Radiative Process: Techniques and Applications

Michael J. Wolff; Miguel Lopéz-Valverde; Jean-Baptiste Madeleine; R. John Wilson; Michael D. Smith; Thierry Fouchet; Gregory T. Delory

doi:10.1017/9781139060172.006

6 - Radiative Process: Techniques and Applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2017

Michael J. Wolff ,

Miguel Lopéz-Valverde ,

Jean-Baptiste Madeleine ,

Thierry Fouchet and

Edited by

Michael D. Smith and

Robert M. Haberle: Affiliation:
NASA Ames Research Center
R. Todd Clancy: Affiliation:
Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado
François Forget: Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris
Michael D. Smith: Affiliation:
NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center
Richard W. Zurek: Affiliation:
NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars , pp. 106 - 171

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139060172.006 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acuna, M. H., Connerney, J. E., Wasilewski, P., et al. (1998) Magnetic field and plasma observations at Mars: initial results of the Mars Global Surveyor mission, Science, 279, 1676.Google Scholar

Acuna, M. H., Connerney, J. E., Ness, N. F., et al. (1999) Global distribution of crustal magnetization discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER experiment, Science, 284, 790.Google Scholar

Ajello, J. M. and Hord, C. W. (1973) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: morning terminator observations of Mars, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 30, 1495–1501.2.0.CO;2>CrossRef Google Scholar

Ajello, J.M., Hord, C. W., Barth, C. A., et al. (1973) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: afternoon terminator observations of Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, 78, 4279–4290.Google Scholar

Akabane, T., Iwasaki, K., Saito, Y., and Narumi, Y. (1990) Blue clearing of Syrtis Major at the 1982 opposition, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 14649–14655.Google Scholar

Alms, G. R., Burnham, A. K., and Flygare, W. H. (1975) Measurement of the dispersion in polarizability anisotropies, Journal of Chemical Physics, 63, 3321–3326.CrossRef Google Scholar

Asano, S., and Yamamoto, G. (1975) Light scattering by a spheroidal particle, Applied Optics 14, 29–49.Google Scholar

Ayash, T., Gong, S., and Jia, C. Q. (2008) Implementing the delta-four-stream approximation for solar radiation computations in an atmosphere general circulation model, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 65, 2448.Google Scholar

Bailey, M. P., and Hallett, J. (2009) A comprehensive habit diagram for atmospheric ice crystals: confirmation from the laboratory, AIRS II, and other field studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2888–2899.Google Scholar

Bandfield, J. L., Wolff, M. J., Smith, M. D., et al. (2013) Radiometric comparison of Mars Climate Sounder and Thermal Emission spectrometer measurements, Icarus, 225, 28–39.Google Scholar

Baratta, G. A. and Palumbo, M. E. (1998) Infrared optical constants of CO and CO₂ thin icy films, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 15, 3076–3085.CrossRef Google Scholar

Barth, C. A., Hord, C. W., Stewart, A. I., et al. (1973) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Seasonal variation of ozone on Mars, Science, 179, 795–796.Google Scholar

Basu, S., Richardson, M. I., and Wilson, R. J. (2004) Simulation of the Martian dust cycle with the GFDL Mars GCM, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 109, 11006.Google Scholar

Basu, S., Wilson, R. J., Richardson, M. I., and Ingersoll, A. (2006) Simulation of spontaneous and variable global dust storms with the GFDL Mars GCM, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, 09004.Google Scholar

Bell, J. F., Wolff, M. J., Malin, M. C., et al. (2009) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager (MARCI): instrument description, calibration, and performance, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, E08S92.Google Scholar

Benson, J. L., Bonev, B. P., James, P. B., et al. (2003) The seasonal behavior of water ice clouds in the Tharsis and Valles Marineris regions of Mars: Mars Orbiter Camera observations, Icarus, 16, 34–52.CrossRef Google Scholar

Benson, J. L., Kass, D. M., Kleinböhl, A., et al. (2010) Mars’ south polar hood as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 115, 12015.Google Scholar

Berk, A., Bernstein, L. S., Anderson, G. P., et al. (1998) MODTRAN cloud and multiple scattering upgrades with application to AVIRIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 65, 367–375.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bertaux, J.-L., Korablev, O., Perrier, S., et al. (2006) SPICAM on Mars Express: observing modes and overview of UV spectrometer data and scientific results, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets) 111, E10S90.Google Scholar

Bertucci, C. (2003) Magnetic field draping enhancement at the Martian magnetic pileup boundary from Mars global surveyor observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30. 10.1029/2002gl015713.Google Scholar

Betz, A. L., McLaren, R. A.,Johnson, M. A. and Sutton, E. C. (1977) Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of CO₂ in the atmosphere of Mars, Icarus, 30, 650–662.Google Scholar

Bideau-Mehu, A., Guern, Y., Abjean, R., and Johannin-Gilles, A. (1973) Interferometric determination of the refractive index of carbon dioxide in the ultraviolet region, Optics Communications, 9, 432–434.CrossRef Google Scholar

Blamont, J. E., Chassefiere, E., Goutail, J. P., et al. (1991) Vertical profiles of dust and ozone in the Martian atmosphere deduced from solar occultation measurements, Planetary and Space Science, 39, 175–187.Google Scholar

Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R. (1983) Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, John Wiley, USA.Google Scholar

Bougher, S. W. and Dickinson, R. E. (1988) Mars mesosphere and thermosphere. I – Global mean heat budget and thermal structure, Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 7325–7337.Google Scholar

Bougher, S. W., Dickinson, R. E., Roble, R. G. and Ridley, E. C. (1988) Mars thermospheric general circulation model – calculations for the arrival of PHOBOS at Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 1511–1514.Google Scholar

Bougher, S. W., Hunten, D. M., and Roble, R. G., (1994) CO₂ cooling in terrestrial planet thermospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 14609.Google Scholar

Bougher, S. W., Bell, J. M., Murphy, J. R., et al. (2006) Polar warming in the Mars thermosphere: seasonal variations owing to changing insolation and dust distributions, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, 02203.Google Scholar

Brault, J. and Testerman, L. (1972) Preliminary Edition of Kitt Peak Solar Atlas, unpublished.Google Scholar

Briggs, G. A., and Leovy, C. B. (1974) Mariner 9 observations of the Mars north polar hood, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 55, 278–278.Google Scholar

Burch, D. E., Gryvnak, D. A., Patty, R. R., and Bartky, C. E. (1969)Absorption of infrared radiant energy by CO₂ and H₂O. IV. Shapes of collision-broadened CO₂ lines, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 267–280.Google Scholar

Cantor, B. A. (2007) MOC observations of the 2001 Mars planet-encircling dust storm, Icarus, 186, 60–96.Google Scholar

Chahine, M. T. (1972) A general relaxation method from inverse solution of the full radiative transfer equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 741–747.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, J. W., and Hunten, D. M. (1987) Theory of Planetary Atmospheres, Academic Press, San Diego, USA.Google Scholar

Chandrasekhar, S. (1950) Radiative Transfer, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Chassefière, E., Blamont, J. E., Krasnopolsky, V. A., et al. (1992) Vertical structure and size distributions of Martian aerosols from solar occultation measurements, Icarus, 97, 46–69.Google Scholar

Chassefière, E., Drossart, P., and Korablev, O. (1995) Post-Phobos model for the altitude and size distribution of dust in the low Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 5525–5539.Google Scholar

Christensen, P. R., Bandfield, J. L., Hamilton, V. E., et al. (2001) Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: investigation description and surface science results, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 23823–23872.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T. and Lee, S. W. (1991) A new look at dust and clouds in the Mars atmosphere – analysis of emission-phase-function sequences from global Viking IRTM observations, Icarus, 93, 135–158.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T. and Sandor, B. J. (1998) CO₂ ice clouds in the upper atmosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 489–492.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Lee, S. W., Gladstone, G. R., et al. (1995) A new model for Mars atmospheric dust based upon analysis of ultraviolet through infrared observations from Mariner 9, Viking, and PHOBOS, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 5251–5263.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., James, P. B., et al. (1996a), Mars ozone measurements near the 1995 aphelion: Hubble space telescope ultraviolet spectroscopy with the faint object spectrograph, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 12777–12784.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Grossman, A. W., Wolff, M. J. et al. (1996b) Water vapor saturation at low altitudes around Mars aphelion: a key to Mars climate? Icarus, 122, 36–62.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., and James, P. B. (1999) Minimal aerosol loading and global increases in atmospheric ozone during the 1996–1997 Martian northern spring season, Icarus 138, 49–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Sandor, B. J., Wolff, M. J., et al. (2000) An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 9553–9572.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., and Christensen, P. R. (2003) Mars aerosol studies with the MGS TES emission phase function observations: optical depths, particle sizes, and ice cloud types versus latitude and solar longitude, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 108, 5098.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., Whitney, B. A., Cantor, B. A. and Smith, M. D. (2007) Mars equatorial mesospheric clouds: global occurrence and physical properties from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer and Mars Orbiter Camera limb observations, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 112, 04004.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., Cantor, B. A., Malin, M. C., and Michaels, T. I. (2009) Valles Marineris cloud trails, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, 11002.Google Scholar

Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., Whitney, B. A., et al. (2010) Extension of atmospheric dust loading to high altitudes during the 2001 Mars dust storm: MGS TES limb observations, Icarus, 207, 98–109.Google Scholar

Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Mlawer, E. J., et al. (2005) Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: a summary of the AER codes, Journal of Quantative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 91, 233–244.Google Scholar

