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  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict
  • Cited by 14
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781316718414
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316718414
Subjects:
Public International Law, Law, Humanitarian Law
Information

Book description

This book fills gaps in the exploration of the protection of cultural heritage in armed conflict based on the World Heritage Convention. Marina Lostal offers a new perspective, designating a specific protection regime to world cultural heritage sites, which is so far lacking despite the fact that such sites are increasingly targeted. Lostal spells out this area's discrete legal principles, providing accessible and succinct guidelines to a usually complex web of international conventions. Using the conflicts in Syria, Libya and Mali (among others) as case studies, she offers timely insight into the phenomenon of cultural heritage destruction. Lastly, by incorporating the World Heritage Convention into the discourse, this book fulfills UNESCO's long-standing project of exploring 'how to promote the systemic integration between the [World Heritage] Convention of 1972 and the other UNESCO regimes'. It is sure to engender debate and cause reflection over cultural heritage and protection regimes.

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Contents

Contents
  • 1 - Two Wrong Ways of Thinking about the Legal Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict
    pp 18-47
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References

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Journal Articles

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Media Releases

“A Review on the Situation of Cultural Heritage in Libya since the Revolution.” Centro di Conservazione Archeologica, July 19, 2014.
Amelan, Roni. “First Mission to Gao since End of Military Occupation of Northern Mali Takes Stock of Serious Damage to the City’s Cultural Heritage.” UNESCOPRESS, February 13, 2014.
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“Damage to Timbuktu’s Cultural Heritage Worse Than First Estimated Reports UNESCO Mission.” UNESCOPRESS, June 7, 2013.
Desmarais, France. “Libya, a Year after the Conflict’s Beginning.” ICOMNEWS, 2012. 16–17.
“‘Destruction of Hatra Marks a Turning Point in the Cultural Cleansing Underway in Iraq’ Say Heads of UNESCO and ISESCO.” UNESCOPRESS, March 7, 2015.
Drennan, Justine. “The Black-Market Underground.” Foreign Policy, 2014.
Follorou, Jacques. “Jihadists Return to Northern Mali a Year after French Intervention.” Guardian Weekly, March 11, 2014.
Hardy, Sam. “How the West Buys ‘Conflict Antiquities’ from Iraq and Syria (and Funds Terror).” Reuters, October 27, 2014.
Hardy, Sam. “Islamic State Has Toppled, Sledgehammered and Jackhammered (Drilled Out) Artefacts in Mosul Museum and at Nineveh.” Conflict in Antiquities (blog), February 26, 2015.
“Hatra Destruction ‘War Crime,’ Says Un Chief in Wake of ISIL Destruction of Heritage Site.” UN News Centre, March 7, 2015.
ICC, Press Media. “Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, Following Admission of Guilt by the Accused in Mali War Crime Case: “An Important Step for the Victims, and Another First for the ICC.”” March 24, 2016.
