antarctic surface waters and sea ice extension in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean at 5000 cal yr BP. Quaternary Research, 56, 191–198.
Hugen, K., Lehman, S., Southon, J.et al. (2004). 14C activity and global carbon changes over the last 50,000 years. Science, 303, 202–207.
Hurrell, J. W. (1995). Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 676–678.
Imbrie, J., Hays, J. D., Martinson, D. G. et al. (1984). The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: Support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. In Milankovitch and Climate, part 1, Berger, A., Reidel, D., eds. (Massachusetts: Norwell) pp. 269–305.
Imbrie, J., Boyle, E. A., Clemens, S. C.et al. (1992). On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 1. Linear responses to Milankovitch forcing. Paleoceanography, 7, 701–738.
Imbrie, J., Berger, A., Boyle, E. A.et al. (1993). On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 2. The 100,000 year cycle. Paleoceanography, 8, 699–735.
Ingman, M. & Gyllensten, U. (2003). Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines. Genome Research, 16, 1600–1606.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1990). Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. & Ephraums, G. G., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(2001a). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Houghton, J. T.et al., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(2001b). Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerabilities, MacCarthy, J. J.et al., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
John, P. R., Makova, K., Li, W. H.et al. (2003). DNA polymorphism and selection at the melanocortin-1 receptor gene in normally pigmented Southern African individuals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 994, 299–306.
Joy, D. A., Feng, X., Mu, J.et al. (2003). Early origin and recent expansion of Plasmodium faliciparum. Science, 300, 318–321.
Kappelman, J. (1997). They could be giants. Nature, 387, 126–127.
Karlen, A. (1995). Plague's Progress. (London: Victor Gollancz).
Karner, D. B., Levine, J., Medeiros, B. P.et al. (2002). Constructing a stacked benthic δ18O record. Paleoceanography, 17(3), doi:10.1029/2001PA000667. (Data for this record can be found on http://jlevine.(lbl.gov/BenStack construct.html.)
Kavoutas, A., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Marchitto, T. M. & Sachs, J. P. (2002). El Niño-like patterns in ice age tropical Pacific sea surface temperature. Science, 297, 226–230.
Ke, Y.et al. (2001). African origin of modern humans in East Asia: a tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes. Science, 292, 1151–1153.
Kirkby, P. T. (1995). Causes of short stature in coal-mining children, 1823–1850. Economic History Review, xlviii, 687–699.
Kitagawa, H. & Plicht, J. (1998). Atmospheric radiocarbon calibration to 45,000 yr BP: Late Glacial fluctuations and cosmogenic isotope production. Science, 279, 1187–1190.
Kittler, R., Kayser, M. & Stoneking, M. (2003). Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing. Current Biology, 13, 1414–1417.
Klein, R. G. (2003). Whither Neanderthals?Science, 299, 1525–1527.
Kremer, M. (1993). Population growth and technological change: One million BC to 1990. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 681–716.
Krings, M., Stone, A., Schmitz, R. W.et al. (1997). Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell, 90, 19–28.
Krings, M., Salem, A. H., Bauer, K.et al. (1999). mtDNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: a genetic corridor or barrier to migration?American Journal of Human Genetics, 64, 1166–1176.
Krings, M., Capelli, C., Tschentscher, F.et al. (2000). Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Nature Genetics, 26, 144–146.
Krom, M. D., Stanley, J. D., Cliff, R. A. & Woodward, J. C. (2002). Nile River sediment fluctuations over the past 7000 yr and their key role in sapropel development. Geology, 30, 71–74.
Kromer, B. & Spurk, M. (1998). Revision and tentative extension of the tree-ring based 14C calibration 9200–11, 955 cal BP. Radiocarbon, 40, 1117–1125.
Kuhn, S. L., Stiner, M. C., Reese, D. S. & Gulec, E. (2001). Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 7641–7646.
Kutzbach, J. E. & Liu, Z. (1997). Response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing and ocean feedbacks in the Middle Holocene. Science, 278, 440–3.
Lambeck, K. & Chappell, J. (2001). Sea level change through the last glacial cycle. Science, 292, 679–686.
Lambeck, K., Esat, T. M. & Potter, E.-K. (2003). Links between climate and sea levels for the past three million years. Nature, 419, 199–206.