Cloutis, E. A., McCormack, K. A., Bell, J. F., et al. (2008) Ultraviolet spectral reflectance properties of common planetary minerals, Icarus 197, 321–347.Google Scholar

Code, A. D. (1967) Radiative transfer in a spherical Compton scattering atmosphere, Astrophysical Journal, 149, 253–263.Google Scholar

Colaprete, A. and Toon, O. B. (2000) The radiative effects of Martian water ice clouds on the local atmospheric temperature profile, Icarus, 145, 524–532.CrossRef Google Scholar

Colaprete, A. and Toon, O. B. (2003) Carbon dioxide clouds in an early dense Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 108, 5025.Google Scholar

Colaprete, A., Toon, O. B., and Magalhães, J. A. (1999) Cloud formation under Mars Pathfinder conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 9043–9054.Google Scholar

Colaprete, A., Barnes, J. R., Haberle, R. M., and Montmessin, F. (2008) CO₂ clouds, CAPE and convection on Mars: observations and general circulation modeling, Planetary and Space Science, 56, 150–180.Google Scholar

Colburn, D. S., Pollack, J. B., and Haberle, R. M. (1989) Diurnal variations in optical depth at Mars, Icarus, 79, 159–189.Google Scholar

Colina, L., Bohlin, R. C., and Castelli, F. (1996) The 0.12–2.5 micron absolute flux distribution of the Sun for comparison with solar analog stars, Astronomical Journal, 112, 307.Google Scholar

Conrath, B. J. (1972) Vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained from remote radiation measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1262–1271.Google Scholar

Conrath, B. J. (1975) Thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere during the dissipation of the dust storm of 1971, Icarus, 24, 36–46.Google Scholar

Conrath, B., Curran, R., Hanel, R., et al. (1973) Atmospheric and surface properties of Mars obtained by infrared spectroscopy on Mariner 9, Journal of Geophysical Research, 78, 4267–4278.Google Scholar

Conrath, B. J., Pearl, J. C., Smith, M. D., Maguire, W. C., Christensen, P. R., et al. (2000) Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations: atmospheric temperatures during aerobraking and science phasing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 9509–9520.Google Scholar

Córdoba-Jabonero, C., Lara, L. M., Mancho, A. M., Márquez, A., and Rodrigo, R. (2003) Solar ultraviolet transfer in the Martian atmosphere: biological and geological implications, Planetary and Space Science, 51, 399–410.Google Scholar

Coulson, K. L. (1959a) Characteristics of the radiation emerging from the top of a Rayleigh atmosphere-I, Planetary and Space Science, 1, 265.Google Scholar

Coulson, K. L. (1959b) Characteristics of the radiation emerging from the top of a Rayleigh atmosphere-II Total upward flux and albedo, Planetary and Space Science, 1, 277–284.Google Scholar

Coulson, K. L. and Fraser, R. S. (1975) Radiation in the atmosphere, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 13, 732–737.Google Scholar

Coulson, K. L., Dave, J. V., and Sekera, Z. (1960) Tables Related to Radiation Emerging from a Planetary Atmosphere with Rayleigh Scattering, University of California Press.Google Scholar

Crisp, D. (1990) Infrared radiative transfer in the dust-free Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 14577–14588.Google Scholar

Crisp, D., Pathare, A., and Ewell, R. C. (2004) The performance of gallium arsenide/germanium solar cells at the Martian surface, Acta Astronautica, 54 (2), 83–101.Google Scholar

Curran, R. J., Conrath, B. J., Hanel, R. A., Kunde, V. G., and Pearl, J. C. (1973) Mars: Mariner 9 spectroscopic evidence for H₂O ice clouds, Science, 182, 381–383.Google Scholar

Curtis, A. R. (1952) Contribution to a discussion of “A statistical model for water vapour absoprtion” by R. M. Goody, Quart. J. Roy. Meteo Soc., 78, 638.Google Scholar

Cuzzi, J. N., Ackerman, T. P., and Helmle, L. C. (1982) The delta-four-stream approximation for radiative flux transfer, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 39, 917–925.Google Scholar

Dahlback, A. and Stamnes, K. (1991) A new spherical model for computing the radiation field available for photolysis and heating at twilight, Planetary and Space Science, 39, 671–683.Google Scholar

Deirmendjian, D. (1964) Scattering and polarization properties of water clouds and hazes in the visible and infrared, Applied Optics, 3, 187.Google Scholar

Deland, M. T. and Cebula, R. P. (2008) Creation of a composite solar ultraviolet irradiance data set, Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 113, 11103.Google Scholar

Deming, D. and Mumma, M. J. (1983) Modeling of the 10-micron natural laser emission from the mesospheres of Mars and Venus, Icarus, 55, 356–368.Google Scholar

Deming, D., Espenak, F., Jennings, D., et al. (1983) Observations of the 10-micron natural laser emission from the mesospheres of Mars and Venus, Icarus, 55, 347–355.Google Scholar

Dickinson, R. E. (1972) Infrared radiative heating and cooling in the Venusian mesosphere. I. Global mean radiative equilibrium, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1531–1556.Google Scholar

Dickinson, R. E. (1976) Infrared radiative emission in the venusian mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 290–303.Google Scholar

Dickinson, R. E. and Bougher, S. W. (1986) Venus mesosphere and thermosphere 1. Heat budget and thermal structure, Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 70–80.Google Scholar

Dlugach, Z. M., Mishchenko, M. I., and Morozhenko, A. V. (2002) The effect of the shape of dust aerosol particles in the Martian atmosphere on the particle parameters, Solar System Research, 36, 367–373.Google Scholar

Eckermann, S. D., Ma, J., and Zhu, X. (2011) Scale-dependent infrared radiative damping rates on Mars and their role in the deposition of gravity-wave momentum flux, Icarus. 211, 429–442.Google Scholar

Eddington, A. S. (1916) On the radiative equilibrium of the stars, Monthy Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 77, 16–35.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. M., and Slingo, A. (1996) Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model, Quart. Journal Royal Meteorol. Soc., 122, 689–719.Google Scholar

Egan, W. G., Fischbein, W. L., Smith, L. L., and Hilgeman, T. (1980) High-resolution Martian atmosphere modeling, Icarus, 41, 166–174.Google Scholar

Elsasser, W. M. (1938) Mean absorption and equivalent absorption coefficient of a band spectrum, Phys. Rev., 54, 126–129.Google Scholar

Elsasser, W. M. (1942) Heat Transfer by Infrared Radiation in the Atmosphere, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Elteto, A. and Toon, O. B. (2010a) Retrieval algorithm for atmospheric dust properties from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data during global dust storm 2001A, Icarus, 210, 566–588.Google Scholar

Elteto, A. and Toon, O. B. (2010b) The effects and characteristics of atmospheric dust during Martian global dust storm 2001A, Icarus, 210, 589–611.Google Scholar

Eluszkiewicz, J., Moncet, J.-L., Shephard, M. W., et al (2008) Atmospheric and surface retrievals in the Mars polar regions from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 113, 10010.Google Scholar

Emmanuel, C. B. (1968) Radiative equilibrium temperature distribution of the atmosphere of Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 10, 2156–2202.Google Scholar

Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Melchiorri, R., et al. (2006) Seasonal variations of the Martian CO over Hellas as observed by OMEGA/Mars Express, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 459, 265–270.Google Scholar

Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Melchiorri, R., et al. (2008) A study of the Martian water vapor over Hellas using OMEGA and PFS aboard Mars Express, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 484, 547–553.Google Scholar

Eriksson, P., Buehler, S. A., Davis, C. P., Emde, C., and Lemke, O. (2011) ARTS, the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator, version 2, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 112, 1551–1558.Google Scholar

Ermolli, I., Matthes, K., Dudok de Wit, T., et al. (2013) Recent variability of the solar spectral irradiance and its impact on climate modeling, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 3945–3977.Google Scholar

Evans, K. F. (1998) The spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method for three-dimensional atmospherica radiative transfer, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 30, 169–179.Google Scholar

Evans, K. and Marshak, A. (2005) Numerical methods, in 3D Radiative Tranfer in Cloudy Atmospheres, eds. Marshak, A. and Davis, A. B., Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar

Fedorova, A. A., Lellouch, E., Titov, D. V., de Graauw, T., and Feuchtgruber, H. (2002) Remote sounding of the Martian dust from ISO spectroscopy in the 2.7 µm CO₂ bands, Planetary and Space Science, 50, 3–9.Google Scholar

Fedorova, A. A., Rodin, A. V., and Baklanova, I. V. (2004) Seasonal cycle of water vapor in the atmosphere of mars as revealed from the MAWD/Viking 1 and 2 experiment, Solar System Research, 38, 421–433.Google Scholar

Fedorova, A., Korablev, O., Bertaux, J.-L., et al. (2006) Mars water vapor abundance from SPICAM IR spectrometer: seasonal and geographic distributions, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E09S08.Google Scholar

Fedorova, A., Korablev, O. I., Bertaux, J.-L., et al. (2009) Solar infrared occultation observations by SPICAM experiment on Mars-Express: simultaneous measurements of the vertical distributions of H₂O, CO₂ and aerosol, Icarus, 200, 96–117.Google Scholar

Fedorova, A. A., Trokhimovsky, S., Korablev, O., and Montmessin, F. (2010) Viking observation of water vapor on Mars: revision from up-to-date spectroscopy and atmospheric models, Icarus, 208, 156–164.Google Scholar

Fiorenza, C. and Formisano, V. (2005) A solar spectrum for PFS data analysis, Planetary and Space Science, 53, 1009–1016.Google Scholar