International Crisis Group. “Afghanistan’s Insurgency after the Transition.” Asia Report 256, May 12, 2014.
Interview with Peter King, chair of the World Heritage Committee. World Heritage Newsletter, May–June 2001.
“Islamic State Video ‘Shows Destruction of Nimrud.’” BBC News, April 12, 2015.
Jamestown Foundation. “North African Salafists Turn on Sufi Shrines in Mali.” 10 Terrorism Monitor Volume 10, May 18, 2012.
Ministre de la Justice (Mali). “Renvoi de la situation au Mali (La Procureure pres la Cour Penal Internationale).” Bamako, July 13, 2013.
“The New Normal: Syria’s War.” Economist, July 27, 2013.
“Nihilism in Timbuktu.” New Statesman, January 31, 2013.
Perini, Silvia, and Cunliffe, Emma. “Towards a Protection of the Syrian Cultural Heritage: A Summary of the International Responses (March 2011–March 2014).” Heritage for Peace, 2014.
Pevsner, Nikolaus. “Breve historia de la arquitectura europea.” Madrid: Alianza Forma, 1994.
Rey, Laila M. “La Ciudadela de Alepo, Dañada por la Artillería Siria.” El Mundo, August 10, 2012.
“Rumsfeld Cracks Jokes, but Iraqis Aren’t Laughing.” Aljazeera.net, April 13, 2003.
Security Council Press Release. “Security Council Press Statement on ISIL’s Destruction of Religious and Cultural Artifacts in Mosul.” UN NEWS, February 27, 2015.
Sofer, Ken, and Shafroth, Juliana, “The Structure and Organization of the Syrian Opposition.” Center for American Progress, 1–13, 2013.
State of Conservation concerning Syria: Analysis and Conclusions of the World Heritage Centre, ICOMOS and ICCROM (2014).
Stone, Peter. “War and Heritage: Using Inventories to Protect Cultural Property.” The Getty Conservation Institute, Conservation Perspectives, 1–6 2013.
“‘Stop the Destruction!’ Urges UNESCO Director-General.” UNESCO News, August 30, 2013.
“Syria Crusader Castle Damaged by Air Raid.” Aljazeera, July 13, 2013.
“Syria: The Director-General of UNESCO Appeals to Stop Violence and to Protect the World Heritage City of Aleppo.” UNESCO News, March 22, 2013.
“Tethered by History.” Economist, July 5, 2014.
UN and UNESCO. “Statement by Mr. Ban Ki-Moon, United Nations Secretary-General; Ms. Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General; and Mr. Lakhdar Brahimi, Joint Special Representative for Syria: The Destruction of the Cultural Heritage of Syria Must Stop.” March 12, 2014.
UN and UNESCO. “UN Independent Experts Condemn Destruction of Sufi Religious Sites in Libya.” UN News Centre, 2012.
Amelan, Roni. “UNESCO Condemns Vandalism of Cultural and Religious Heritage in the Old City of Tripoli.” UNESCOPRESS, October 14, 2014.
UN and UNESCO. “UNESCO Director General Calls on All Parties to Protect Libya’s Unique Cultural Heritage.” UNESCOPRESS, November 18, 2014.
UN and UNESCO. “UNESCO Director General Condemns Destruction of Nimrud in Iraq.” UNESCOPRESS, March 6, 2015.
Weeks, Jonny. “Syria: Aleppo’s Umayyad Mosque Destroyed – in Pictures.” Guardian, April 25, 2013.
Wehrey, Frederic. “Mosul on the Mediterranean? The Islamic State in Libya and U.S. Counterterrorism Dilemmas.” Lawfare, December 17, 2014.
Wehrey, Frederic, and Lacher, Wolfram. “Libya’s Legitimacy Crisis.” Foreign Affairs, October 6, 2014.

