Element contents
Salt
White Gold in Early Europe
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 July 2021
Summary
This Element provides a concise account of the archaeology of salt production in ancient Europe. It describes what salt is, where it is found, what it is used for, and its importance for human and animal health. The different periods of the past in which it was produced are described, from earliest times down to the medieval period. Attention is paid to the abundant literary sources that inform us about salt in the Greek and Roman world, as well as the likely locations of production in the Mediterranean and beyond. The economic and social importance of salt in human societies means that salt has served as a crucial aspect of trade and exchange over the centuries, and potentially as a means of individuals and societies achieving wealth and status.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009038973Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 12 August 2021
Bibliography
Abarquero Moras, F. J. & Guerra Doce, E. (eds.) (2010). Los yacimientos de Villafáfila (Zamora) en el marco de las explotaciones salineras de la prehistoria europea. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Cultura y Turismo.Google Scholar
Abarquero Moras, F. J. et al. (2010). Excavaciones en los ‘cocederos’ de sal prehistóricos de Molino Sanchón II y Santioste (Villafáfila, Zamora). In Abarquero Moras, F. J. and Guerra Doce, E. (eds.), Los yacimientos de Villafáfila (Zamora) en el marco de las explotaciones salineras de la prehistoria europea, pp. 85–118. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Cultura y Turismo.Google Scholar
Abarquero Moras, F. J. et al. (2012). Arqueología de la Sal en las Lagunas de Villafáfila (Zamora): Investigaciones sobre los cocederos prehistóricos. Valladolid: Junta Castilla y León. Arqueología en Castilla y León, Monografías 9.Google Scholar
Abdel-Aal, H., Zohdy, K. & Abdelkreem, M. (2017). Seawater bittern a precursor for magnesium chloride separation: discussion and assessment of case studies, International Journal of Waste Resources 7(1), http://doi.org/10.4172/2252–5211.1000267.Google Scholar
Alessandri, L. et al. (2019). Salt or fish (or salted fish)? The Bronze Age specialised sites along the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy: new insights from Caprolace settlement, PLOS ONE 14(11), e0224435, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224435.Google Scholar
Alonso Villalobos, C., Gracia Prieto, F. J. & Ménanteau, L. (2003). Las salinas de la bahía de Cádiz durante la Antigüedad: visión geoarqueológica de un problema histórico, SPAL Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 12, 317–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andronic, M. (1989). Cacica – un nou punct neolitic de exploatare a sării, Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie 40(2), 171–7.Google Scholar
Ard, V. & Weller, O. (2012). Les vases de ‘type Champ-Durand’: témoins d’une exploitation du sel au Néolithique récent dans le Marais poitevin. In Joussaume, R. (ed.), L’enceinte néolithique de Champ-Durand à Nieul-sur-6 l’Autise (Vendée), pp. 319–43. Chauvigny: Association des Publications Chauvinoises.Google Scholar
Arrowsmith, P. & Power, D. (eds.) (2012). Roman Nantwich: A Salt-making settlement. Excavations at Kingsley Fields 2002. BAR British series 557. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bánffy, E. (2015). The beginnings of salt exploitation in the Carpathian Basin (6th–5th millennium BC), Documenta Praehistorica 42, 197–209.Google Scholar
Barth, F. E. (1990). Salzbergwerk Hallstatt: Kernverwässerungswerk Grabung 1849. Hallstatt: Musealverein Hallstatt.Google Scholar
Barth, F. E., Felber, H. & Schauberger, O. (1975). Radiokohlenstoffdatierung der prähistorischen Baue in den Salzbergwerken Hallstatt und Dürrnberg-Hallein, Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 105, 45–52.Google Scholar
Bednarczyk, J. et al. (2015). Ancient salt exploitation in the Polish lowlands: recent research and future perspectives. In Brigand, R. and Weller, O. (eds.), Archaeology of Salt: Approaching an invisible past, pp. 103–24. Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Bell, A., Gurney, D. & Healey, H. (1999). Lincolnshire Salterns: Excavations at Helpringham, Holbeach St Johns and Bicker Haven. Heckington (Sleaford): Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire. East Anglian Archaeology, Report 89.Google Scholar
Bell, M. (1990). Brean Down Excavations 1983–1987. London: English Heritage. English Heritage Archaeological Report 15.Google Scholar
Benac, A. (1978). Neke karakteristike neolitskih naselja u Bosni i Hercegnovi, Materijali X. kongresa arheologa Jugoslavije (Prilep 1976) 14, 15–26.Google Scholar
Bérard, G. & Barruol, G. (1997). Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, 4. Les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Paris: Les Editions de la MSH.Google Scholar
Bestwick, J.D. (1975). Romano-British inland salting at Middlewich (Salinae). In De Brisay, K. W. and Evans, K. A. (eds.), Salt: The study of an ancient industry, pp. 66–70. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Group.Google Scholar
Biddulph, E. (2013). Salt of the earth: Roman industry at Stanford Wharf, Current Archaeology 276, 16–22.Google Scholar
Biddulph, E. et al. (2012). London Gateway: Iron Age and Roman salt making in the Thames Estuary. Excavation at Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, Essex. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. Oxford Archaeology Monograph 18.Google Scholar
Bönisch, E. (1993). Briquetage aus bronzezeitlichen Gräbern der Niederlausitz, Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege 36, 67–84.Google Scholar
Borrell, F., Boscha, J. & Majó, T. (2015). Life and death in the Neolithic variscite mines at Gavà (Barcelona, Spain), Antiquity 89, 72–90.Google Scholar
Brothwell, D. R. & Brothwell, P. (1969). Food in Antiquity: A survey of the diet of early peoples. London: Thames & Hudson. Ancient Peoples and Places, 66.Google Scholar
Brown, I. W. (1981). The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory. Baton Rouge, LA: Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, & Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission.Google Scholar
Bukowski, Z. (1985). Salt production in Poland in prehistoric times, Archaeologia Polona 24, 27–71.Google Scholar
Buzea, D. L. (2013). The exploitation of rock salt using wooden troughs: experiments conducted at Băile Figa in 2008–2010. In Harding, A. and Kavruk, V. (eds.), Explorations in Salt Archaeology in the Carpathian Zone, pp. 185–92. Budapest: Archaeolingua.Google Scholar