Fontenla, J. M., Harder, J., Livingston, W., Snow, M., and Woods, T. (2011) High-resolution solar spectral irradiance from extreme ultraviolet to far infrared, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 116, 20108.Google Scholar

Forget, F. and Pierrehumbert, R. T. (1998) Warming early Mars with carbon dioxide clouds that scatter infrared radiation, Science, 278, 1273.Google Scholar

Forget, F., Hourdin, F., and Talagrand, O. (1998) CO₂ snowfall on Mars: simulation with a general circulation model, Icarus, 131, 302–316.Google Scholar

Forget, F., Hourdin, F., Fournier, R., et al. (1999) Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 24155–24176.Google Scholar

Forget, F., Spiga, A., Dolla, B., et al (2007) Remote sensing of surface pressure on Mars with the Mars Express/OMEGA spectrometer: 1. Retrieval method, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 112.Google Scholar

Forget, F., Montmessin, F., Bertaux, J.-L., et al. (2009) Density and temperatures of the upper Martian atmosphere measured by stellar occultations with Mars Express SPICAM, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, E01004.Google Scholar

Formisano, V., Maturilli, A., Giuranna, M., D’Aversa, E., and López-Valverde, M. A. (2006) Observations of non-LTE emission at 4–5 microns with the planetary Fourier spectrometer aboard the Mars Express mission, Icarus, 182, 51–67.Google Scholar

Foster, J. L., Chang, A. T. C., Hall, D. K., et al. (1998) Carbon dioxide crystals: an examination of their size, shape, and scattering properties at 37 GHz and comparisons with water ice (snow) measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 25839–25850.Google Scholar

Fritts, D. C., Wang, L., and Tolson, R. H. (2006) Mean and gravity wave structures and variability in the Mars upper atmosphere inferred from Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey aerobraking densities, Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 111, 12304.Google Scholar

Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., García-Comas, M., et al. (2012) GRANADA: a Generic RAdiative traNsfer AnD non-LTE population algorithm, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 113, 1771–1817.Google Scholar

Gierasch, P. and Goody, R. (1967) An approximate calculation of radiative heating and radiative equilibrium in the Martian atmosphere, Planetary and Space Science, 15, 1465–1477.Google Scholar

Gierasch, P. J. and Goody, R. M. (1973) A model of a Martian great dust storm, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 30, 169–179.Google Scholar

Godson, W. L. (1953) The evaluation of infra-red radiative fluxes due to atmospheric water vapour, Quart. J. Roy. Meteo. Soc., 79, 367.Google Scholar

González-Galindo, F., López-Valverde, M. A., Angelats i Coll, M., and Forget, F. (2005) Extension of a Martian general circulation model to thermospheric altitudes: UV heating and photochemical models, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 110, 09008.Google Scholar

González-Galindo, F., Forget, F., López-Valverde, M. A., and Angelats i Coll, M. (2009a) A ground-to-exosphere Martian general circulation model: 2. Atmosphere during solstice conditions – thermospheric polar warming, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, 08004.Google Scholar

González-Galindo, F., Forget, F., López-Valverde, M. A., et al. (2009b) A ground-to-exosphere Martian general circulation model: 1. Seasonal, diurnal, and solar cycle variation of thermospheric temperatures, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, 04001.Google Scholar

González-Galindo, F., Määttänen, A., Forget, F., and Spiga, A. (2011) The Martian mesosphere as revealed by CO₂ cloud observations and General Circulation Modeling, Icarus, 216, 10–22.Google Scholar

Goody, R. M. (1952) A statistical model for water vapor absorption, Quart. J. Roy. Meteo. Soc., 78, 165–169.Google Scholar

Goody, R. M. (1964) Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Goody, R. and Belton, M. J. S. (1967) A discussion of Martian atmospheric dynamics, Planetary and Space Science, 15, 247.Google Scholar

Goody, R. M. and Yung, Y. L. (1989) Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Goody, R., West, R., Chen, L., and Crisp, D. (1989) The correlated-k method for radiation calculations in nonhomogeneous atmospheres, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 42, 539–550.Google Scholar

Gordiets, B. F. and Panchenko, V. I. (1983) Nonequilibrium infrared emission and the natural laser effect in the Venus and Mars atmospheres, Cosmic Research, 21, 929–939.Google Scholar

Grandjean, J. and Goody, R. M. (1955) The Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere of Mars, Astrophysical Journal, 121, 548.Google Scholar

Grassi, D., Fiorenza, C., Zasova, L. V., et al. (2005) The Martian atmosphere above great volcanoes: early planetary Fourier spectrometer observations, Planet. Space Sci., 53, 1017–1034.Google Scholar

Gray, L. D. (1966) Transmission of the atmosphere of Mars in the region of 2µm, Icarus, 5, 390.Google Scholar

Greybush, S. J., Wilson, R. J., Kalnay, E., et al. (2012) Ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation of thermal emission spectrometer (TES) profiles into a Mars global circulation model Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, E11008, doi:10.1029/2012JE004097.Google Scholar

Grundy, W. M. and Schmitt, B. (1998) The temperature-dependent near-infrared absorption spectrum of hexagonal H₂O ice, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 25809–25822.Google Scholar

Gruszka, M. and Borysow, A. (1997) Roto-translational collision-induced absorption of CO₂ for the atmosphere of Venus at frequencies from 0 to 250 cm⁻¹, at temperatures from 200 to 800 K, Icarus, 129, 172–177.Google Scholar

Guzewich, S. D., Toigo, A. D., Richardson, M. I., et al. (2013) The impact of a realistic vertical dust distribution on the simulation of the Martian general circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 980–993.Google Scholar

Guzewich, S. D., Smith, M. D., and Wolff, M. J. (2014) Aerosol particle size retrievals from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, The Fifth International Workshop of the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observation, Oxford, UK, January 13–16.Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M. (2013) Estimating the power of Mars’ greenhouse effect, Icarus, 223, 619–620.Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M., Leovy, C. B., and Pollack, J. B. (1982) Some effects of global dust storms on the atmospheric circulation of Mars, Icarus, 50, 322–367.CrossRef Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M., Pollack, J. B., Barnes, J. R., et al. (1993a) Mars atmospheric dynamics as simulated by the NASA AMES general circulation model. I – The zonal-mean circulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 3093–3123.Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M., Houben, H. C., Hertenstein, R., and Herdtle, T. (1993b) A boundary-layer model for Mars: comparison with Viking Lander and entry data, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1544–1559.Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M., Houben, H., Barnes, J. R., and Young, R. E. (1997) A simplified three-dimensional model for Martian climate studies, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 9051–9067.Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M., Joshi, M. M., Murphy, J. R., et al. (1999) General circulation model simulations of the Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 8957–8974.Google Scholar

Haberle, R. M., Montmessin, F., Kahre, M. A., et al. (2011) Radiative effects of water ice clouds on the Martian seasonal water cycle in The Fourth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Paris, France.Google Scholar

Hamilton, V. E., McSween, H. Y., and Hapke, B. (2005) Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 110, 12006.Google Scholar

Hanel, R. A., Conrath, B. J., Jennings, D. E., and Samuelson, R. E. (2003) Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing, 2nd edition, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hansen, G. B. (1997) The infrared absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide ice from 1.8 to 333 µm, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 21569–21588.Google Scholar

Hansen, G. B. (2005) Ultraviolet to near-infrared absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide ice from 0.174 to 1.8 µm, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 110, 11003.Google Scholar

Hansen, J. E. (1971) Multiple scattering of polarized light in planetary atmospheres. II. Sunlight reflected by terrestrial water clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1400–1426.2.0.CO;2>CrossRef Google Scholar

Hansen, J. E. and Travis, L. D. (1974) Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 16 (4), 527–610.Google Scholar

Hapke, B. (1993) Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy, Topics in Remote Sensing, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hartogh, P., Medvedev, A. S., Kuroda, T., et al. (2005) Description and climatology of a new general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 110, 11008.Google Scholar

Hassler, D. M., Zeitlin, C., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., et al. (2012) The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) Investigation, Space Sci. Rev., 170, 503–558, 10.1007/s11214–012–9913–1.Google Scholar

Hayne, P. O., Paige, D. A., Heavens, N. G., et al. (2014) The role of snowfall in forming the seasonal ice caps of Mars: models and constraints from the Mars Climate Sounder, Icarus, 231, 122–130.Google Scholar

Heavens, N. G., Richardson, M. I., Kleinböhl, A., et al. (2011) The vertical distribution of dust in the Martian atmosphere during northern spring and summer: observations by the Mars Climate Sounder and analysis of zonal average vertical dust profiles, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 116, 04003.Google Scholar

Henyey, L. G. and Greenstein, J. L. (1941) Diffuse radiation in the Galaxy, Astrophysical Journal, 93, 70–83.CrossRef Google Scholar

Herman, B. M., Thome, K. J., and Ben-David, A. (1994) Numerical technique for solving the radiative transfer equation for a spherical shell atmosphere, Applied Optics, 33, 1760–1770.Google Scholar

Herman, B. M., Flittner, D. E., Caudill, T. R., Thome, K. J., and Ben-David, A. (1995) Comparison of the Gauss-Seidel spherical polarized radiative transfer code with other radiative transfer codes, Applied Optics, 34, 4563.Google Scholar

Hinson, D. P. and Wilson, R. J. (2004) Temperature inversions, thermal tides, and water ice clouds in the Martian tropics, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 109, 01002.Google Scholar

Hinson, D. P., Simpson, R. A., Twicken, J. D., et al. (1999) Initial results from radio occultation measurements with Mars Global Surveyor, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 26997.Google Scholar