Web Sites

Channel 4 News. “Syria: Inside the Crac des Chevaliers Crusader Castle.” March 13, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9tqmxe4Ilw.
Human Rights Watch. “Libya: Country Summary.” January 2014. www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/libya_5.pdf.
International Committee of the Red Cross. “Syria: ICRC and Syrian Arab Red Crescent Maintain Aid Effort amid Increased Fighting.” July 17, 2012. www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/update/2012/syria-update-2012-07-17.htm.
Syrian Directorate General of Museums & Antiquities. “International Appeal for the Defence and Protection of Syria’s Archaeological Heritage.” July 3, 2013. www.dgam.gov.sy/?d=314&id=903.
White House. “A Look Back: Bringing Our Troops Home.” May 27, 2014. Timeline available at www.whitehouse.gov/share/bringing-our-troops-home.
White House. Office of the Press Secretary. “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning at Cairo University.” June 4, 2009. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks- president-cairo-university-6-04-09.
U.S. Department of State. “Remarks of U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry at Threats to Cultural Heritage in Iraq and Syria Event.” September 22, 2014. transcript available at www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/09/231992.htm.

Reports

American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS]. “Ancient History, Modern Destruction: Assessing the Current Status of Syria’s World Heritage Sites Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery,” 1–39 (Washington, DC: September 18, 2014).
American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS] .Second Report Concerning Six of the Twelve Tentative Syrian World Heritage Properties (Washington, DC: December 17, 2014).
Blue Shield International Military Cultural Heritage Working Group. Report: Civil–Military Assessment Mission for Libyan Heritage (2011) [First Blue Shield Report].
Blue Shield International Military Cultural Heritage Working Group. The 2nd Libyan Heritage Mission: November 12 to 16, 201, [Second Blue Shield Report].
Boylan, Patrick J. Review of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict (UNESCO, 1993, Doc. CLT-93/WS/12, 33–34).
Bureau of the World Heritage Committee. Report of the Rapporteur on the 25th Session.
Comité Interinstitucional de Derecho Internacional. Hasta la guerra se debe respeto: III Fase de Señalización de Bienes Culturales con el Emblema de Protección de la Convención de La Haya 1954 (El Salvador: 2011).
Danti, Michael D., Ali, Cheikhmous, Paulette, Tate, Cuneo, Allison, Franklin, Kathryn, Barnes Gordon, LeeAnn, and Elitz, David. “Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq.” In ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): American Schools of Oriental Research, April 6, 2015.
Danti, Michael, Branting, Scott, Paulette, Tate, and Cuneo, Allison. “Report on the Destruction of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud,” in ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): American Schools of Oriental Research, May 5, 2015.
Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel. Rapport: Etat actuel de conservation du bien Tombouctou (Bamako: Ministere de la Culture, Republique du Mali, 2014).
Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel. Rapport: Etat actuel de conservation du site du “Tombeau des Askia” (Bamako: Ministere de la Culture, Republique du Mali, 2014).
Germany Government. Report by the Federal Republic of Germany on the Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (2010).
Holliday, Joseph. “Syria’s Armed Opposition.” In Middle East Security Report, 1–59 (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War, 2012).
Human Rights Watch. “Collapse, Conflict and Atrocity in Mali: Human Rights Watch Reporting on the 2012–2013 Armed Conflict and Its Aftermath” (2014).
Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. Situation in Mali: Article 53(1) Report (The Hague: International Criminal Court, January 16, 2013).
Republic of Lithuania. National Report on Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two 1954 and 1999 Protocols. Reporting Period 2003–2007 (2010).
Syrian Directorate General of Museums & Antiquities. Periodic Report on Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in The Event of Armed Conflict and Its Two (1954–1999) Protocols for the Period 2005–2010 (2010).
Syrian Directorate General of Museums & Antiquities. State Party Report: State of Conservation of the Syrian Cultural Heritage Sites (2014) 1–28.
UN – Group of Experts for Cambodia. Report of the Group of Experts for Cambodia Established Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 52/135 (1999).