Lell, J. T., Sukernik, R. I., Starikovskaya, Y. B., et al. (2002). The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 192–206.
Leonard, J. A., Wayne, R. K. & Cooper, C. (2000). Population genetics of ice age brown bears. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 97, 1651–1654.
Leonard, J. A.et al. (2002). Ancient DNA evidence for Old World origin of New World dogs. Science, 298, 1613–1615.
Leuschner, D. C. & Sirocko, F. (2000). The low-latitude monsoon climate during Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles and Heinrich Events. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 243–254.
Leverington, D. W., Mann, J. D. & Teller, J. M. (2002). Changes in the bathymetry and volume of Lake Agassiz between 9200 and 7700 14C BP. Quaternary Research, 57, 244–252.
Lewis-Williams, D. (2002). The Mind in the Cave. (London: Thames & Hudson).
Lovvorn, M. B., Frison, G. C. & Tieszen, L. L. (2001). Paleoclimate and Amerindians: Evidence from stable isotopes and atmospheric circulationProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 2485–2490.
Lu, H., Liu, Z. X., Wu, N. Q.et al. (2002). Rice domestication and climatic change: phytolith evidence from East China. Boreas, 31, 378–385.
Maca-Meyer, N., Gonzalez, A. M., Larruga, C.et al. (2001). Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions. BMC Genetics, 2, 13.
MacPhee, R. D. E. & Marx, P. A. (1999). Mammoths and microbes: Hyperdisease attacked the New World. Discovering Archaeology, September/October 1999, 54–59.
Mandryk, C. A. S., Josenhans, H., Fedje, D. W.et al. (2001). Late Quaternary palaeoenvironments in northwestern North America: Implications for inland versus coastal migrations routes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 301–314.
Magny, M., Begeot, C., Guiot, J. & Peyron, O. (2003). Contrasting patterns of hydrological changes in Europe in response to Holocene climate cooling phases. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 1589–1596.
Manley, G. (1974). Central England Temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society, 100, 389–405.
Mann, M. E. & Jones, P. D. (2003). Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1820, doi:10.1029/2003GL017814.
Manning, S. W., Kromer, B., Kuniholm, P. I. & Newton, M. W. (2001). Anatolian tree-rings and a new chronology for the east Mediterranean Bronze-Iron Ages. Science, 294, 2532–2535.
Manning, S. W., Kromer, B., Kuniholm, P. I. & Newton, M. W.(2003). Confirmation of near-absolute dating of east Bronze-Iron dendrochronology. Antiquity, 77, No. 295.
Marshall, J., Kushnir, Y., Battisti, D.et al. (2001). North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms – a review. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1863–1898.
Masters, W. & McMillan, M. (2001). Climate and scale in economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 6, 167–186.
Mayewski, P. A., Meeker, L. D., Twickler, M. S.et al. (1997). Major features and forcing of high-latitude northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation using a 110,000-year-long glaciochemical series. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 26,345–26,366.
McBrearty, S. & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origins of modern human behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 453–563.
Mellars, P. (1994). The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution. In The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe. Cunliffe, B., ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) pp. 42–78.
Mellars, P.(2004). Neanderthals and the modern human colonisation of Europe. Nature, 432, 461–465.
Meltzer, D. J. (2004). Peopling of North America, Development in Quaternary Science, 1, 539–564.
Merriwether, D. A., Rothhammer, F. & Ferrell, R. E. (1995). Distribution of the four-founding lineage haplotypes in Native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 411–430.
Miller,, G. H.et al. (1999). Pleistocene extinction of Genyornis newtoni: human impact on Australian megafauna. Science, 282, 205–8.
Mithen, S. J. (1994). The Mesolithic age. In The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe. Cunliffe, B., ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press). pp. 79–135.
Mithen, S. J.(2003). After the Ice: A Global History 20,000–5000 BC. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholas).
Mix, A. C., Bard, E. & Schneider, R. (2001). Environmental processes of the ice age: land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 627–657.
Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D. M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, D. M., & Karlén, W. (2005). Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data. Nature, 433, 613–617.
Nadel, D. & Werker, E. (1999). The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo, Jordan Valley, Israel (19,000 BP). Antiquity, 73, 755–763.