Hinson, D. P., Smith, M. D., and Conrath, B. J. (2004) Comparison of atmospheric temperatures obtained through infrared sounding and radio occultation by Mars Global Surveyor, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 109, 12002.Google Scholar

Hoffman, M. J., Eluszkiewicz, J., Weisenstein, D., Uymin, G., and Moncet, J.-L. (2012) Assessment of Mars atmospheric temperature retrievals from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer radiances, Icarus, 220, 1031–1039.Google Scholar

Houghton, J. (1986) Physics of the Atmosphere, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hourdin, F. (1992) A new representation of the absorption by the CO₂ 15-microns band for a Martian general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 18319.Google Scholar

Hourdin, F., Le Van, P., Forget, F., and Talagrand, O. (1993) Meteorological variability and the annual surface pressure cycle on Mars, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 3625–3640.Google Scholar

Hourdin, F., Forget, F., and Talagrand, O. (1995) The sensitivity of the Martian surface pressure and atmospheric mass budget to various parameters: a comparison between numerical simulations and Viking observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 5501–5523.Google Scholar

Hovenier, J. W., van de Hulst, H. C., and van der Mee, C. V. M. (1986) Conditions for the elements of the scattering matrix, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 157, 301–310.Google Scholar

Huestis, D. L. (2001) Accurate evaluation of the Chapman function for atmospheric attenuation, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 69, 709–721.Google Scholar

Humlicek, J. (1982) Optimized computation of the Voigt and complex probability functions, JQSRT, 27, 437.Google Scholar

Hunt, G. E. (2005) On the opacity of Martian dust storms derived by Viking IRTM spectral measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 8301–8310.Google Scholar

Ignatiev, N. I., Grassi, D., and Zasova, L. V. (2005) Planetary Fourier spectrometer data analysis: fast radiative transfer models, Planetary and Space Science, 53, 1035–1042.Google Scholar

Isenor, M., Escribano, R., Preston, T. C., and Signorell, R. (2013) Predicting the infrared band profiles for CO₂ cloud particles on Mars, Icarus, 223, 591–601.Google Scholar

Ityaksov, D., Linnartz, H., and Ubachs, W. (2008) Deep-UV absorption and Rayleigh scattering of carbon dioxide, Chemical Physics Letters, 462, 31–34.Google Scholar

Iwabuchi, H. and Yang, P. (2011) Temperature dependence of ice optical constants: implications for simulating the single-scattering properties of cold ice clouds, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 112, 2520–2525.Google Scholar

Jacquinet-Husson, N., Scott, N. A., Chédin, A., et al. (1998) The GEISA system in 1996: towards an operational tool for the second generation vertical sounders radiance simulation, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 59, 511–527.Google Scholar

Jacquinet-Husson, N., Scott, N. A., Chédin, A., et al. (2008) The GEISA spectroscopic database: current and future archive for Earth and planetary atmosphere studies, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 109, 1043–1059.Google Scholar

Jacquinet-Husson, N., Crepeau, L., Armante, R., et al. (2011) The 2009 edition of the GEISA spectroscopic database, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 112, 2395–2445.Google Scholar

James, P. B., and North, G. R. (1982) The seasonal CO₂ cycle on Mars: an application of an energy balance climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, B12 2156–2202Google Scholar

James, P. B., Clancy, R. T., Lee, S. W., et al. (1994) Monitoring Mars with the Hubble Space Telescope: 1990–1991 observations, Icarus, 109, 79–101.Google Scholar

Jaquin, F., Gierasch, P., and Kahn, R. (1986) The vertical structure of limb hazes in the Martian atmosphere, Icarus, 68, 442–461.Google Scholar

Jayaweere, K. and Mason, B. (1965) The behavior of freely falling cylinders and cones in a viscous fluid, J. Fluid Mec., 22, 709–720, 1965.Google Scholar

Johnson, M. A., Betz, A. L., McLaren, R. A., Townes, C. H., and Sutton, E. C. (1976) Nonthermal 10 micron CO₂ emission lines in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, Astrophysical Journal, 208, L145–L148.Google Scholar

Johnson, J. R., Grundy, W. M., Lemmon, M. T., et al. (2006) Spectrophotometric properties of materials observed by Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers: 2. Opportunity, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E12S16.Google Scholar

Joseph, J. H., Wiscombe, W. J., and Weinman, J. A. (1976) The delta-Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 33, 2452–2459.Google Scholar

Joshi, M. M., Lewis, S. R., Read, P. L., and Catling, D. C. (1995) Western boundary currents in the Martian atmosphere: numerical simulations and observational evidence, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 5485–5500.Google Scholar

Kahnert, M. (2013a) The T-matrix code Tsym for homogeneous dielectric particles with finite symmetries, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 123, 62–78.Google Scholar

Kahnert, M. (2013b) T-matrix computations for particles with high-order finite symmetries, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 123, 79–91.Google Scholar

Kahre, M. A., Murphy, J. R., Haberle, R. M., et al. (2005) Simulating the Martian dust cycle with a finite surface dust reservoir, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20204.Google Scholar

Kahre, M. A., Murphy, J. R., and Haberle, R. M. (2006) Modeling the Martian dust cycle and surface dust reservoirs with the NASA Ames general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, E06008, doi:10.1029/2005JE002588.Google Scholar

Kahre, M. A., Hollingsworth, J. L., Haberle, R. M. (2014) Investigating the effects of water ice cloud radiative forcing on the predicted patterns and strength of dust lifting on Mars. In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts.Google Scholar

Kahre, M. A., Hollingsworth, J. L., Haberle, R. M., and Murphy, J. R. (2008) Investigations of the variability of dust particle sizes in the Martian atmosphere using the NASA Ames General Circulation Model, Icarus, 195, 576–597.Google Scholar

Kaplan, D. I. (1988) Environment of Mars, 1988. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N 89.Google Scholar

Kaplan, L. D., Münch, G., and Spinrad, H. (1964) An analysis of the spectrum of Mars, Astrophysical Journal, 139, 1.Google Scholar

Kattawar, G. W., Young, A. T., and Humphreys, T. J. (1981) Inelastic scattering in planetary atmospheres. I – The ring effect, without aerosols, Astrophysical Journal, 243, 1049–1057.Google Scholar

Kieffer, H. H. (2013) Thermal model for analysis of Mars infrared mapping, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 118, 451–470.Google Scholar

Kieffer, H. H. and Titus, T. N. (2001) TES mapping of Mars’ north seasonal cap, Icarus, 154, 162–180.Google Scholar

Kieffer, H. H., Titus, T. N., Mullins, K. F., and Christensen, P. R. (2000) Mars south polar spring and summer behavior observed by TES: seasonal cap evolution controlled by frost grain size, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 9653–9700.Google Scholar

King, J. I. (1952) Transfer Theory for Purely Pressure-broadened Band Spectra, Astrophysical Journal, 116, 491–497.Google Scholar

Kleinböhl, A., Schofield, J. T., Kass, D. M., et al. (2009) Mars Climate Sounder limb profile retrieval of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and dust and water ice opacity, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, 10006.Google Scholar

Kleinböhl, A., Schofield, J. T., Abdou, W. A., Irwin, P. G. J., and de Kok, R. J. (2011) A single-scattering approximation for infrared radiative transfer in limb geometry in the Martian atmosphere, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 112, 1568–1580.Google Scholar

Kleinböhl, A., Wilson, R. J., Kass, D., Schofield, J. T., and McCleese, D. J. (2013) The semidiurnal tide in the middle atmosphere of Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1952–1959, doi:10.1002/grl.50497.Google Scholar

Korablev, O. I. (2002) Solar occultation measurements of the Martian atmosphere on the Phobos spacecraft: water vapor profile, aerosol parameters, and other results, Solar System Research, 36, 12–34.Google Scholar

Korablev, O., Bertaux, J.-L., Fedorova, A., Fonteyn, D., Stepanov, A., et al. (2006) SPICAM IR acousto-optic spectrometer experiment on Mars Express, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E09S03.Google Scholar

Kuroda, T., Medvedev, N. A. S., Hartogh, P., and Takahashi, M. (2007) Seasonal change of the baroclinic wave activity in the northern hemisphere of Mars simulated with a GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09203.Google Scholar

Laan, E. C., Volten, H., Stam, D. M., et al. (2009) Scattering matrices and expansion coefficients of Martian analogue palagonite particles, Icarus, 199, 219–230, 2009.Google Scholar

Lacis, A. A. and Oinas, V. (1991) A description of the correlated-k distribution method for modelling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 9027–9064.Google Scholar

Lacis, A. A., Chowdhary, J., Mishchenko, M. I., and Cairns, B. (1998) Modeling errors in diffuse-sky radiation: vector vs. scalar treatment, Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 135–138.Google Scholar

Lang, K. R. (2006) Astrophysical formulae, volume 1 (3rd edition), Birkhäuser.Google Scholar

Leblanc, F., Luhmann, J. G., Johnson, R. E., and Chassefiere, E. (2002) Some expected impacts of a solar energetic particle event at Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107, SIA5.Google Scholar

Lebonnois, S., Quémerais, E., Montmessin, F., et al.(2006) Vertical distribution of ozone on Mars as measured by SPICAM/Mars Express using stellar occultations, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E09S05.Google Scholar

Lee, C., Lawson, W. G., Richardson, M. I. et al. (2009) Thermal tides in the Martian middle atmosphere as seen by the Mars Climate Sounder, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, E03005, doi:10.10129/2008JE003285.Google Scholar