Buzea, D. L. (2018). Raport preliminar asupra experimentelor arheologice desfășurate la Beclean – Băile Figa jud. Bistrița-Năsăud, 2017 – 2018. Utilizarea ‘troacelor’ și instalațiilor din lemn în procesul de extragere și exploatare a surselor de sare, slatină și nămol sărat (I) / Preliminary report on the archaeological experiments in Beclean – Băile Figa, Bistrița-Năsăud county, 2017–2018. The use of troughs and wooden installations for the saline resources, brine and salty mud extraction and exploitation (I), Angustia 22, 9–135.Google Scholar
Cabal, M. & Thoen, H. (1985). L’industrie du sel à Ardres à l’époque romaine, Revue du Nord 67(264), 193–206, https://doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1985.4098.Google Scholar
Carpentier, V. & Marcigny, C. (2019). Apports de l’archéologie à la connaissance des économies salicoles sur les côtes de la Manche (Protohistoire-époque moderne). In Chauveau, C. (ed.), Les archéologues face à l’économie, pp. 140–7. Paris: Inrap / Éditions Faton. Archéopages: archéologie & société, Hors série 5.Google Scholar
Carpentier, V., Ghesquière, E. & Marcigny, C. (2012). Grains de Sel. Itinéraire dans les salines du littoral bas-normand de la préhistoire au XIXe siècle. Bayeux: Orep Éditions (revised edition; first edition published 2006 by Centre Régional d’Archéologie d’Alet and Association Manche Atlantique pour la Recherche Archéologique dans les Îles).Google Scholar
Carusi, C. (2006). Essai d’histoire du sel dans le monde grec. In Hocquet, J.-C. and Sarrazin, J.-L. (eds.), Le sel de la Baie: histoire, archéologie, ethnologie des sels atlantiques, pp. 55–63. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carusi, C. (2008). Il sale nel mondo greco (VI a.C.-III d.C.): Luoghi di produzione, circolazione commerciale, regimi di sfruttamento nel contesto del Mediterraneo antico. Bari: Edipuglia. Pragmateiai.Google Scholar
Carusi, C. (2015). ‘vita humanior sine sale quit degere’: Demand for salt and salt trade patterns in the ancient Greek world. In Harris, E. M., Lewis, D. M. and Woolmer, M. (eds.), The Ancient Greek Economy: Markets, households and city-states, pp.337–55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carusi, C. (2018). Salt and fish processing in the ancient Mediterranean: a brief survey, Journal of Maritime Archaeology 13, 481–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassen, S., Labriffe, P.-A. & Ménanteau, L. (2006). Le sel «chauffé» des baies marines en Armorique-Sud durant les Ve et IVe millénaire av. J.-C.: à la recherche (Ouest-européenne) de croyances et de faits techniques. In Hocquet, J.-C. and Sarrazin, J.-L. (eds.), Le sel de la Baie: histoire, archéologie, ethnologie des sels atlantiques, pp. 33–54. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassen, S., Labriffe, P.-A. & Ménanteau, L. (2008). Washing and heating on the Neolithic shores of western Europe: an archaeological hypothesis on the production of sea salt. In Weller, O., Dufraisse, A. and Pétrequin, P. (eds.), Sel, eau et forêt, d’hier à aujourd’hui, pp. 175–204. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté.Google Scholar
Cassola Guida, P. & Montagnari Kokelj, E. (2006). Produzione di sale nel golfo di Trieste: un’attività probabilmente antica. In Studi di protostoria in onore di Renato Peroni, pp. 327–32. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Cassola Guida, P. (2016). Il sale nella protostoria dell’Adriatico: una proposta di interpretazione per il deposito votivo di Cupra Marittima (Ascoli Piceno), West & East 1, 38–63.Google Scholar
Castro Carrera, J. C. (2008). La saline romaine de «O Areal», Vigo (Galice): architecture d’une installation industrielle de production de sel marin. In Weller, O., Dufraisse, A. and Pétrequin, P. (eds.), Sel, eau et forêt, d’hier à aujourd’hui, pp. 381–99. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté.Google Scholar
Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. & Morelli, C. (2014). Les conductores du Campus Salinarum Romanarum, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome 126–1, https://doi.org/10.4000/mefra.2075.Google Scholar
Chowne, P. et al. (2001). Excavations at Billingborough, Lincolnshire, 1975–8: A Bronze-Iron Age settlement and salt-working site. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology. East Anglian Archaeology Report 94.Google Scholar
Crowson, A. (2001). Excavation of a Late Roman saltern at Blackborough End, Middleton, Norfolk. In Lane, T. and Morris, E. L. (eds.), A Millennium of Saltmaking: Prehistoric and Roman-British salt production in the Fenland, pp. 162–249. Sleaford: Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series, 4.Google Scholar
Currás, B. X. (2017). The salinae of O Areal (Vigo) and Roman salt production in NW Iberia, Journal of Roman Archaeology 30, 325–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Currás, B. X. et al. (forthcoming). Roman salt production in Northwest Iberia and heritage management: The Mar de Sal project, Antiquity Project Gallery.Google Scholar
Daire, M.-Y. (2003). Le sel des Gaulois. Paris: éditions errance. Collection des Hesperides.Google Scholar
Daire, M.-Y. (ed.) (1994). Le sel gaulois. Bouilleurs de sel et ateliers de briquetages armoricains à l’Âge du Fer. Saint-Malo: Les Dossiers du Centre Régional d’Archéologie d’Alet, supplement Q.Google Scholar
Dębiec, M. & Saile, T. (2018). Praveké varenie soli v údolí rieky Tyrawka v Górach Słonnych / Prehistoric salt-making in the valley of the Tyrawka River in the Słonne Mountains. In Javor, M., Jędrzejewska, S. and Ligoda, J. (eds.), Wspólne dziedzictwo pogranicze słowacko-polskie w epoce brązu / Common heritage the Slovakian-Polish borderland in the Bronze Age, pp. 135–41. Rzeszów: Oficyna wydawnicza Zimowit.Google Scholar
Dębiec, M., Posselt, M. & Saile, T. (2015). Tyrawa Solna. Salz, Siedlungen und eine Magnetometerprospektion an der Tyrawka in den Salzbergen der Beskiden, Spawozdania Archeologiczne 67, 189–97.Google Scholar
Denton, D. A. (1984). The Hunger for Salt: An anthropological, physiological and medical analysis. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Desfossés, Y. (ed.) (2000). Archéologie préventive en Vallée de Canche. Les sites protohistoriques fouillés dans le cadre de la réalisation de l’Autoroute A.16. Nord-Ouest Archéologie 11. Berck-sur-Mer: Centre de Recherches Archéologiques et de Diffusion Culturelle.Google Scholar
Di Fraia, T. & Secoli, L. (2002). Il sito dell’età del bronzo di Isola di Coltano. In Negroni Catacchio, N. (ed.), Atti Quinto Incontro di Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria in Etruria ‘Paesaggi d’acque’, pp. 79–93. Milan: Centro Studi di Preistoria e Archeologia.Google Scholar