North Greenland Ice Core Project members. (2004). High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147–155.
O'Connell, J. F. (1999). Genetics, archaeology, and Holocene hunter-gatherers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 10,562–10,563.
Olsson, O. (2001). The rise of Neolithic agriculture. Working Papers in Economics, No. 57, Göteborg University.
Oppenheimer, S. (2003). Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. (London: Constable).
Orlova, L. A., Kuzmin, Y. V., Stuart, A. J. & Tikhonov, A. N. (2001). Chronology and environment of wooly mammoth (Mammuthus premigenius Blumenbach) extinction in northern Asia. The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome, pp. 718–721.
Pääbo, S. (2003). The mosaic that is our genome. Nature, 421, 409–412.
Pagel, M. & Mace, R. (2004). The cultural wealth of nations. Nature, 428, 275–278.
Pavlov, P., Svendson, J. I. & Indrelid, S. (2001). Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago. Nature, 413, 64–67.
Peterson, L. C., Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A. & Rohl, U. (2000). Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial. Science, 290, 1947–1951.
Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D.et al. (1999). Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429–436.
Piperno, D. R., Weiss, E., Holst, I. & Nadel, D. (2004). Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. Nature, 430, 670–673.
Pitulko, V. V., Nikolsky, P. A., Girya, E. Yu. et al. (2004). The Yana River site: Humans in the Arctic before the last Glacial Maximum. Science, 303, 52–56.
Prentice, I. C., Jolly, D. & BIOME 6000 participants (2000). Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum geography of the northern continents and Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 507–520.
Pulak, C. (1998). The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 27, 188–224.
Rahmstorf, S. (2003). Timing of abrupt climate change: a precise clock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, No. 10, 1510, doi 10.1029/2003GLO17115.
Rahmstorf, S. & Alley, R. (2002). Stochastic resonance in glacial climate. Eos, 83, 129–135.
Rampino, M. R. & Self, S. (1992). Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature, 359, 50–52.
Rana, B. K.et al. (1999). High polymorphism at the human melanocortin 1 receptor locus. Genetics, 151, 1547–1557.
Reed, D. L., Smith, V. S., Hammond, S. L., Rogers, A. R. & Clayton, D. H. (2004). Genetic analysis of lice supports direct contact between modern and archaic humans. PLoS Biology 2 (11): e340.
Richards, M., Macauley, V., Hickey, E.et al. (2000). Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, 1251–1276.
Richards, M. P., Pettitt, P. B., Stiner, M. C. & Trinkaus, E. (2001). Stable isotope evidence for increasing dietary breadth in the European mid-Upper Paleolithic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 6528–6532.
Richards, M. P., Schulting, R. J. & Hedges, R. E. M. (2003). Sharp shift in diet at the onset of the Neolithic. Nature, 425, 366.
Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R. & Bettinger, R. L. (2001). Was agriculture impossible during the Pleistocene but mandatory during the Holocene? A climate change hypothesis. American Antiquity, 66, 1–50.
Roberts, R. G., Flannery, T., Aylifle, L.et al. (2001). New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science, 292, 1888–1892.
Rodbell, D. T., Seltzer, G. O., Anderson, D. M.et al. (1999). An ~15,000-year record of El Niño-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador. Science, 283, 516–520.
Rogers, A. R. (2001). Order emerging from chaos in human evolutionary genetics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 779–780.
Rohling, E. J., Fenton, M., Jorissen, F. J.et al. (1998). Magnitudes of sea-level low stands of the last 500,000 years. Nature, 394, 162–165.
Rohling, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Abu-Zied, R. H., Casford, J. S. L. & Hayes, A. (2002). Holocene atmosphere–ocean interactions: records from Greenland and the Aegean Sea. Climate Dynamics, 18, 587–593.
Rudgley, R. (1998) Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age (London: Century).
Ruff, C. B., Trinkhaus, E. & Holliday, T. W. (1997). Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature, 387, 173–6.
Ryan, W. B. F. & Pitman, W. (1998). Noah's Flood. The Scientific Discoveries About the Event that Changed History (New York: Simon and Schuster).
Ryan, W. B. F., Pitman, W. C., Major, C. O.et al. (1997). The abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology, 138, 119–126.
Sablin, M. V. & Khlopachev, G. A. (2002). The earliest ice age dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 1. Current Anthropology, 43, 795–8.