Lellouch, E., Encrenaz, T., de Graauw, T., et al. (2000) The 2.4–45 µm spectrum of Mars observed with the infrared space observatory, Planetary and Space Science, 48, 1393–1405.Google Scholar

Lemmon, M. T. (2014) Large water ice aerosols in Martian north polar clouds, The Fifth International Workshop of the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observation, Oxford, UK, January 13–16.Google Scholar

Lemmon, M. T., Wolff, M. J., Smith, M. D., et al. (2004) Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars Exploration Rovers: Spirit and Opportunity, Science, 306, 1753–1756.Google Scholar

Lenoble, J. and Sekera, Z. (1961) Equation of radiative transfer in a planetary spherical atmosphere, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 47, 372–378, 1961.Google Scholar

Leovy, C. and Mintz, Y. (1969) Numerical simulation of the stmospheric circulation and climate of Mars, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 26, 1167–1190.Google Scholar

Lewis, S. R., Collins, M., Read, P. L., et al. (1999) A climate database for Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 24177–24194.Google Scholar

Liou, K. N. (1974) Analytic two-stream and four-stream solutions for radiative transfer, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 31, 1473.Google Scholar

Liou, K. N. (2002) An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, 2nd edition, San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Liu, Y. and Liu, F. (1994) On the description of aerosol particle size distribution, Atmospheric Research, 31, 187.Google Scholar

López-Puertas, M. and López-Valverde, M. A. (1995) Radiative energy balance of CO₂ non-LTE infrared emissions in the Martian atmosphere, Icarus, 114, 113–129.Google Scholar

López-Puertas, M. and Taylor, F. W. (2001) Non-LTE Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere, World Scientific, Singapore.Google Scholar

López-Puertas, M., Molina, A., Rodrigo, R., and Taylor, F. W. (1986) A non-LTE radiative transfer model for infrared bands in the middle atmosphere. I – Theoretical basis and application to CO₂ 15 micron bands, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 48, 729–748.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A. (1990) Emisiones infrarrojas en la atmósfera de Marte, Ph.D Thesis, Granada University.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A. and González-Galindo, F. (2008) Fast computation of CO₂ cooling rates for a Mars GCM, Third International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A. and López-Puertas, M. (1994a) A non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer model for infrared emissions in the atmosphere of Mars. 1: Theoretical basis and nighttime populations of vibrational levels, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 13093–13115.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A. and López-Puertas, M. (1994b) A non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer model for infrared emission in the atmosphere of Mars. 2: Daytime populations of vibrational levels, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 13117–13132.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A. and López-Puertas, M. (2001) Atmospheric non-LTE effects and their parameterization for Mars, ESA Technical Report.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., Edwards, D. P., López-Puertas, M., and Roldán, C. (1998) Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium in general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere 1. Effects of the local thermodynamic equilibrium approximation on thermal cooling and solar heating, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 16799–16812.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., Haberle, R. M., and López-Puertas, M. (2000) Non-LTE Radiative Mesospheric Study for Mars Pathfinder Entry, Icarus, 146, 360–365.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., López-Puertas, M., López-Moreno, J. J., et al. (2005) Analysis of CO₂ non-LTE emissions at 4.3µm in the Martian atmosphere as observed by PFS/Mars Express and SWS/ISO, Planetary and Space Science, 53, 1079–1087.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., Gilli, G., García-Comas, M., et al. (2008) The upper atmosphere of Venus observed by Venus Express, Lecture Notes and Essays in Astrophysics, 3, 13–32.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., López-Puertas, M., Funke, B., et al. (2011a) Modeling the atmospheric limb emission of CO₂ at 4.3 µm in the terrestrial planets, Planetary and Space Science, 59, 988–998.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., Sonnabend, G., Sornig, M., and Kroetz, P. (2011b) Modelling the atmospheric CO₂ 10 µm non-thermal emission in Mars and Venus at high spectral resolution. Planetary and Space Science, 59, 999–1009.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., Montabone, L., Sonnabend, G., and Sornig, M. (2011c) Mars mesospheric winds: strategy for accurate comparisons between ground based observations and GCM models, in The Fourth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Paris, France.Google Scholar

López-Valverde, M. A., González-Galindo, F., and López-Puertas, M. (2011d) Revisiting the thermal balance of the mesosphere of Mars, in The Fourth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Paris, France.Google Scholar

Loughman, R. P., Griffioen, E., Oikarinen, L., et al. (2004) Comparison of radiative transfer models for limb-viewing scattered sunlight measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 109, 06303.Google Scholar

Määttänen, A., Fouchet, T., Forni, O., et al. (2009) A study of the properties of a local dust storm with Mars Express OMEGA and PFS data, Icarus, 201, 504–516.Google Scholar

Määttänen, A., Montmessin, F., Gondet, B., et al. (2010) Mapping the mesospheric CO₂ clouds on Mars: MEx/OMEGA and MEx/HRSC observations and challenges for atmospheric models, Icarus, 209, 452–469.Google Scholar

Macke, A., Mishchenko, M. I., Muinonen, K., and Carlson, B. E. (1995) Scattering of light by large nonspherical particles: ray-tracing approximation versus T-matrix method, Optics Letters, 20, 1934–1936.Google Scholar

Madeleine, J.-B., Forget, F., Millour, E., Montabone, L., and Wolff, M. J. (2011) Revisiting the radiative impact of dust on Mars using the LMD Global Climate Model, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 116, 11010.Google Scholar

Madeleine, J.-B., Forget, F., Spiga, A., et al. (2012a) Aphelion water-ice cloud mapping and property retrieval using the OMEGA imaging spectrometer onboard Mars Express, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 117, 00J07.Google Scholar

Madeleine, J.-B., Forget, F., Millour, E., Navarro, T., and Spiga, A. (2012b) The influence of radiatively active water ice clouds on the Martian climate, Geophysical Research Letters, 39, 23202.Google Scholar

Magalhães, J. A., Schofield, J. T., and Seiff, A. (1999) Results of the Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 8943–8956.Google Scholar

Maguire, W. C., Pearl, J. C., Smith, M. D., et al. (2002) Observations of high-altitude CO₂ hot bands in Mars by the orbiting Thermal Emission Spectrometer, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 107, 5063.Google Scholar

Malin, M. C., Calvin, W. M., Cantor, B. A., et al. (2008) Climate, weather, and north polar observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager, Icarus, 194, 501–512.Google Scholar

Maltagliati, L., Titov, D. V. Encrenaz, T., et al. (2011) Annual survey of water vapor behavior from the OMEGA mapping spectrometer onboard Mars Express, Icarus, 213, 480–495.Google Scholar

Marshak, A. and Davis, A. B. (2005) Horizontal fluxes and radiative smoothing, in 3D Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres, eds. Marshak, A, and Davis, A. B., Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar

Marshak, A., and Knyazikhin, Y. (2005) A primer in 3D radiative transfer, in 3D Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres, eds. Marshak, A, and Davis, A. B., Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar

Marshak, A., Davis, A. Wiscombe, W., and Cahalan, R. (1995) Radiative smoothing in fractal clouds, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 26247.Google Scholar

Marshak, A., Oreopoulos, L., Davis, A. B., Wiscombe, W. J., and Cahalan, R. F. (1999) Horizontal radiative fluxes in clouds and accuracy of the independent pixel approximation at absorbing wavelengths, Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1585–1588.Google Scholar

Martin, T. Z. (1986) Thermal infrared opacity of the Mars atmosphere, Icarus, 66, 2–21.Google Scholar

Martin, T. Z. and Richardson, M. I. (1993) New dust opacity mapping from Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 10941.Google Scholar

Mastrapa, R. M., Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A., et al. (2008) Optical constants of amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice in the near infrared from 1.1 to 2.6 µm, Icarus, 197, 307–320.Google Scholar

Mayer, B. and Kylling, A. (2005) Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations – description and examples of use, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 1855–1877.Google Scholar

McCleese, D. J., Heavens, N. G., Schofield, J. T., et al. (2010) Structure and dynamics of the Martian lower and middle atmosphere as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder: seasonal variations in zonal mean temperature, dust, and water ice aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 115, 12016.Google Scholar

McConnochie, T. H. and Smith, M. D. (2008) Vertically Resolved Aerosol Climatology from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS-TES) Limb Sounding, Third International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar

McGuire, P. C., Wolff, M. J., Smith, M. D., et al. (2008) MRO/CRISM retrieval of surface Lambert albedos for multispectral mapping of Mars with DISORT-based radiative transfer modeling: Phase 1 – Using historical climatology for temperatures, aerosol optical depths, and atmospheric pressures, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 46, 4020–4040.Google Scholar

McLinden, C. A. and Bourassa, A. E. (2010) A systematic error in plane-parallel radiative transfer calculations, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 67, 1695–1699.Google Scholar

Meador, W. E and Weaver, W. R. (1980) Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres – a unified description of existing methods and a new improvement, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 630–643.Google Scholar

Medcraft, C., McNaughton, D., Thompson, C. D., et al. (2012) Size and Temperature Dependence in the Far-IR Spectra of Water Ice Particles, The Astrophysical Journal, 758, 17.Google Scholar

Melchiorri, R., Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., et al. (2007) Water vapor mapping on Mars using OMEGA/Mars Express, Planetary and Space Science, 55, 333–342.Google Scholar

Michaels, T. I., Colaprete, A., and Rafkin, S. C. R. (2006) Significant vertical water transport by mountain-induced circulations on Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, 16201.Google Scholar