Di Fraia, T. (2011). Salt production and consumption in prehistory: toward a complex systems view. In Vianello, A. (ed.), Exotica in the Prehistoric Mediterranean, pp. 26–32. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Diaconu, V. (2018). Prezenţa unor recipiente de lut legate de exploatarea sării în așezări ale culturii Cucuteni de la răsărit de Carpaţi, Arheologia Moldovei 41, 179–92.Google Scholar
Dumas, A. A. & Eubanks, P. N. (eds.) 2021. Salt in Eastern North America and the Caribbean: History and archaeology. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Dumitroaia, G. et al. (2008). Un nou punct de exploatare a apei sărate în preistorie: Ţolici-Hălăbutoaia, jud. Neamţ. In Monah, D., Dumitroaia, G. and Garvăn, D. (eds.), Sarea, de la Prezent la Trecut, pp. 203–24. Piatra Neamţ: Editura Constantin Matasă. Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis, XX.Google Scholar
Escacena Carrasco, J. L. & Garcia Rivero, D. (2019). Producción neolítica de sal marina en la Marismilla (la Puebla del Río, Sevilla). Datos renovados e hipótesis complementarias, LVCENTVM 38, 9–26.Google Scholar
Ettel, P., Ipach, S. & Schneider, F. (2018). Salz in Mitteldeutschland: Salzsieder-Siedlungen der Bronze- und Eisenzeit. Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. Jenaer Archäologische Forschungen 4.Google Scholar
Farrar, R. A. H. (1975). Prehistoric and Roman saltworks in Dorset. In De Brisay, K. W. and Evans, K. A. (eds.), Salt: The study of an ancient industry, pp. 14–20. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Group.Google Scholar
Fawn, A. J. et al. (eds.) (1990). The Red Hills of Essex: Salt-making in Antiquity. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Group.Google Scholar
Fell, D. W. (2020). Contact, Concord and Conquest: Britons and Romans at Scotch Corner. Barnard Castle: Northern Archaeological Associates. NAA Monograph Series Volume 5.Google Scholar
Figuls, A. et al. (2007). Neolithic exploitation of halite at the ‘Val Salina’ of Cardona (Catalonia, Spain). In Figuls, A. and Weller, O. (eds.), 1a Trobada internacional d’arqueologia envers l’explotatió de la sal a la prehistòria i protohistòria, Cardona, 6–8 de desembre del 2003, pp. 199–218. Cardona: Institut de recerques envers la Cultura (IREC). Archaeologia Cardonensis 1.Google Scholar
Fíguls, A. et al. (2013). La primera explotacion minera de la sal gema: la Vall Salina de Cardona (Cataluña, España), Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena 45, 177–95.Google Scholar
Flad, R. (2011). Salt Production and Social Hierarchy in Ancient China: An archaeological investigation of specialization in China’s Three Gorges. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Forenbaher, S. (2013). Pretpovijesni tragovi proizvodnje soli u podvelebitskom primorju, Senjski zbornik 40, 179–94.Google Scholar
Fraś, J. M. (2001). Zarys osadnictwa neolitycznego na terenie Wieliczki i okolicy, Studia i materiały do dziejów żup solnych w Polsce 21, 283–319.Google Scholar
García Vargas, E. & Maganto, J. M. (2017). Salines d’évaporation solaire dans l’Empire romain: témoignages archéologiques d’une activité éphémère. In González Villaescusa, R., Schörle, K., Gayet, F. and Rechin, F. (eds.), L’exploitation des ressources maritimes de l’Antiquité: Activités productives et organisation des territoires. Actes des Rencontres 11–13 octobre 2016, pp. 197–212. Antibes: Éditions APDCA.Google Scholar
García Vargas, E. & Martínez Maganto, J. (2006). La sal de la Bética romana. Algunas cuestiones sobre su explotación y comercio, HABIS 253–74.Google Scholar
Gauci, R., Schembri, J. A. & Inkpen, R. (2017). Traditional use of shore platforms: a study of the artisanal management of salinas on the Maltese islands (central Mediterranean), SAGE Open April–June 2017, 1–16. https://DOI.org/10.1177/2158244017706597.Google Scholar
Giot, P.-R., L’Helgouach, J. & Briard, J. (1965). Le site du Curnic en Guissény, Annales de Bretagne 72, 49–70.Google Scholar
Giovannini, A. (2001). Les salines d’Ostie. In Descœudres, J.-P. (ed.), Ostia, port et porte de la Rome antique, pp. 36–8. Geneva: Musée Rath, Genève.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. (1969). La « monnaie de sel » des Baruya de Nouvelle-Guinée, L’Homme 9/2, 5–37.Google Scholar
Good, C. (1995). Salt production and commerce in Guerrero, Mexico: an ethnographic contribution to historical reconstruction, Ancient Mesoamerica 6, 1–13.Google Scholar
Gouletquer, P. L. & Kleinmann, D. (1984). Les salines du Manga (Niger). In Lefébure, C. and Lemonnier, P. (eds.), ‘Des choses dont la recherche est laborieuse …’, pp. Paris: Maison des sciences de l’Homme. Techniques et Cultures. Bulletin de l’Equipe de Recherche 191, 3. https://doi.org/10.4000/tc.998.Google Scholar
Gouletquer, P. L. & Weller, O. (2002). Y a-t-il eu des salines au néolithique en Bretagne? In Péron, F. (ed.), Le patrimoine maritime. Construire, transmettre, utiliser, symboliser les héritages maritimes européens, pp. 449–53. Rennes: Presses Universitaires Rennes.Google Scholar
Gouletquer, P. L. (1969). Etudes sur les briquetages, IV, Annales de Bretagne 76, 119–47.Google Scholar
Gouletquer, P. L. (1970). Les briquetages armoricains. Technologie protohistorique du sel en Armorique. Rennes: Travaux du Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Préhistorique, Faculté des Sciences.Google Scholar
Gouletquer, P. L. (1975). Niger, country of salt. In De Brisay, K. W. and Evans, K. A. (eds.), Salt: The Study of an Ancient Industry, pp. 47–51. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Group.Google Scholar
Grabner, M. et al. (2006). Dendrochronologie in Hallstatt, Archäologie Österreichs 17(1), 40–9.Google Scholar
Grabner, M. et al. (2007). Bronze age dating of timber from the salt-mine at Hallstatt, Austria, Dendrochronologia 24, 61–8.Google Scholar
Grabowska, M. (1967). Badania wykopaliskowe w Baryczy-Krzyszkowicach, pow. Kraków, na stanowisku VII, Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w roku 1967, 13–17.Google Scholar
Grossi, M.C. et al. (2015). A complex relationship between human and natural landscape: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the roman saltworks in ‘Le Vignole-Interporto’ (Maccarese, Fiumicino-Roma). In Brigand, R. and Weller, O. (eds.), Archaeology of Salt: Approaching an invisible past, pp. 83–101. Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Grove, J. & Brunning, R. (1998). The Romano-British salt industry in Somerset, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 9, 61–8.Google Scholar
Guerra Doce, E. (2016). Salt and Beakers in the third millennium BC. In Guerra Doce, E. and Lettow-Vorbeck, C. L. v. (eds.), Analysis of the Economic Foundations Supporting the Social Supremacy of the Beaker Groups. Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1–7 September, Burgos, Spain). Vol. 6 / Session B36, pp. 95–110. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Guerra Doce, E. (2017). La sal y el campaniforme en la península Ibérica: fuente de riqueza, instrumento de poder ¿y detonante del origen del estilo marítimo? In Gonçalves, V. S. (ed.), Sinos e Taças. Junto ao oceano e mais longe. Aspectos da presença campaniforme na península Ibérica, pp. 342–53. Lisbon: Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa / Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa. estudos & memórias 10.Google Scholar
Guerra Doce, E. et al. (2011). The Beaker salt production centre of Molino Sanchón II, Zamora, Spain, Antiquity 85,Google Scholar
Hamon, C. (2016). Salt mining tools and techniques from Duzdaği (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan) in the 5th to 3rd millennium B.C., Journal of Field Archaeology 41(4), 510–28.Google Scholar
Hannois, P. (1999). Répertoire céramique ménapien et données nouvelles sur la fabrication du sel, Revue du Nord 81(333) Archéologie de la Picardie et du Nord de la France, 107–19.Google Scholar
Hansen, L. (2016). Die latènezeitliche Saline von Bad Nauheim. Die Befunde der Grabungen der Jahre 2001–2004 in der Kurstraße 2. Wiesbaden: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen. Fundberichte aus Hessen, Beiheft 8.Google Scholar
Harding, A. & Kavruk, V. (2013). Explorations in Salt Archaeology in the Carpathian Zone. Budapest: Archaeolingua.Google Scholar
Hocquet, J.-C. (1978–79). Le sel et la fortune de Venise, vols. 1–2. Lille: Presses Universitaires.Google Scholar
Hocquet, J.-C. (1986). L’évolution des techniques de fabrication du sel marin sur les rivages de l’Europe du Nord-Ouest (position des problèmes), Revue du Nord 1 spécial hors série, 3–22.Google Scholar
Hocquet, J.-C. (1991). Chioggia, capitale del sale nel Medioevo. Chioggia: Libreria Editrice.Google Scholar
Hocquet, J.-C. (1994). Production et commerce du sel à l’Age du Fer et à l’époque romaine dans l’Europe du Nord-Ouest, Revue du Nord 76(308), 9–20.Google Scholar
Hocquet, J.-C. (2001). Hommes et Paysages du Sel. Une aventure millénaire. Arles: Actes Sud.Google Scholar
Hocquet, J.-C. (2019). Le sel. De l’esclavage à la mondialisation. Paris: CNRS Éditions.Google Scholar
Hughes, S., Naomi, P. & Rainbird, P. (2017). Salt of the hearth: understanding the briquetage from a later Romano-British saltern at Pyde Drove, near Woolavington, Somerset, Britannia 48, 117–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huijzendveld, A. (n.d.). The historical salt works of the coastal plain of Rome, www.ostia-foundation.org/the-historical-salt-works-of-the-coastal-plain-of-rome/, accessed 20 December 2020.Google Scholar
Hurst, J. D. (ed.) (1997). A Multi-period Salt Production Site at Droitwich: Excavations at Upwich. CBA Research Report 107. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Hurst, J. D. (ed.) (2006). Roman Droitwich: Dodderhill fort, Bays Meadow villa, and roadside settlement. CBA Research Report 146. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Ipach, S. (2016). Die Salzsieder-Fundplätze der älteren Eisenzeit von Erdeborn in Sachsen-Anhalt und Steinthaleben in Thüringen. Jena, Langenweissbach: Beier & Beran. Jenaer Schriften zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 6.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, A. (2012). Bronzezeitliche Sole in Mitteldeutschland: Gewinnung – Distribution – Symbolik. In Nikolov, V. and Bacvarov, K. (eds.), Salt and Gold: The role of salt in prehistoric Europe, pp. 239–57. Provadia / Veliko Tarnovo: Verlag Faber.Google Scholar
Jodłowski, A. (1968). Badania urządzeń solankowych kultury lendzelskiej w Baryczy, pow. Kraków, Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w roku 1968, 13–20.Google Scholar
Jodłowski, A. (1971). Eksploatacja sóli na terenie Małopolski w pradziejach i we wczesnym średniowieczu. Wieliczka: Muzeum Żup Krakowskich. Studia i materiały do dziejów żup sólnych w Polsce, 4.Google Scholar
Jodłowski, A. (1977). Die Salzgewinnung auf polnischen Boden in vorgeschichtlicher Zeit und im frühen Mittelalter, Jahresschrift fur Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 61, 85–103.Google Scholar
Jones, A. K. G. (1983). A coprolite from 6 – 8 Pavement. In Hall, A. R., Kenward, H. K., Williams, D. and Greig, J. R. A. (eds.), Environment and Living Conditions at Two Anglo-Scandinavian Sites, pp. 225–9. York: Council for British Archaeology. The Archaeology of York, Vol 14: The Past Environment of York, Fascicule 4.Google Scholar
Kadrow, S. & Nowak-Włodarczak, E. (2003). Osada kultury łużyckiej na stan. 27 w Krakowie-Bieżanowie – organizacja warzelnictwa soli. In Gancarski, J. (ed.), Epoka brązu i wczesna epoka żelaza w Karpatach polskich, pp. 549–67. Krośno: Muzeum Podkarpackie w Krośnie.Google Scholar
Kadrow, S. (2003). Charakteristyka technologiczna ceramiki kultury łużyckiej. In Kadrow, S. (ed.), Kraków-Bieżanów, stanowisko 27 i Kraków-Rząka, stanowisko 1, osada kultury łużyckiej, pp. 205–20. Kraków: Zespół do Badań Autostrad. Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce.Google Scholar
Kerger, P. (1999). Etude du matériel archéologique de l’atelier de sauniers à De Panne (Fl.-Occ.), Lunula 7, 74–81.Google Scholar
Kern, A. et al. (eds.) (2009). Kingdom of Salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt (English version of Salz-Reich. 7000 Jahre Hallstatt, 2008). Veröffentlichungen der prähistorischen Abteilung 3. Vienna:Naturhistorisches Museum.Google Scholar
Kinory, J. (2012). Salt Production, Distribution and Use in the British Iron Age. Oxford: Archaeopress. BAR British Series 559.Google Scholar
Kopaka, K. & Chaniotakis, N. (2003). Just taste additive? Bronze Age salt from Zakros, Crete, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22/1, 53–66.Google Scholar
Kull, B. (ed.) (2003). Sole und Salz schreiben Geschichte. 50 Jahre Landesarchäologie: 150 Jahre Archäologische Forschung in Bad Nauheim. Archäologische und Paläontologische Denkmalpflege, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen. Mainz: von Zabern.Google Scholar
Lane, T. & Morris, E. L. (eds.) (2001). A Millennium of Saltmaking: Prehistoric and Romano-British salt production in the Fenland. Sleaford: Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series, 4.Google Scholar
Lane, T. (2018). Mineral from the Marshes: Coastal salt-making in Lincolnshire. Sleaford: Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series, 12.Google Scholar
Lane, T., Hogan, S. & Robinson Zeki, L. (2019). Excavations of salterns at Fenland Way, Chatteris and Camel Road, Littleport, Cambridgeshire, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 108, 51–72.Google Scholar
Laumann, H. (2000). Hallstattzeitliche Salzsiederei in Werl. In Horn, H. G., Hellenkemper, H., Isenberg, G. and Koschik, H. (eds.), Millionen Jahre Geschichte, Fundort Nordrhein-Westfalen. Begleitbuch zur Landesausstellung, pp. 250–1. Mainz: von Zabern.Google Scholar
Lazarovici, G. & Lazarovici, C.-M. (2011). Some salt sources in Transylvania and their connections with the archaeological sites in the area. In Alexianu, M., Weller, O. and Curca, R.-G. (eds.), Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, 1–5 October 2008. Al. I. Cuza University (Iaşi, Romania), pp. 89–110. Oxford: Archaeopress. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2198.Google Scholar
Leech, R. H. (1977). Late Iron Age and Romano-British briquetage sites at Quarrylands Lane, Badgworth, Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 121, 89–96.Google Scholar
Leech, R. H. (1981). The Somerset Levels in the Romano-British period. In Rowley, T. (ed.), The Evolution of Marshland Landscapes: Papers presented to a conference on marshland landscapes held in Oxford in December 1979, pp. 20–51. Oxford: Oxford University, Department for External Studies.Google Scholar
Leidinger, W. (1996). Salzgewinnung an den Solquellen der Saline Werl. In Just, R. and Meissner, U. (eds.), Das Leben in der Saline – Arbeiter und Unternehmer, pp. 189–215. Halle/Saale: Technisches Halloren- und Salinemuseum. Schriften und Quellen zur Kulturgeschichte des Salzes 3 (also separately published as a pamphlet, 27 pp.).Google Scholar
Liot, C. (2002). «Briquetages» et production de sels par lessivage de terres salées au Mexique. In Weller, O. (ed.), Archéologie du sel: techniques et sociétés dals al Pré- et Protohistoire européenne / Salzarchäologie: Techniken und Gesellschaft in der Vor- und Frühgeschichte Europas, pp. 81–98. Rahden/Westf.: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Lopez Gomez, A. & Arroyo Ilera, F. (1983). Antiguas salinas de la comarca de Aranjuez, Estudios Geográficos 44(172), 339–71.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. (1986). Salt and the Desert Sun: A history of salt production and trade in Central Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malpica Cuello, A. et al. (2011). Paisajes de la sal en la Meseta castellana desde la Prehistoria a la Edad Media: el valle del Salado (Guadalajara). In Jiménez Puertas, M. and García-Contreras Ruiz, G. (eds.), Paisajes históricos y arqueología medieval, pp. 233–76. Granada: Alhulia.Google Scholar
Manem, S. (2020). Modeling the evolution of ceramic traditions through a phylogenetic analysis of the Chaînes Opératoires: The European Bronze Age as a case study, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 27, 992–1039. 10.1007/s10816-019–09434-w.Google Scholar
Mangas, J. & del Rosario Hernando, M. (2011). La Sal en la Hispania romana. Madrid: Arco/Libros. Cuadernos de historia 113.Google Scholar
Marc, D. (2006). Sisteme de transport şi de comercializare tradiţională a sării. In Cavruc, V. and Chiricescu, A. (eds.), Sarea, Timpul şi Omul, pp. 152–7. Sfântu Gheorghe: Editura Angustia.Google Scholar
Marcigny, C. & Le Goaziou, E. (2012). Du sel littoral pour conserver et consommer. In Lehoërff, A. (ed.), Beyond the Horizon: Societies of the Channel and North Sea 3,500 years ago, pp. 101. Paris: Somogy Art Publishers / BOAT 1550 BC.Google Scholar
Marcigny, C., Lemaire, F. & Viau, Y. (2020). Les bouilleurs de sel de l’âge du Bronze. Production et consommation du sel en Europe de l’Ouest, Bulletin de l’APRAB Supplément 6, 92–108.Google Scholar
Marro, C. (2010). Where did Late Chalcolithic Chaff-Faced Ware originate? Cultural dynamics in Anatolia and Transcaucasia at the dawn of urban civilization (ca. 4500–3500 BC), Paléorient 36/2, 35–55.Google Scholar
Marro, C. (2011). La mine de sel de Duzdaği: une exploitation plurimillénaire, Mission Archéologique du Bassin de l’Araxe & Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Naxçivan branch (AMEA), www.clio.fr/securefilesystem/Marro-Clio2011-texte.doc, accessed 29 April 2013.Google Scholar
Marro, C., Bakhshaliyev, V. & Sanz, S. (2010). Archaeological investigations on the salt mine of Duzdaği (Nakhchivan, Azerbaïdjan), TÜBA-AR 13, 229–44.Google Scholar
Martínez Mangato, J. (2012). La producción fenico-púnica de sal en el contexto del Mediterráneo occidental desde una prespectiva diachrónica. In Costa, B. and Fernández, J. H. (eds.), Sal, Pesca y Salazones Fenicios en Occidente. XXVI Jornadas de Arqueología Fenicio-Púnica (Eivissa, 2011), pp. 9–32. Eivissa: Museu Arqueològic d’Eivissa i Formentera.Google Scholar
Martínez Torrecilla, J. M., Plata Montero, A. & Sánchez Zufiaurre, L. (2013). Paisaje cultural del Valle Salado de Añana. Intervención arqueológica en el extremo sur, Arkeoikuska 12, 48–53.Google Scholar
Matthias, W. (1961). Das mitteldeutsche Briquetage – Formen, Verbreitung und Verwendung, Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 45, 119–225.Google Scholar
Matthias, W. (1976). Die Salzproduktion – ein bedeutender Faktor in der Wirtschaft der frühbronzezeitlichen Bevölkerung an der mittleren Saale, Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 60, 373–94.Google Scholar
Maxim, I. A. (1971). Un depozit de unelte dacice pentru exploatarea sării, Acta Musei Napocensis 8, 457–63.Google Scholar
Mayer, E. F. (1977). Die Äxte und Beile in Österreich. München: Beck. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abt. IX, 9.Google Scholar
McKillop, H. (2002). Salt: White gold of the Ancient Maya. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Mihailescu-Bîrliba, L. (2016). Les salines en Dacie romaine: remarques sur le personnel administratif, Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 22(1), 51–8.Google Scholar
Miles, A. (1975). Salt-panning in Romano-British Kent. In de Brisay, K. W. and Evans, K. A. (eds.), Salt: The study of an ancient industry, pp. 26–31. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Group.Google Scholar
Moinier, B. & Weller, O. (2015). Le Sel dans l’Antiquité, ou Les Cristaux d’Aphrodite. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Google Scholar
Moinier, B. (2011). Salt in the antiquity: a quantification essay. In Alexianu, M., Weller, O. and Curcă, R.-G. (eds.), Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt: A diachronic approach, pp. 137–48. Oxford: Archaeopress. BAR International Series 2198.Google Scholar
Mollat, M. (ed.) (1968). Le rôle du sel dans l’histoire. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Montagnari Kokelj, E. (2007). Salt and the Trieste karst (north-eastern Italy). In Monah, D., Dumitroaia, G., Weller, O. and Chapman, J. (eds.), L’exploitation du sel à travers le temps, pp. 161–89. Piatra-Neamţ: Editura Constantin Matasă.Google Scholar
Morelli, C. & Forte, V. (2014). Il campus salinarum romanarum e l’epigrafe dei conductores: il contesto archeologico, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome – Antiquité 126(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.4000/mefra.2059.Google Scholar
Morère, N. (2002). À propos du sel hispanique. In Weller, O. (ed.), Archéologie du sel: techniques et sociétés dans la pré- et protohistoire européenne / Salzarchäologie. Techniken und Gesellschaft in der Vor- und Frühgeschichte Europas, pp. 183–8. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf. Internationale Archäologie: Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress, Band 3.Google Scholar
Morère, N. (2006). Le sel atlantique hispanique dans l’Antiquité. In Hocquet, J.-C. and Sarrazin, J.-L. (eds.), Le Sel de la Baie. Histoire, archéologie, ethnologie des sels atlantiques, pp. 65–85. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Morin, D. (2002). L’extraction du sel dans les Alpes durant la Préhistoire. La source salée de Moriez, Alpes de Haute Provence (France) (cal. BC 5810–5526). In Weller, O. (ed.), Archéologie du sel: techniques et sociétés dans la pré- et protohistoire européenne / Salzarchäologie. Techniken und Gesellschaft in der Vor- und Frühgeschichte Europas, pp. 153–62. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Morin, D., Lavier, C. & Guiomar, M. (2006). The beginnings of salt extraction in Europe (sixth millennium BC): the salt spring of Moriez (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France), Antiquity 80 Project Gallery, http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/morin/index.html, accessed 24 October 2006.Google Scholar
Morris, E. L. (1985). Prehistoric salt distributions: two case studies from western Britain, Bulletin Board of Celtic Studies 32, 336–79.Google Scholar
Morris, E. L. (1994). Production and distribution of pottery and salt in Iron Age Britain: a review, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, 371–94.Google Scholar
Multhauf, R. P. (1978). Neptune’s Gift: A history of common salt. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. John Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology, new series 2.Google Scholar
Murolo, N. (1995). Le saline herculeae di Pompei. Produzione del sale e culto di Ercole nella Campania antica, Studi sulla Campania preromana 2, 105–22.Google Scholar
Németh, T. G. (2013). Angaben zum spätbronzezeitlichen Salzverkehr. In Rezi, B., Németh, R. E. and Berecki, S. (eds.), Bronze Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş 5–7 October 2012, pp. 57–63. Târgu Mureș: Editura MEGA.Google Scholar
Nevell, M. & Fielding, A. P. (eds.) (2004–5). Brine in Britannia: recent archaeological work on the Roman salt industry in Cheshire, Archaeology North West 7 (Issue 17). Council for British Archaeology North West, The Lion Salt Works Trust, & University of Manchester Archaeology Unit.Google Scholar
Nijboer, A. J., Attema, P. A. J. & Van Oortmerssen, G. J. M. (2005–6). Ceramics from a Late Bronze Age saltern on the coast near Nettuno (Rome, Italy), Palaeohistoria 47(48), 141–205.Google Scholar
Nikolov, V. (ed.) (2008). Praistoricheski solodobiven tsentr Provadiya-Solnitsata. Razkopki 2005–2007 g. Sofia: Bl’garska Akademiya na Naukite / Natsionalen Arkheologicheski Institut i Muzej.Google Scholar
Nikolov, V. (ed.) (2009). Provadiya-Solnitsata. Arkheologicheski razkopki i izsledvaniya prez 2008 g. Predvaritelen otchet. Sofia: Publisher not stated.Google Scholar
Olivier, L. & Kovacik, J. (2006). The ‘Briquetage de la Seille’ (Lorraine, France): proto-industrial salt production in the European Iron Age, Antiquity 80, 558–66.Google Scholar
Olivier, L. (2000 (2001)).Le «Briquetage de la Seille» (Moselle): nouvelles recherches sur une exploitation proto-industrielle du sel à l’Age du Fer, Antiquités nationales 32, 143–71.Google Scholar
Olivier, L. (2005). Le «Briquetage de la Seille» (Moselle): bilan d’un programme de cinq années de recherches archéologiques (2001–2005), Antiquités nationales 37, 219–30.Google Scholar
Olivier, L. (2010). Nouvelles recherches sur le site de sauniers du premier Age du Fer de Marsal ‘La Digue» (Moselle), Antiquités nationales 41, 127–60.Google Scholar
Olivier, L. (2015). Iron Age ‘proto-industrial’ salt mining in the Seille river valley (France): production methods and the social organization of labour. In Danielisová, A. and Fernández-Götz, M. (eds.), Persistent Economic Ways of Living: Production, distribution, and consumption in late prehistory and early history, pp. 69–89. Budapest: Archaeolingua.Google Scholar
Pannuzi, S. (2013). La laguna di Ostia: produzione del sale e trasformazione del paesaggio dall’età antica all’età moderna, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome – Moyen Âge 125(2), https://doi.org/10.4000/mefrm.1507.Google Scholar
Pany, D. & Teschler-Nicola, M. (2007). Working in a salt mine: everyday life for the Hallstatt females?, Lunula 15, 89–97.Google Scholar
Pasquinucci, M. & Menchelli, S. (2002). The Isola di Coltano Bronze Age village and the salt production in north coastal Tuscany (Italy). In Weller, O. (ed.), Archéologie du sel: techniques et sociétés dans la pré- et protohistoire européenne / Salzarchäologie. Techniken und Gesellschaft in der Vor- und Frühgeschichte Europas, pp. 177–82. Rahden/Westf.: Marie Leidorf. Internationale Archäologie 3.Google Scholar
Penney, S. & Shotter, D. C. A. (1996). An inscribed Roman salt-pan from Shavington, Cheshire, Britannia 27, 360–5.Google Scholar
Pétrequin, P. et al. (2001). Salt springs exploitation without pottery during prehistory: from New Guinea to the French Jura. In Beyries, S. and Pétrequin, P. (eds.), Ethno-Archaeology and Its Transfers, pp. 37–65. Oxford: BAR International Series 983.Google Scholar
Pétrequin, P., Pétrequin, A.-M. & Weller, O. (2000). Cuire la pierre et cuire le sel en Nouvelle-Guinée: des techniques actuelles de régulation sociale. In Pétrequin, P., Fluzin, P., Thiriot, J. and Benoit, P. (eds.), Arts du feu et productions artisanales, pp. 545–64. Antibes: Éditions APDCA. XXe Rencontres Internationales d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes.Google Scholar
Petzschmann, U. (2015). Salz im Paulusviertel – eine bronze-/eisenzeitliche Siedlung im Stadtgebiet von Halle. In Schulz, C. (ed.), Archäologie findet Stadt: Hallische Stadtgeschichte unter dem Pflaster (Forschungen zur hallischen Stadtgeschichte), pp. 43–59. Halle: Verein für Hallische Stadtgeschichte.Google Scholar
Poole, C. (1987). Salt working. In Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Hengistbury Head, Dorset, vol. 1, pp. 178–80. Oxford: Oxford Committee for Archaeology.Google Scholar
Preisig, E. (1877). Geschichte des Máramaroser Bergbaues, Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Berg- und Hüttenwesen 25/28–30, 301–3, 311–13, 321–3. Tafel 12.Google Scholar
Prilaux, G. (2000). La production de sel à l’Age du Fer. Contribution à l’établissement d’une typologie à partir des exemples de l’autoroute A16. Montagnac: éditions monique mergoil. Protohistoire européene 5.Google Scholar