Sachs, J. E. (2000). Tropical underdevelopment. Centre for International Development, Harvard University, Working Paper No. 57.
Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone Age Economics (New York: Walter De Gruyter Inc.).
Sandweiss, D. H., Maasch, K. A. & Anderson, D. G. (2001). Variations in Holocene El Nino frequencies: climate records and cultural consequences in Ancient Peru. Geology, 7, 603–606.
Sarnthein, M., Pflaumann, U. & Weinelt, M. (2003). Past extent of sea ice in the northern North Atlantic inferred from foraminiferal paleotemperatures estimates. Paleoceanography, 18, 1047, doi:10.1029/2002PA000771.
Savolainen, P., Zhang, Y. P., Luo, J., Lundeberg, J. & Leitner, T. (2002). Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of domestic dogs. Science, 298, 1610–1613.
Schiermeier, Q. (2004). Noah's flood. Nature 430, 718–719.
Schulz, H., Rad, U. & Erlenkeuser, H. (1998). Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations in past 110,000 years. Nature, 393, 54–57.
Schulz, H., Emeis, K.-C., Erlenkeuser, H.et al. (2002). The Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the Northern Indian Ocean. Quaternary Research, 57, 22–31.
Schuman, B. N., Bartlein, P. J., Logar, N.et al. (2002). Parallel climate and vegetation responses to the early Holocene collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 1793–1805.
Searls, D. B. (2003). Trees of life and language. Nature, 426, 391–392.
Seielstad, M. T., Minch, E. & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1998). Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nature Genetics, 20, 278–280.
Semino, O., Passarino, G., Oefner, P. J.et al. (2000). The genetic legacy of paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. Science, 290, 1155–1159.
Shelach, G. (2000). The earliest Neolithic cultures of northeast China: recent discoveries and new perspectives on the beginning of agriculture. Journal of World Prehistory, 14, 363–413.
Smith, B. D. (1997). Initial domestication of Curcurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 years ago. Science, 276, 932–934.
Smith, P. E. L. (1976). Stone-age man on the Nile. Scientific American, November, p. 30.
Soffer, O., Adovasio, J. M. & Hyland, D. C. (2000). The “Venus” Figurines: textiles, basketry, gender, and status in the Upper Paleolithic. Current Anthropology, 41, 511–537.
Solis, R. S., Haas, J. & Creamer, W. (2001). Dating Caral, a preceramic site in the Supe Valley on the central coast of Peru. Science, 292, 723–6.
Sparks, T. H. & Carey, P. D. (1995) The responses of species to climate over two centuries: an analysis of the Marsham phenological record. Journal of Ecology, 83, 321–329
Spoetl, C. & Mangini, A. (2002). Stable isotopes in speleothems as proxies to past environmental changes in the Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 203, 507–518.
Stager, J. C. & Mayewski, P. A. (1997). Abrupt early to mid-Holocene climatic transition registered at the Equator and the poles. Science, 276, 1834–1836.
Stanford, D. & Bradley, B. (2000). The Solutrean solution: did some ancient Americans come from Europe?Discovering Archaeology, 2, 54–55.
Starikovskaya, Y. B., Sukernik, R. I., Schurr, T. G.et al. (1998). mtDNA Diversity in Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: implications for the genetic history of ancient Beringia and the peopling of the New World. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1473–1491.
Staubwasser, M., Sirocko, F., Grootes, P. M. & Segl, M. (2003). Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1425–8, doi:10.1029/2002GL016822.
Stiner, M. C. (1999). Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation. Science, 283, 190–194.
Stiner, M. C.(2001). Thirty years on the ‘Broad Spectrum Revolution’ and paleolithic demography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 6993–6996
Stiner, M. C. & Munro, N. D. (2002). Approaches to prehistoric diet breadth, demography and prey ranking systems in time and space. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 9, 181–214.
Stone, A. C. & Stoneking, M. (1998). mtDNA analysis of a prehistoric Oneota population: implications for the peopling of the New World. American Journal of Human Genetics, 62, 1153–1170.
Stothers, R. B. (1984). Mystery cloud of AD 536. Nature, 307, 344–345.