Mihalas, D. (1978) Stellar Atmospheres, 2nd edition. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I. (1991) Light scattering by randomly oriented axially symmetric particles, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8, 871–882.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I. (2002) Vector radiative transfer equation for arbitrarily shaped and arbitrarily oriented particles: a microphysical derivation from statistical electromagnetics, Applied Optics, 41, 7114–7134.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., Kahn, R. A., and West, R. A. (1997) Modeling phase functions for dustlike tropospheric aerosols using a shape mixture of randomly oriented polydisperse spheroids, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 16831–16847.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I. and Macke, A. (1999) How big should hexagonal ice crystals be to produce halos? Applied Optics, 38, 1626–1629.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. and Travis, L. D. (1994) Light scattering by polydispersions of randomly oriented spheroids with sizes comparable to wavelengths of observation, Applied Optics, 33, 7206–7225.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I., Lacis, A. A., and Travis, L. D. (1994) Errors induced by the neglect of polarization in radiance calculations for Rayleigh-scattering atmospheres, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 51, 491–510.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., and Lacis, A. A. (2002) Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., and Lacis, A. A. (2006) Multiple Scattering of Light by Particles, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mischna, M. A., Lee, C., and Richardson, M. (2012) Development of a fast, accurate radiative transfer model for the Martian atmosphere, past and present, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 117, 10009.Google Scholar

Molina-Cuberos, G. J., Lichtenegger, H., Schwingenschuh, K., et al. (2002) Ion-neutral chemistry model of the lower ionosphere of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (E5), 5027, 10.1029/2000je001447.Google Scholar

Moncet, J.-L., Uymin, G., Lipton, A. E., and Snell, H. E. (2008) Infrared radiance modeling by Optimal Spectral Sampling, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 65, 3917.Google Scholar

Montmessin, F., Rannou, P., and Cabane, M. (2002) New insights into Martian dust distribution and water-ice cloud microphysics, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 107, 5037.Google Scholar

Montmessin, F., Forget, F., Rannou, P., Cabane, M., and Haberle, R. M. (2004) Origin and role of water ice clouds in the Martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 109, 10004.Google Scholar

Montmessin, F., Quémerais, E., Bertaux, J. L., et al. (2006) Stellar occultations at UV wavelengths by the SPICAM instrument: retrieval and analysis of Martian haze profiles, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E09S09.Google Scholar

Montmessin, F., Gondet, B., Bibring, J.-P., et al. (2007) Hyperspectral imaging of convective CO₂ ice clouds in the equatorial mesosphere of Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 112, 11S90.Google Scholar

Moriyama, S. (1975) Effects of dust on radiation transfer in the Martian atmosphere. II Heating due to absorption of the visible solar radiation and importance of radiative effects of dust on the Martian meteorological phenomena, Meteorological Society of Japan Journal, 53, 214–221.Google Scholar

Moroz, V. I. (1976) The atmosphere of Mars, Space Science Reviews, 19, 763–843.Google Scholar

Mumma, M. J., Buhl, D., Chin, G., et al. (1981) Discovery of natural gain amplification in the 10-micrometer carbon dioxide laser bands on Mars – a natural laser, Science, 212, 45–49.Google Scholar

Murphy, J. R., Haberle, R. M., Toon, O. B., and Pollack, J. B. (1990) Numerical simulations of the decay of Martian global dust storms, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 14629–14648.Google Scholar

Murphy, J. R., Haberle, R. M., Toon, O. B., and Pollack, J. B. (1993) Martian global dust storms: zonally symmetric numerical simulations including size-dependent particle transport, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 3197–3220.Google Scholar

Murphy, J. R., Toon, O. B., Haberle, R. M., and Pollack, J. B. (1995) Numerical simulations of the decay of Martian global dust storms, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 24177–24194.Google Scholar

Newman, C. E., Lewis, S. R., Read, P. L., and Forget, F. (2002a) Modeling the Martian dust cycle. 1: Representations of dust transport processes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 5123.Google Scholar

Newman, C. E., Lewis, S. R., Read, P. L., and Forget, F. (2002b) Modeling the Martian dust cycle, 2: Multi-annual radiatively active dust transport simulations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 5124.Google Scholar

Ockert-Bell, M. E., Bell III, J. F., Pollack, J. B., McKay, C. P., and Forget, F. (1997) Absorption and scattering properties of the Martian dust in the solar wavelengths, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 9039–9050.Google Scholar

Oguchi, T. (1973) Attenuation and phase rotation of radio waves due to rain: calculations at 19.3 and 34.8 GHz, Radio Science, 8, 31.Google Scholar

Ohring, G. and Mariano, J. (1968) Seasonal and latitudinal variations of the average surface temperature and vertical temperature profile on Mars, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 25, 673–681.Google Scholar

Ohring, G., Tang, W., and Desanto, G. (1962) Theoretical estimates of the average surface temperature on Mars, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 19, 444–449.Google Scholar

Orphal, J. and Chance, K. (2003) Ultraviolet and visible absorption cross-sections for HITRAN, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 82, 491–504.Google Scholar

Pang, K., and Ajello, J. M. (1977) Complex refractive index of Martian dust – wavelength dependence and composition, Icarus, 30, 63–74.Google Scholar

Pagaran, J., Weber, M., Deland, M. T., Floyd, L. E., and Burrows, J. P. (2011) Solar Spectral Irradiance Variations in 240–1600 nm During the Recent Solar Cycles 21–23, Solar Physics, 272, 159–188.Google Scholar

Parkinson, W. H, Rufus, J., Yoshino, K. (2003) Absolute absorption cross section measurements of CO₂ in the wavelength region 163 200 nm and the temperature dependence, Chemical Physics, 290, 251–256.Google Scholar

Pearl, J. C, Smith, M. D., Conrath, B. J., Bandfield, J. L., and Christensen, P. R. (2001) Observations of Martian ice clouds by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer: the first Martian year, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 12325–12338.Google Scholar

Perrier, S., Bertaux, J.-L., Lefèvre, F., et al. (2006) Global distribution of total ozone on Mars from SPICAM/MEX UV measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E09S06.Google Scholar

Petrova, E. V. (1999) Optical Thickness and Shape of Dust Particles of the Martian Aerosol, Solar System Research, 33, 260.Google Scholar

Petty, G. W. (2006) A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation, Madison: Sundog Press.Google Scholar

Petty, G. W., and Huang, W. (2011) The modified gamma size distribution applied to inhomogeneous and nonspherical particles: key relationships and conversions, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 68, 1460–1473.Google Scholar

Piccialli, A., Drossart, P., López-Valverde, M. A., et al. (2012) Characterization of OMEGA/MEx CO₂ non-LTE limb observations on the dayside of Mars, European Planetary Science Congress, 504.Google Scholar

Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2010) Principles of Planetary Climate, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pierrehumbert, R. T. and Erlick, C. (1998) On the scattering greenhouse effect of CO₂ ice clouds, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 55, 1897–1902.Google Scholar

Pincus, R. and Evans, K. F. (2009) Computational cost and accuracy in calculating three-dimensional radiative transfer: results for new implementations of Monte Carlo and SHDOM, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 66, 3131.Google Scholar

Pollack, J. B. and Cuzzi, J. N. (1980) Scattering by nonspherical particles of size comparable to wavelength – a new semi-empirical theory and its application to tropospheric aerosols, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 868–881.Google Scholar

Pollack, J. B., Colburn, D., Kahn, R., et al. (1977) Properties of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere, as inferred from Viking Lander imaging data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 4479–4496.Google Scholar

Pollack, J. B., Colburn, D. S., Flasar, F. M., et al. (1979) Properties and effects of dust particles suspended in the Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 2929–2945.Google Scholar

Pollack, J. B., Haberle, R. M., Schaeffer, J., and Lee, H. (1990) Simulations of the general circulation of the Martian atmosphere: 1. Polar processes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 1447–1473.Google Scholar

Pollack, J. B., Ockert-Bell, M. E., and Shepard, M. K. (1995) Viking Lander image analysis of Martian atmospheric dust, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 5235–5250.Google Scholar

Prabhakara, C. and Hogan, J. S. (1965) Ozone and carbon dioxide heating in the Martian Atmosphere, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 97–109.Google Scholar

Rafkin, S. C. R. (2009) A positive radiative-dynamic feedback mechanism for the maintenance and growth of Martian dust storms, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, 01009.Google Scholar

Räisänen, P. (2002) Two-stream approximations revisited: a new improvement and tests with GCM data, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 128, 2397–416.Google Scholar

Ramanthan, V. and Cess, R. D. (1974) Radiative transfer within the mesospheres of Venus and Mars, Astrophysical Journal, 188, 407–416.Google Scholar

Rannou, P., Perrier, S., Bertaux, J.-L., et al. (2006) Dust and cloud detection at the Mars limb with UV scattered sunlight with SPICAM, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E09S10.Google Scholar

Rapp-Arrarás, Í. and Domingo-Santos, J. M. (2011), Functional forms for approximating the relative optical air mass, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 116, 24308.Google Scholar

Richardson, M. I. and Wilson, R. J. (2002) A topographically forced asymmetry in the Martian circulation and climate, Nature, 416, 298–301.Google Scholar

Richardson, M. I., Wilson, R. J., and Rodin, A. V. (2002) Water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere: general circulation model experiments with a simple cloud scheme, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 107, 5064.Google Scholar

Robitaille, T. P. (2011) HYPERION: an open-source parallelized three-dimensional dust continuum radiative transfer code, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 536, 79.Google Scholar