Legal Instruments

Australian Department of Defense. Law of Armed Conflict (Defence Publishing Service 2006) ADDP 06.4 [Australian Defense Manual].
Council Regulation 1332/2013. Amending Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 Concerning Restrictive Measures in View of the Situation in Syria, 2013 O.J. (L 335/3).
International Law Commission. Conclusions of the Work of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, UN Document A/CN.4/L.682/Add.1.
International Law Commission. Draft Articles on the Effect of War on Treaties, with commentaries (2011) UN Document A/66/10.
International Law Commission. Draft Conclusions on Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Relation to the Interpretation of Treaties (2013) UN Document A/CN.4/L.813.
International Law Commission. The Effect of Armed Conflict on Treaties: An Examination of Practice and Doctrine (Fifty-seventh session, 2005) UN Document A/CN.4/550.
Model Agreement between the United Nations and Member States Contributing Personnel and Equipment to the United Nations Peace-keeping Operations (May 23, 1991) UN Doc. A/46/85.
Resolution 1546. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 4987th Meeting, on June 8, 2004, UN Document S/RES/1546 (2004).
Resolution 1970. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 6491st Meeting, on February 26, 2011, UN Document S/RES/1970 (2011).
Resolution 1973. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 6498th Meeting, on March 17, 2011, UN Document S/RES/1973 (2011).
Resolution 2009. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 6620th Meeting, on September 16, 2011, UN Document S/RES/2009 (2011).
Resolution 2071. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 6846th Meeting, on October 12, 2012, UN Document S/RES/2071 (2012).
Resolution 2085. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 6898th Meeting, on December 20, 2012, UN Document S/RES/2085 (2012).
Resolution 2100. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 6952nd Meeting, on April 25, 2013, UN Document S/RES/2100 (2013).
Resolution 2164. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 7210th Meeting, on June 25, 2014, UN Document S/RES/2164 (2014).
Resolution 2208. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 7399th Meeting, on March 5, 2015, UN Doc. S/RES/2208 (2015).
Resolution 2238. Adopted by the Security Council at Its 7520th Meeting, on September 10, 2015, UN Doc. S/RES/2238 (2015).
Second Protocol Committee. 8th Session, Adopted Decisions (March 20, 2014).
Second Protocol Committee. Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Paris: March 22, 2012) UNESCO Doc. CLT-09/CONF/219/3 REV.4.
Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), UN Document S/25704, 9.
Security Council Resolution 2056 of 2012, Adopted at Its 6798th meeting on 5 July, UN Document S/RES/2056 (2012).
Security Council Resolution 2139 of 2014, Adopted at Its 7116th meeting on 22 February, S/RES/2139 (2014).
Security Council Resolution 2164 of 2014, Adopted at Its 7210th meeting on 25 June, UN Document S/RES/2164 (2014)
Security Council Resolution 2174 of 2014, Adopted at Its 7251st meeting on 27 August Concerning the Situation in Libya S/RES/2174 (2014).
Security Council Resolution 2199 of 10 February 2015 Adopted at Its 7379th Meeting, UN Document S/RES/2199 (2015).
UN General Assembly Resolution. “Return or Restitution of Cultural Property to the Countries of Origin” (53rd Plenary Meeting, December 12, 2012) UN Doc. A/67/PV.53
UNESCO Executive Board. Decisions Adopted by the Executive Board at Its 139th Session (1992) UNESCO Doc. 139 EX/29.
UNESCO Executive Board. Decisions Adopted by the Executive Board at Its 141st Session (1993) UNESCO Doc. 141 EX/Decisions.
UNESCO General Conference. Records of the General Conference: Resolutions (2001), UNESCO Doc. 31 C/46.
UNESCO. “2011–2012 Periodic Reports Concerning the 1954 Hague Convention and Additional Protocols.”
UNESCO. “Regional Training on Syrian Cultural Heritage: Addressing the Issue of Illicit Trafficking” (Amman: February 10–13, 2013).
UNESCO. Address by Mr Federico Mayor Director-General of UNESCO at the opening of the Diplomatic Conference on the Draft Second Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1999) UNESCO Doc. DG/99/9.
UNESCO. Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon, International Coordination Committee for the Safeguarding of the Cultural Heritage of Iraq (June 26, 2009) UNESCO Doc. CLT/EO/CIP/2009/RP/114.
UNESCO. International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection UNESCO Doc. CLT/CIH/MCO/2008/PI/46.
UNESCO. Meeting of Experts to Co-Ordinate, with a View to Their International Adoption, Principles and Scientific, Technical and Legal Criteria Applicable to the Protection of Cultural Property, Monuments and Sites (1968) UNESCO Doc. SCH/CS/27/8.
UNESCO. Records of the 16th General Conference (1970) UNESCO Doc. 16C/19.
UNESCO. Report by the Director-General on the Reinforcement of UNESCO’s Action for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1992) UNESCO Doc. 140 EX/13.
UNESCO. Report on the Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and Its Two (1954 and 1999) Protocols for the Period 2005–2010 (2011): 1–116.
UNESCO. Standard Plan of Action to Protect Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (2011) UNESCO Doc. CLT-11-CONF-209-INF1.
UNESCO. Standard Plan of Action to Protect Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (2013) UNESCO Doc. CLT-13/10HCP/CONF.201/INF.3.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Declaration 2 July 2002 to the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, June 8, 1977.
World Heritage Committee. “Item 5 of the Provisional Agenda: Reports of the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies. 5F: Follow-up to the Audit of the Working Methods of Cultural Conventions and to the Evaluation of UNESCO’s Standard Setting Work of the Culture Sector” (May 16, 2014) UNESCO Doc. WHC-14/38.COM/5F.
World Heritage Committee. 15th session (December 9–13, 1991) UNESCO Doc. SC-91/CONF.002/15.
World Heritage Committee. 18th Session (December 12–17, 1994) UNESCO Doc. WHC-94/CONF.003/16.
World Heritage Committee. 38th Session (July 7, 2014) UNESCO Doc. WHC-14/38.COM/16.
World Heritage Committee. Item 5E of the Provisional Agenda: The World Heritage Convention and the Other UNESCO Conventions in the Field of Culture, 34th session (2010) UNESCO Doc. WHC-10/34.COM/5E.
World Heritage Committee. Item 9 of the Provisional Agenda: Co-operation and Coordination between UNESCO Conventions Concerning Heritage (Seventh Extraordinary Session, 2004) UNESCO Doc. WHC-04/7 EXT.COM/9.
World Heritage Committee. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2015) UNESCO Doc. WHC. 15/01.

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