Street-Perrott, F. A., Holmes, J. A., Waller, M. P.et al. (2000). Drought and dust deposition in the West African Sahel: a 5500-year record from Kajemarum Oasis, northeastern Nigeria. Holocene, 10, 293–302.
Stringer, C. (2000). Coasting out of Africa. Nature, 405, 24–27.
Stringer, C. & Gamble, C. (1993). In Search of the Neanderthals (London: Thames & Hudson).
Stuart, A. J., Kosintsev, P. A., Higham, T. F. G. & Lister, A. M. (2004). Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature, 431, 684–689.
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., Bard, E.et al. (1998). INTCAL98 Radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP. Radiocarbon, 40, 1041–1083.
Suess, H. E. & Linick, T. W. (1990). The C record in bristlecone pine wood of the past 8000 years based on the dendrochronology of the late C. W. Ferguson. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A 330, 403–412.
Sykes, B. (2002). The Seven Daughters of Eve (London: Bantam Press) pp. 167–184.
Taçon, P. & Chippendale, C. (1994). Australia's ancient warriors: changing depictions of fighting in the rock art of Arnhem Land, NT. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 4, 211–248.
Taçon, P. S. C. & Pardoe, C. (2002). Dogs make us human. Nature Australia 27, 52–61.
Tambets, K., Rootsi, S., Kivisild, T.et al. (2004). The western and eastern roots of the Saami – the story of genetic ‘outliers’ told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes. American Journal of Human Genetics 74, 661–682.
Taylor, K. C., Lamorey, G. W., Doyle, G. A.et al. (1993). The ‘flickering switch’ of late Pleistocene climate change. Nature, 361, 432–436.
Thompson, L. G., Davis, M. E., Mosley–Thompson, E.et al. (1998). A 25,000 year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores. Science, 282, 1858–1864.
Thorpe, I. J. N. (2003). Anthropology, archaeology and the origin of warfare. World Archaeology, 35, 145–165.
Thouveny, N., Beaulieu, J. L., Bonifay, E.et al. (1994). Climate variations in Europe over the past 140 kyr deduced from rock magnetism. Nature, 371, 503–506.
Torroni, A., Schurr, T. G., Cabell, M. F.et al. (1993). Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding Native American mtDNAs. American Journal of Human Genetics, 53, 563–590.
Torroni, A., Bandelt, H. J., D'Urbano, L.et al. (1998). mtDNA analysis reveals a major Late Paleolithic population expansion from southwestern to northeastern Europe. American Journal of Human Genetics, 62, 1137–1152.
Trinkhaus, E. & Shipman, P. (1993). The Neanderthals, Changing the Image of Mankind (London: Jonathan Cape).
Tudhope, A. W., Chilcott, C. P., Mc Culloch, M. T., et al. (2001). Variability in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation through a glacial–interglacial cycle. Science, 291, 1511–1517.
Tzedakis, P. C., Lawson, I. T., Frogley, M. R.et al. (2002). Buffered tree population changes in a quaternary refugium: evolutionary implications. Science, 297, 2044–2047.
Underhill, P. A., Shen, P., Lin, A. A.et al. (2000). Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Nature Genetics. 26, 358–361.
Usher, D. (2003). Political Economy (Oxford: Blackwell).
Valladas, H., Clottes, J., Geneste, J. M.et al. (2001). Evolution of prehistoric cave art. Nature, 413, 479.
Vallois, H. (1961). The social life of early man: The evidence of the skeletons. In Social Life of Early Man, Washburn, S., ed. (Chicago: Aldine).
van Engelen, A. F. V. & Nellestijn, J. W. (1995). Monthly, seasonal and annual means of the air temperature in tenths of centigrades in de Bilt, Netherlands, 1706–1995. KMNI (Dutch Meteorological Service) Report, Climatological Services Division.
Loon, H. & Rogers, J. C. (1978). Seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and Northern Europe. 1. General description. Monthly Weather Reviews, 106, 296–310.
Noordwijk, A. J. (2003). The earlier bird. Nature, 422, 29.
Vartanyan, S. L., Garutt, V. E. & Sher, A. V. (1993). Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic. Nature, 362, 337–340.
Vasil'ev, S. A., Kuzmin, Y. V., Orlova, L. A. & Dementiev, V. N. (2002). Radiocarbon-based chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia and its relevance to the peopling of the New World. Radiocarbon, 44, 503–530.