Rodrigo, R., Garcia-Alvarez, E., Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J., and Lopez-Moreno, J. J. (1990) A nonsteady one-dimensional theoretical model of Mars’ neutral atmospheric composition between 30 and 200 km, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 14795–14810.Google Scholar

Rogers, C. D. (2000) Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, World Scientific, Singapore.Google Scholar

Rothman, L. S. (2010) The evolution and impact of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 111, 1565–1567.Google Scholar

Rothman, L. S., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A, et al. (1987) The HITRAN database: 1986 edition, Applied Optics, 26, 4058–4097.Google Scholar

Rothman, L. S., Rinsland, C. P., Goldman, A, et al. (1998) The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 Edition, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 60, 665–710.Google Scholar

Rothman, L. S., Jacquinet-Husson, N., Boulet, C., and Perrin, A. M. (2005) History and future of the molecular spectroscopic databases, Comptes Rendus Physique, 6, 897–907.Google Scholar

Rothman, L. S., Gordon, I. E., Barbe, A., et al. (2009) The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 110, 533–572.Google Scholar

Rozanov, V. V. and Kokhanovsky, A. A. (2006) The solution of the vector radiative transfer equation using the discrete ordinates technique: selected applications, Atmospheric Research, 79, 241–265.Google Scholar

Rozanov, V. V. and Rozanov, A. V. (2007) Generalized form of the direct and adjoint radiative transfer equations, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 104, 155–170.Google Scholar

Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V., Buchwitz, M., et al. (2005) SCIATRAN 2.0 A new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 175 2400 nm spectral region, Advances in Space Research, 36, 1015–1019.Google Scholar

Sagdeev, R. Z. and Zakharov, A. V. (1989) Brief history of the Phobos mission, Nature, 341, 581–585.Google Scholar

Sander, S. P., Abbatt, J., Barker, J. R., et al. (2011) Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, Evaluation No. 17, JPL Publication 10–6, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena (http://jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov).Google Scholar

Sano, I., Mukai, S. Yamano, M., et al. (2003) Calibration and validation of retrieved aerosol properties based on AERONET and SKYNET, Advances in Space Research, 32, 2159–2164.Google Scholar

Santee, M. L., and Crisp, D. (1995) Diagnostic calculations of the circulation in the Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 5465–5484.Google Scholar

Savijärvi, H. (1999) A model study of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Mars Pathfinder Lander conditions, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 483–493.Google Scholar

Savijärvi, H., Crisp, D. and Harri, A.-M. (2005) Effects of CO₂ and dust on present-day solar radiation and climate on Mars, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131, 2907–2922.Google Scholar

Schofield, J. T., Barnes, J. R., Crisp, D., et al. (1997) The Mars Pathfinder Atmospheric Structure Investigation/Meteorology, Science, 278, 1752.Google Scholar

Schuster, A. (1905) Radiation through a foggy atmosphere, Astrophysical Journal, 21, 1.Google Scholar

Schwarzschild, K. (1906) Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Math.-phys. Klasse, 195, 41–53.Google Scholar

Schwarzschild, K. (1914) Sitzungsber. Preussichen Akad., Wiss., Phys.-Math., K1, 1183.Google Scholar

Sefton-Nash, E., Teanby, N. A., Montabone, L., et al. (2013) Climatology and first-order composition estimates of mesospheric clouds from Mars Climate Sounder limb spectra, Icarus, 222, 342–356.Google Scholar

Seiff, A. and Kirk, D. B. (1977), Structure of the atmosphere of Mars in summer at mid-latitudes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 4364–4378.Google Scholar

Sekera, Z. (1957) Handbuch der Physik. Bd. 48. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D. (2004) Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999–2003, Icarus, 167, 148–165.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D. (2008) Spacecraft observations of the Martian atmosphere, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36, 191–219.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D. (2009) THEMIS observations of Mars aerosol optical depth from 2002–2008, Icarus, 202, 444–452.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Conrath, B. J., Pearl, J. C., and Ustinov, E. A. (1996) Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperatures in the Martian Planetary Boundary Layer Using Upward-Looking Infrared Spectra, Icarus, 124: 586–597.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Pearl, J. C., Conrath, B. J., and Christensen, P. R. (2000) Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of dust opacity during aerobraking and science phasing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 9539–9552.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Pearl, J. C., Conrath, B. J., and Christensen, P. R. (2001) One Martian year of atmospheric observations by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 4263–4266.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Wolff, M. J., Spanovich, N., et al. (2006) One Martian year of atmospheric observations using MER Mini-TES, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets) 111.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Wolff, M. J., Clancy, R. T., and Murchie, S. L. (2009) Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer observations of water vapor and carbon monoxide, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Wolff, M. J., Clancy, R. T., Kleinböhl, A., and Murchie, S. L. (2013) Vertical distribution of dust and water ice aerosols from CRISM limb-geometry observations, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 118, 321–334.Google Scholar

Smith, P. H. and Lemmon, M. (1999) Opacity of the Martian atmosphere measured by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 8975–8986.Google Scholar

Sneep, M. and Ubachs, W. (2005) Direct measurement of the Rayleigh scattering cross section in various gases, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 92, 293–310.Google Scholar

Snook, K. J. (1999) Optical properties and radiative heating effects of dust suspended in the Mars atmosphere, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, California.Google Scholar

Sobouti, Y. (1962) Fluorescent scattering in planetary atmospheres. II. Coupling among transitions, Astrophysical Journal, 135, 938.Google Scholar

Soderblom, J. M., Bell III, J. F., Johnson, J. R., Joseph, J., and Wolff, M. J. (2008) Mars Exploration Rover Navigation Camera in-flight calibration, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 113, E03S19.Google Scholar

Sonnabend, G., Sornig, M., Krôtz, P. J., et al. (2006) High spatial resolution mapping of Mars mesospheric zonal winds by infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of CO₂, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, 18201.Google Scholar

Sornig, M., Livengood, T., Sonnabend, G., et al. (2008) Venus upper atmosphere winds from ground-based heterodyne spectroscopy of CO₂ at 10 µm wavelength, Planetary and Space Science, 56, 1399–1406.Google Scholar

Spiga, A., Forget, F., Madeleine, J.-B., et al. (2011) The impact of Martian mesoscale winds on surface temperature and on the determination of thermal inertia, Icarus, 212, 504–519.Google Scholar

Spiga, A., González-Galindo, F., López-Valverde, M.-A., and Forget, F. (2012) Gravity waves, cold pockets and CO₂ clouds in the Martian mesosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 39, 02201.Google Scholar

Spiga, A., Fure, J., Madeleine, J.-P., Määtänen, A., and Forget, F. (2013) Rocket dust storms and detached dust layers in the Martian atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 746–767.Google Scholar

Spurr, R. J. D. (2006) VLIDORT: a linearized pseudo-spherical vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer code for forward model and retrieval studies in multilayer multiple scattering media, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 102, 316–342.Google Scholar

Stamnes, K., Tsay, S.-C., Jayaweera, K., and Wiscombe, W. (1988) Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Applied Optics, 27, 2502–2509.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Steele, L. J., Lewis, S. R., and Patel, M. R. (2014) The radiative impact of water ice clouds from a reanalysis of Mars Climate Sounder data, Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 4471–4478.Google Scholar

Stepanova, G. I. and Shved, G. M. (1985) Radiation transfer in the 4.3 µm CO₂ band and the 4.7 µm CO band in the atmospheres of Venus and Mars with violation of LTE – populations of vibrational states, Soviet Astronomy, 29, 422.Google Scholar

Stewart, A. I. (1972) Mariner 6 and 7 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: implications of CO₂⁺, CO, and O airglow, Journal of Geophysical Research, 77, 54–68.Google Scholar

Strong, J. and Plass, G. N. (1950) The effect of pressure broadening of spectral lines on atmospheric temperature, Astrophysical Journal, 112, 365–379.Google Scholar

Strutt, J. W. (Lord Rayleigh, ) (1871) On the light from the sky, its polarization and colour, Philosophical Magazine, 41, 447–454.Google Scholar

Strutt, J. W. (Lord Rayleigh, ) (1899) On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky. Philosophical Magazine 47, 375–384. Reprinted in: Lord Rayleigh, Scientific papers, Part IV, New York: Dover Publications, 1964, 397.Google Scholar

Takahashi, Y. O., Fujiwara, H., and Fukunishi, H. (2006) Vertical and latitudinal structure of the migrating diurnal tide in the Martian atmosphere: numerical investigations, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, 01003.Google Scholar

Tamppari, L. K., Bass, D., Cantor, B., et al. (2010) Phoenix and MRO coordinated atmospheric measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 115, E00E17.Google Scholar

Thomas, G. E. and Stamnes, K. (2002) Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thorpe, T. E. (1979) A history of Mars atmospheric opacity in the southern hemisphere during the Viking extended mission, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 6663–6683.Google Scholar

Thorpe, T. E. (1981) Mars atmospheric opacity effects observed in the Northern Hemisphere by Viking Orbiter imaging, Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 11419–11429.Google Scholar

Thuillier, G., Floyd, L., Woods, T. N., et al. (2004) Solar irradiance reference spectra for two solar active levels, Advances in Space Research, 34, 256–261, 2004.Google Scholar

Titov, D. V. and Haus, R. (1997) A fast and accurate method of calculation of gaseous transmission functions in planetary atmospheres, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 369–377.Google Scholar

Titov, D. V., Fedorova, A. A., and Haus, R. (2000) A new method of remote sounding of the Martian aerosols by means of spectroscopy in the 2.7 µm CO₂ band, Planetary and Space Science, 48, 67–74.Google Scholar

Toigo, A. D. and Richardson, M. I., et al (2000) Seasonal variation of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 4109–4122.Google Scholar