Prilaux, G. et al. (2011). Les âges du sel en Gaule du Nord, Archéopages 31 (January), 22–31.Google Scholar
Proctor, J. (2012). The Needles Eye enclosure, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Archaeologia Aeliana 5th series 41, 19–122.Google Scholar
Querré, G., Cassen, S. & Vigier, E. (eds.) (2019). La parure en callaïs du Néolithique européen. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing.Google Scholar
Quixal Santos, D. (2020). Explotación de la sal, vías de comunicación y territorio durante la Edad del Hierro en el entorno del río Cabriel, SPAL Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 2(2), 31–48. https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2020.i29.16.Google Scholar
Rausch, A. W. (2007). Viele Fotos, wenig Platz – Das große Foto-Puzzle von Hallstatt. Fotografische Dokumentation unter Tage. In Karl, R. and Leskovar, J. (eds.), Interpretierte Eisenzeiten: Fallstudien, Methoden, Theorie. Tagungsbeiträge der 2. Linzer Gespräche zur interpretativen Eisenzeitarchäologie, pp. 109–18. Linz: Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum. Studien zur Kulturgeschichte von Oberösterreich, Folge 19.Google Scholar
Riehm, K. (1954). Vorgeschichtliche Salzgewinnung an Saale und Seille, Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 38, 112–56.Google Scholar
Riehm, K. (1960). Die Formsalzproduktion der vorgeschichtlichen Salzsiedestätten Europas, Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 44, 180–217.Google Scholar
Riehm, K. (1962). Werkanlagen und Arbeitsgeräte urgeschichtlicher Salzsieder, Germania 40, 360–400.Google Scholar
Rippon, S. (2007). Landscape, Community and Colonisation: The north Somerset levels during the 1st to 2nd millennia AD. York: Council for British Archaeology. CBA Research Reports 152.Google Scholar
Rodwell, W. J. (1979). Iron Age and Roman salt-winning on the Essex coast. In Burnham, B. C. and Johnson, H. B. (eds.), Invasion and Response: The case of Roman Britain, pp. 133–75. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 73.Google Scholar
Rouzeau, N. (2002). Sauneries et briquetages. Essai sur la productivité des établissements salicoles gaulois du Centre-Ouest atlantique d’après l’étude du gisement de Nalliers (Vendée). In Weller, O. (ed.), Archéologie du sel: techniques et sociétés dals al Pré- et Protohistoire européenne / Salzarchäologie: Techniken und Gesellschaft in der Vor- und Frühgeschichte Europas, pp. 99–124. Rahden/Westf.: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Saile, T. (2015). Competing on unequal terms: saltworks at the turn of the Christian era. In Brigand, R. and Weller, O. (eds.), Archaeology of Salt: Approaching an invisible past, pp. 199–209. Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Saïtas, Y. C. & Zarkia, C. I. (2006). La récolte du sel dans la péninsule du Magne (Péloponnèse). In Hocquet, J.-C. and Sarrazin, J.-L. (eds.), Le sel de la Baie. Histoire, archéologie, ethnologie des sels atlantiques, pp. 349–64 Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Sealey, P. R. (1995). New light on the salt industry and Red Hills of prehistoric and Roman Essex, Essex Archaeology and History 26, 65–81.Google Scholar
Sevink, J. et al. (2020). Protohistoric briquetage at Puntone (Tuscany, Italy): Principles and processes of an industry based on the leaching of saline lagoonal sediments, Geoarchaeology 2020, 1–18. https://DOI.org/10.1002/gea.21820.Google Scholar
Sherlock, S. J. (2021). Is there evidence for Neolithic salt manufacture in the UK? The case for Street House, Loftus, North-East England, Antiquity 95, 648–69.Google Scholar
Simon, T. (1995). Salz und Salzgewinnung im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg. Geologie-Technik-Geschichte. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag. Forschungen aus Württembergisch Franken, 42.Google Scholar
Simons, A. (1987). Archäologischer Nachweis eisenzeitlichen Salzhandels von der Nordseeküste ins Rheinland, Archäologische Informationen 10, 8–14.Google Scholar
Stockinger, U. (2015). The salt of Rome: remarks on the production, trade and consumption in the north-western provinces. In Brigand, R. and Weller, O. (eds.), Archaeology of Salt: Approaching an invisible past, pp. 183–92. Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Stöllner, T. (1999). Der prähistorische Salzbergbau am Dürrnberg bei Hallein I. Forschungsgeschichte – Forschungsstand – Forschungsanliegen. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf. Dürrnberg-Forschungen Band 1, Abteilung Bergbau.Google Scholar
Stöllner, T. (2002). Der prähistorische Salzbergbau am Dürrnberg bei Hallein II. Die Funde und Befunde der Bergwerksausgrabungen zwischen 1990 und 2000. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf. Dürrnberg-Forschungen Band 3, Abteilung Bergbau; Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum 113. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Stöllner, T. (2003). The economy of Dürrnberg-bei-Hallein: an Iron Age salt-mining centre in the Austrian Alps, The Antiquaries Journal 83, 123–94.Google Scholar
Tasić, N. (2000). Salt use in the Early and Middle Neolithic of the Balkan Peninsula. In Nikolova, L. (ed.), Technology, Style and Society: Contributions to the innovations between the Alps and the Black Sea in prehistory, pp. 35–40. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 854.Google Scholar
Terán Manrique, J. & Morgado, A. (2011). El aprovechamiento prehistórico de sal en la Alta Andalucía. El caso de Fuente Camacho (Loja, Granada), Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 21, 221–49.Google Scholar
Terán Manrique, J. (2011). La producción de sal en la prehistoria de la Península Ibérica: estado de la cuestión, @rqueología y Territorio 8, 71–84.Google Scholar
Terán Manrique, J. (2015). Aproximacion a la potencialidad productiva de sal por evaporacion solar en el sistema Iberico durante la Edad del Hierro: propuesta para la modelizacion de potencialidades productivas. In Maximiano, A. and Cerrillo-Cuenca, E. (eds.), Arqueología y Tecnologías de Información Espacial: una perspectiva ibero-americana, pp. 114–30. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Terán Manrique, J. (2017). Sal, monedas, vías y fuentes. La localización de Egelasta: un problema por resolver. In Cortés, F. C., García-Pulido, L. J., Martínez, L. A., García, E. A., Onorato, A. M. et al. (eds.), Presente y futuro de los paisajes mineros del pasado: estudios sobre minería, metalurgia y poblamiento, VIII Congreso sobre minería y metalurgia históricas en el sudoeste europeo, pp. 1–10. Granada: SEDPGYM y Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la UGR, Editorial Universidad de Granada.Google Scholar
Tessier, M. (1960). Découverte de gisements préhistoriques aux environs de la Pointe-Saint-Gildas, Bulletin Société Préhistorique Française 57, 428–34.Google Scholar