Vigne, J. D., Guilaine, J., Debue, K.et al. (2004). Early taming of the cat in Cyprus. Science, 304, 259.
Vila, C., Savolainen, P., Maldonado, J. E.et al. (1997). Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog. Science, 276, 1687–1689.
Vila, C., Maldanado, E. & Wayne, R. K. (1999). Phylogenic relationships, evolution, and genetic diversity of the domestic dog. Journal of Heredity, 90, 71–77.
Verrelli, B. C. & Tishkoff, S. A. (2004). Signatures of selection and gene conversion associated with human color vision variation. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75, 363–375.
Grafenstein, U., Erlenkeuser, H., Braues, A.et al. (1999). A mid-European decadal isotope-climate record from 15,500 to 5000 years BP. Science, 284, 1684–1687.
Storch, H., Zorita, E., Jones, J., Dimitriev, Y., González-Rouco, F. & Tett, S. (2004). Reconstructing past climate from noisy data. Science, 306, 679–683.
Walker, G. T. (1928). World Weather. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society, 54, 79–87.
Wall, J. D. & Przeworski, M. (2000). When did the human population size start increasing?Genetics, 155, 1865–1874.
Wallace, D. C. & Torroni, A. (1992). American Indian prehistory as written in the mitochondrial DNA: a review. Human Biology, 64, 403–416.
Walter, R. C., Buffler, R. T, Bruggemann, J. H.et al. (2000). Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial. Nature, 405, 65–69.
Wang, Y. J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L.et al. (2001). A high-resolution absolute-dated Late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science, 294, 2345–2348.
Weaver, A. J., Saenko, O. A, Clark, P. U., & Mitrovica, J. X. (2003). Meltwater pulse 1A from Antarctica as a trigger of the Bølling/Allerød warm interval. Science, 299, 1709–1713.
Weiss, H. & Bradley, R. S. (2001). What drives societal collapse?Science, 291, 609–610.
Weiss, H., Courty, M. A., Wetterstrom, W.et al. (1993). The genesis and collapse of third millennium North Mesopotamian civilization. Science, 261, 995–1004.
Wells, R. S., Yuldasheva, N., Ruzibakiev, R.et al. (2001). The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 10244–10249.
Wendorf, F. (1968). A Nubian Final Paleolithic graveyard near Jebel Sahaba, Sudan. In The Prehistory of Nubia (Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press) pp. 791–953
Wendorf, F. & Schild, R. (1998). Nabta Playa and its role in northeastern African prehistory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 17, 97–123.
Wendorf, F., Schild, R., El Hadidi, N.et al. (1979). The use of barley in the Egyptian Late Paleolithic. Science, 205, 1341–1347.
Wendorf, F., Schild, R., Close, A. E.et al. (1984). New radiocarbon dates on the cereals from Wadi Kubbaniya. Science, 225, 645–646.
Wenke, R. J. (1999). Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind's First Three Million Years, 4th Edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
White, T. D., Asfaw, B., Gusta, D.et al. (2003). Pleistocene Homo Sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 423, 742–747.
Whitlock, C. & Bartlein, P. J. (1997). Vegetation and climate change in northwestern America during the last 125 kyr. Nature, 388, 57–61.
Wick, L., Lemcke, G. & Sturm, M. (2003). Evidence of late glacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene, 13, 665–675.
Wilson, A. C. & Cann, R. L. (1992). The recent African genesis of humans. Scientific American, April 1992, pp. 68–73.
Wilson, J. F.et al. (2001). Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 5078–5083.
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (2003). Climate: Into the 21st Century, Burroughs, W. J., ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Yu, G., Chen, X., Ni, J.et al. (2000) Palaeovegetation of China: a pollen data-based synthesis for the mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 635–664.
Yu, Z. & Eicher, U. (1998). Abrupt climate oscillations during the last deglaciation in central North America. Science, 282, 2235–2238.
Zazula, G. D., Froese, D. G., Schweger, C. E.et al. (2003). Ice-age steppe vegetation in east Beringia. Nature, 423, 603.
Zeder, M. A. & Hesse, B. (2000). The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros mountains 10,000 years ago. Science, 287, 2254–2257.