Toigo, A. D., Smith, M. D., Seelos, F. P., and Murchie, S. L. (2013) High spatial and temporal resolution sampling of Martian gas abundances from CRISM spectra, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 118, 89–104.Google Scholar

Tomasko, M. G., Doose, L. R., Lemmon, M., et al. (1999) Properties of dust in the Martian atmosphere from the Imager on Mars Pathfinder, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 8987–9008.Google Scholar

Toon, O. B. and Ackerman, T. P. (1981) Algorithms for the calculation of scattering by stratified spheres, Applied Optics, 20, 3657–3660.Google Scholar

Toon, O. B., Pollack, J. B., and Sagan, C. (1977) Physical properties of the particles composing the Martian dust storm of 1971–1972, Icarus, 30, 663–696.Google Scholar

Toon, O. B., McKay, C. P., Ackerman, T. P., and Santhanam, K. (1989) Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 16287–16301.Google Scholar

Toon, O. B., Tolbert, M. A., Koehler, B. G., et al. (1994) Infrared optical constants of H₂O ice, amorphous nitric acid solutions, and nitric acid hydrates, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 25631.Google Scholar

Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Kiehl, J. (2009) Earth’s global energy budget, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 311–323.Google Scholar

Ueno, S. (1960) The Probabilistic Method for Problems of Radiative Transfer. X. Diffuse Reflection and Transmission in a Finite Inhomogeneous Atmosphere, Astrophysical Journal, 132, 729.Google Scholar

Ueno, S., Kagiwada, H., and Kalaba, R. (1971) Radiative transfer in spherical shell atmospheres with radial symmetry, Journal of Mathematical Physics, 12, 1279–1286.Google Scholar

Ustinov, E. A. (2005) Atmospheric weighting functions and surface partial derivatives for remote sensing of scattering planetary atmospheres in thermal spectral region: general adjoint approach, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 92, 351–371.Google Scholar

Ustinov, E. A. (2007) Passive remote sensing of planetary atmospheres and retrievals of atmospheric macro- and microphysical parameters, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 103, 217–230.Google Scholar

van de Hulst, H. C., (1945) Theory of absorption lines in the atmosphere of the Earth, Ann. Rev. Astrophys., 1.Google Scholar

van de Hulst, H. C. (1957) Light Scattering by Small Particles, New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Vincendon, M. and Langevin, Y. (2010) A spherical Monte-Carlo model of aerosols: validation and first applications to Mars and Titan, Icarus, 207, 923–931.Google Scholar

Vincendon, M., Langevin, Y., Poulet, F., Bibring, J.-P., and Gondet, B. (2007) Recovery of surface reflectance spectra and evaluation of the optical depth of aerosols in the near-IR using a Monte Carlo approach: application to the OMEGA observations of high-latitude regions of Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 112, E08S13.Google Scholar

Vincendon, M., Langevin, Y., Poulet, F., et al. (2008) Dust aerosols above the south polar cap of Mars as seen by OMEGA, Icarus, 196, 488–505.Google Scholar

Vincendon, M., Langevin, Y., Poulet, F., et al. (2009) Yearly and seasonal variations of low albedo surfaces on Mars in the OMEGA/MEx dataset: constraints on aerosols properties and dust deposits, Icarus, 200, 395–405.Google Scholar

Warren, S. G. (1984) Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave, Applied Optics, 23, 1206–1225.Google Scholar

Warren, S. G. (1986) Optical constants of carbon dioxide ice, Appl. Opt., 25, 2650–2674.Google Scholar

Warren, S. G. and Brandt, R. E. (2008) Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: a revised compilation, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 113, 14220.Google Scholar

Waterman, P. C. (1971) Symmetry, unitarity, and geometry in electromagnetic scattering, Physical Review D, 3, 825–839.Google Scholar

Wehrbein, W. M., Hord, C. W., and Barth, C. A. (1979) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment – vertical distribution of ozone on Mars, Icarus, 38, 288–299.Google Scholar

Wehrli, C. (1985) Extraterrestrial Solar Spectrum, Publication no. 615, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium & World Radiation Center (PMO/WRC), Davos Dorf, Switzerland, July.Google Scholar

Wehrli, C. (1986) Solar Spectral Irradiance, World Climate Research Programme, Pub. Ser. No. 7, WMO ITD, No. 149, World Radiation Center, Davos-Dorf, Switzerland, 119–126.Google Scholar

Wells, R. J. (1999) Rapid approximation to the Voigt/Faddeeva function and its derivatives, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 62, 29–48.Google Scholar

West, R., Crisp, D., and Chen, L. (1990) Mapping transformations for broadband atmospheric radiation calculations, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 43, 191–199.Google Scholar

West, R., Goody, R., Chen, L., and Crisp, D. (2010) The correlated-k method and related methods for broadband radiation calculations, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 111, 1672–1673.Google Scholar

Whiteway, J. A., Komguem, L., Dickinson, C., et al. (2009) Mars water-ice clouds and precipitation, Science, 325, 68.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J. (1997) A general circulation model simulation of the Martian polar warming, Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 123–126.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J. and Guzewich, S. D. (2014) Influence of water ice clouds on nighttime tropical temperature structure as seen by the Mars Climate Sounder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, doi:10.1002/2014GL060082.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J. and Hamilton, K. (1996) Comprehensive Model Simulation of Thermal Tides in the Martian Atmosphere, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 53, 1290–1326.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J., Neumann, G., and Smith, M. D. (2007), The diurnal variation and radiative influence of Martian water ice clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02710.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J., Haberle, R. M., Noble, J., et al. (2008a) Simulation of the 2001 Planet-encircling Dust Storm with the NASA/NOAA Mars General Circulation Model in Third International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Williamsburg, 1447, 9023.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., and Montabone, L. (2008b) Influence of water ice clouds on Martian tropical atmospheric temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07202.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J., Millour, E., Navarro, T., Forget, F., and Kahre, M. A. (2014) GCM simulations of aphelion season tropical cloud and temperature structure, in Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, 5th International Workshop, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar

Wiscombe, W. J. and Joseph, J. H. (1977) The range of validity of the Eddington approximation, Icarus 32, 362–377.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J. and Clancy, R. T. (2003) Constraints on the size of Martian aerosols from Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 108, 5097.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J., Smith, M. D., Clancy, R. T., et al. (2006) Constraints on dust aerosols from the Mars Exploration Rovers using MGS overflights and Mini-TES, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 111, E12S17.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J., Smith, M. D., Clancy, R. T., et al. (2009) Wavelength dependence of dust aerosol single scattering albedo as observed by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 114, E00D04.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J., Clancy, R. T., Goguen, J. D., Malin, M. C., and Cantor, B. A. (2010) Ultraviolet dust aerosol properties as observed by MARCI, Icarus, 208, 143–155.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J., Clancy, R. T., Cantor, B., Madeleine, J.-B., and Millour, E. (2011 ) Mapping water ice clouds (and ozone) with MRO/MARCI, in The Fourth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modelling and Observation, 8–11 February, Paris, France, 213–216.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J., Clancy, R. T., Smith, M. D., et al. (2012) Vertical profiles of aerosol particle sizes using MGS/TES and MRO/MCS, Fall Meeting of American Geophysical Union, Abstract, P04.Google Scholar

Wolff, M. J., Clancy, R. T., Cantor, B., and Haberle, R. M. (2014) The MARCI water ice cloud optical depth (public) database, in The Fifth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Oxford, UK, January 13–16.Google Scholar

Woods, T. N., Chamberlin, P. C., Harder, J. W., et al. (2009) Solar irradiance reference spectra (SIRS) for the 2008 whole heliosphere interval (WHI), Geophysical Research Letters, 36, 1101.Google Scholar

Wordsworth, R., Forget, F., Millour, E., Head, J. W., et al. (2013) Madeleine and B. Charnay, Global modeling of the early Martian climate under a denser CO₂ atmosphere: water cycle and ice evolution, Icarus, 222, 1–19.Google Scholar

Wriedt, T. and Hellmers, J. (2008) New Scattering Information Portal for the light-scattering community, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 109, 1536–1542.Google Scholar

Yang, P. and Liou, K. N. (1996) Finite-difference time domain method for light scattering by small ice crystals in three-dimensional space, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 13, 2072–2085.Google Scholar

Yang, P., Liou, K. N., Mishchenko, M. I., and Gao, B.-C. (2000) Efficient finite-difference time-domain scheme for light scattering by dielectric particles: application to aerosols, Applied Optics, 39, 3727–3737.Google Scholar

Yang, P., Baum, B. A., Heymsfield, A., et al. (2003) Single scattering properties of droxtals, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 79, 1159.Google Scholar

Yee, K. (1966) Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 14, 302–307.Google Scholar

Yoshino, K., Esmond, J. R., Sun, Y., et al. (1996) Absorption cross section measurements of carbon dioxide in the wavelength region 118.7–175.5 nm and the temperature dependence, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 55, 53–60.Google Scholar

Zorzano, M.-P., Mateo-Martí, E., Prieto-Ballesteros, O., Osuna, S. and Rennó, N. (2009) Stability of liquid saline water on present day Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, 36, 20201.Google Scholar

Zurek, R.W. (1981) Inference of dust opacities for the 1977 Martian great dust storms from Viking Lander 1 pressure data, Icarus, 45, 202–215.Google Scholar

Zurek, R. W. (1982) Martian great dust storms – an update, Icarus, 50, 288–310.Google Scholar

Book contents

6 - Radiative Process: Techniques and Applications

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive