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IV. Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

John Roach
John Roach
Affiliation:
Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
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Extract

Henry Sidgwick was one of the most prominent university reformers in later Victorian Cambridge. His resignation of his Trinity fellowship in 1869 helped to precipitate the final abolition of religious tests in 1871, and, in the following decades, he was the leader of those who wished to develop research and to open up new branches of study. In national politics he was, as might have been expected, a Liberal, yet, when the Home Rule crisis of 1885–6 came to a head, his allegiance veered over sharply. In 1885 he voted Liberal ‘after some hesitation’; the next year he voted for the Tory candidate for the borough of Cambridge who was elected by an increased majority. That summer he wrote: ‘Unionists gaining slowly but steadily. Dined in Hall, and was surprised to find the great preponderance of Unionist sentiment among the Trinity fellows—a body always, since I have known Trinity, preponderantly Liberal.’ In the history of Victorian politics more attention might be given to the change which converted a large part of the educated classes from the Liberal side to the Conservative. J. F. Stephen, writing in 1880 to the first Earl of Lytton, said of the Conservative leaders that they were ‘all of them people whose political creed was chosen when the Conservative party was emphatically the stupid party, and when to be a Conservative meant to be opposed to pretty well all the main intellectual movements of the time’. The phrase, ‘the stupid party’, comes from J. S. Mill, whose books had been the chief intellectual influence in triumphant mid-Victorian Liberalism. By the end of his life Mill himself was becoming sceptical of the results achieved by democracy. In Representative Government (1861) he had pointed out that a popular assembly was not fitted to conduct administration or to frame laws, and that one of the great problems of democratic government is to combine popular rule with the skilled administration of the modern state. The need for increased efficiency in a more competitive age was worrying many Englishmen by 1870, and, although their criticisms cut across party and sectional boundaries, they were hostile to much in conventional Liberalism. One answer was the ‘social engineering’ of the Fabians; another approach was Matthew Arnold's assault on our educational system and on the Philistinism of our semi-educated middle classes. The only remedy for the anarchic individualism of English life lay, he thought, in the positive activity of the state, which should purify and deepen the national culture and give it direction and purpose.

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Articles
Information
Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 1957 , pp. 58 - 81
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1957

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Footnotes

1

I have to thank Professor W. L. Burn who read the article at an early stage and greatly improved it by his criticisms. Dr G. Kitson Clark has also helped me with advice and suggestions.

References

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3 J. F. Stephen to Lord Lytton, 2 April 1880. All Stephen's correspondence is in the Cambridge University Library. Most of his letters exist only in the form of copies made by his wife. I have also used her copies of Lytton's letters to Stephen.

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21 ‘Lord Palmerston’, 19 Oct 1865 The style and ideas suggest that Stephen was the author, and there seems to be an echo of them in ‘The Premier's Lesson to his Enemies’, 3 Mar 1868, which J W Robertson Scott (op cit 160, n 1) attributes to Stephen

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53 Ibid. 291–2.

54 Ibid. 304.

55 Ibid, xxxiv–xxxv.

56 Ibid. 309–10.

57 Ibid. 320–1.

58 Ibid. 77–8.

59 Ibid. 326.

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72 Lytton to Stephen, 2 Jan. 1891.

73 Stephen to Lytton, 28 Sept. 1876.

74 Stephen to Lytton, 1 Oct. 1879.

75 Stephen to Lytton, 25 Dec. 1879.

76 Stephen to Lytton, 20 July 1876.

77 Stephen to Lytton, 6 Sept. 1876.

78 Stephen to Lytton, 15 Mar. 1878.

79 Stephen to Lytton, 30 Aug. 1877.

80 Stephen to Lytton, 23 Feb. 1885.

81 Lytton to Stephen, 18/25 Dec. 1879.

82 Stephen to Lytton, (3) Feb. 1880.

83 Stephen to Lytton, 14 Apr. 1880.

84 Stephen to Lady Grant Duff, 4 June 1886.

85 Stephen to Lytton, 29 June 1877.

86 Stephen to Lytton, 8 July 1879.

87 See Stephen's letters in The Times, 4, 5, 21 Jan., 29 Apr., 1 May 1886.

88 Stephen to Emily Cunningham (Lady Egerton), 10/11 Apr. 1887.

89 Stephen to Lytton, 26 Oct., 24, 30 Nov. 1876, 6 Jan. 1877.

90 See Stephen's letters to The Times, 16, 22, 28 Oct., 12, 15, 20 Nov. 1878. This question involved him in controversy with Lord Lawrence (Ibid. 22 Oct., 19 Nov. 1878), with Lord Northbrook (Ibid. 12 Nov. 1878), and with Vernon Harcourt (18 Nov. 1878).

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93 Stephen to Lady Grant Duff, 9 June 1886.

94 Stephen to Lytton, 5 Oct. 1889.

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96 Stephen to Lytton, 6 May 1880.

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