Thoen, H. (1975). Iron Age and Roman salt-making sites on the Belgian coast. In De Brisay, K. W. and Evans, K. A. (eds.), Salt: The study of an ancient industry, Report on the salt weekend, pp. 56–60. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Group.Google Scholar
Traina, G. (1992). Sale e saline nel Mediterraneo antico, La Parola del Passato 266, 363–78.Google Scholar
Ursulescu, N. (1977). Exploatarea sării din saramura în neoliticul timpuriu în lumina descoperirilor de la Solca (jud. Suceava), Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche 28(3), 307–17.Google Scholar
Valera, A. C. (2017). Salt in the 4th and 3rd Millennia BC in Portugal: Specialization, distribution, and consumption, Cuaternario y Geomorfología 31, 105–22. https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v31i1-2.53656.Google Scholar
Valiente Cánovas, S. & Ayanagüena Sanz, M. (2005). Cerámicas a mano utilizadas en la producción de la sal en las Salinas de Espartinas (Ciempozuelos, Madrid). In Puche Riart, O. and Ayarzagüena Sanz, M. (eds.), Minería y Metalurgia históricas en el Sudoeste Europeo, pp. 61–70. Madrid: SEDPGYM-SEHA.Google Scholar
Valiente Cánovas, S. & Ramos, P. (2009). Las salinas de Espartinas: un enclave prehistórico dedicado a la explotacíon de la sal. In SEHA (ed.), La explotacíon histórica de la sal: investigación y puesta en valor. Actas I Congreso Internacional Salinas de Espartinas, Ciempozuelos, 1 y 2 de diciembre de 2006, pp. 167–82. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Historia de la Arqueología. Memorias de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Arqueología, II.Google Scholar
Valiente Cánovas, S. et al. (2017). Humedales salobres como fuente de extracción de sal en Jerez de la Frontera y su entorno: Cortijo de salinillas y ‘Las Salinillas’ de Estella del Marqués. In Puche Riart, O., Oyarzagüena Sanz, M., López Cidád, J. F. and Pous, J. de la Flor (eds.), Minería y Metalurgias Históricas en el sudoeste europeo. Nuestras raices mineras, pp. 173–85. Madrid: Sociedad Española para la defensa del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero.Google Scholar
van den Broeke, P. W. (1995). Iron Age sea salt trade in the Lower Rhine area. In Hill, J. D. and Cumberpatch, C. G. (eds.), Different Iron Ages: Studies on the Iron Age in Temperate Europe, pp. 149–62. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. BAR International Series 602.Google Scholar
van den Broeke, P. W. (2007). Zoutwinning langs de Noordzee: de pre-middeleeuwse sporen. In de Kraker, A. M. J. and Borger, G. J. (eds.), Veen-Vis-Zout. Landschappelijke dynamiek in de zuidwestelijke delta van de Lage Landen, pp. 65–80. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit. Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological Studies 8.Google Scholar
von Rauchhaupt, R. & Schunke, T. (2010). Am Rande des Altsiedellandes – Archäologische Ausgrabungen an der Ortsumgehung Brehna. Halle/Saale: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt / Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte. Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt, Sonderband 12.Google Scholar
Walmsley, J. G. (2000). The ecological importance of Mediterranean salinas. In Korovessis, N. A. and Lekkas, T. D. (eds.), SALTWORKS: Preserving Saline Coastal Ecosystems, 6th Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Pythagorion, Samos, 1 September 1999. Post conference symposium proceedings, pp. 81–95. Marousi: Global NEST.Google Scholar
Weller, O. (2002). The earliest rock salt exploitation in Europe: a salt mountain in the Spanish Neolithic, Antiquity 76, 317–18.Google Scholar
Weller, O. (2012). La production chalcolithique du sel à Provadia-Solnitsata: de la technologie céramique aux implications socio-économiques. In Nikolov, V. (ed.), Salt and Gold: the role of salt in prehistoric Europe, pp. 67–87. Provadia / Veliko Tarnovo: Verlag Faber.Google Scholar
Weller, O. (2015). First salt making in Europe: An overview from Neolithic times, Documenta Praehistorica 42, 185–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weller, O. & Dumitroaia, G. (2005). The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania, Antiquity 79, http://antiquity,ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/index.html, accessed 14 Auguest 2007.Google Scholar
Weller, O. & Figuls, A. (2007). Première exploitation de sel gemme en Europe: organisation et enjeux socio-économiques au Néolithique moyen autour de La Muntanya de Sal de Cardona (Catalogne). In Figuls, A. and Weller, O. (eds.), 1a Trobada internacional d’arqueologia envers l’explotatió de la sal a la prehistòria i protohistòria, Cardona, 6–8 de desembre del 2003, pp. 219–39. Cardona: Institut de recerques envers la Cultura (IREC).Google Scholar
Weller, O. et al. (2008). Première exploitation de sel en Europe. Techniques et gestion de l’exploitation de la source salée de Poiana Slatinei à Lunca (Neamţ, Roumanie). In Weller, O., Dufraisse, A. and Pétrequin, P. (eds.), Sel, eau et forêt. D’hier à aujourd’hui, pp. 205–30. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. Collection ‘Les cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux’, 12.Google Scholar
Weller, O. et al. (2009). Lunca-Poiana Slatinei (jud. Neamţ): cel mai vechi sit de exploatare a sării din preistoria europeană, Arheologia Moldovei 32, 21–39.Google Scholar
Williams, E. (1999). The ethnoarchaeology of salt production at Lake Cuitzeo, Mexico, Latin American Antiquity 10, 400–14.Google Scholar
Williams, M. & Reid, M. (2008). Salt: Life and Industry. Excavations at King Street, Middlewich, Cheshire, 2001–2002. Oxford: Archaeopress. BAR British Series 456.Google Scholar
Willis, S. (2016). The briquetage containers and salt networks in north-east England. In Haselgrove, C. C. (ed.), Cartimandua’s capital? The Late Iron Age royal site at Stanwick, North Yorkshire, fieldwork and analysis, 1981–2011, pp. 256–61. York: Council for British Archaeology. CBA Research Report 175.Google Scholar
Wollmann, V. (1996). Mineritul metalifer, extragerea sării şi carierele de piatră în Dacia Romană / Der Erzbergbau, die Salzgewinnung und die Steinbrüche im Römischen Dakien. Cluj-Napoca: Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a Transilvaniei. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 13 / Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum 63.Google Scholar
Woodiwiss, S. (ed.) (1992). Iron Age and Roman Salt Production and the Medieval Town of Droitwich. CBA Research Report 81. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Yoshida, T., translated and revised by Hans Ulrich Vogel (1993). Salt Production Techniques in Ancient China: The Aobo tu. Leiden & New York: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
- 10
- Cited by