Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-24hb2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T20:40:08.285Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al–Ismā‘īliyya al-Naṣriyya who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Isma‘īl I, Yūsuf I, Muḥammad V (713–793/1314–1391).

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2009

Extract

Muḥammad I, the founder of the Naṣrid Sultanate in 629/1232, originated the first dynasty, al–dawla al–ghālibiyya al-nasriyya, as it has been called in modern times from his laqab, al-ghālib bi-llāh (= “the victor through Allāh”). He was succeeded by his son Muḥammad II al-Faqīh and grandsons Muḥammad III al-Makhlū‘ (= “the Dethroned”) and Abū I-Juyūsh Naṣr, with whom the direct masculine line of the al-Aḥmares (= “the Reds”) ended. Naṣr was dethroned by his nephew Ismā‘īl I, the son of their paternal sister Fāṭima and her husband the ra‘īs of Málaga, Abū Sa‘īd Faraj, who was also a member of the royal family.

I shall deal here with the sultans of the second dynasty up to the death of Muḥammad V, and will concentrate on its three main figures: Ismā‘īl I, his second son YūsufI and grandson Muḥammad V, and deal only briefly with Muḥammad IV - the firstborn son of Ismā‘īl I – and Muḥammad VI el Bermejo (the Redhead), a relative and brother-in-law of Ismā‘īl II. However, we should first establish the identity and origins of Ismā‘īl I‘s father, to understand why he did not become the first sultan of the new dynasty.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 al-Khatīb, Ibn, al-Ihātaft ta’rīkh Ghamāta (lhāta), Escorial MS 1673, pp. 354–6Google Scholar. Mata, M.J. Rubiera, “El arraez Abū Sa‘Id Faraŷ b. Ismā‘īl b. Nasr, gobemador de Málaga y epónimo de la segunda dinastía nasrī de Granada”, Boletín de la Asociaciōn Espanola de Orientalistas (BAEO), XI (Madrid, 1975), pp. 127–33, esp. p 128 notes 4, 5, 6Google Scholar.

2 Allouche, I.S., “La révoke des Banū Aškfīūla contre le sultan naṣrite Muḥammad II d’après le Kitāb A‘māl al-a’lām d’lbn al-Ḫaṭīb”, Hesperis, XXV (Paris, 1938), p. 5Google Scholar.

3 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, al-Lamḥa al-badriγγa fi datvla al-nasriγγa, Beirut edn, p. 78Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane au temps des Naṣrides (1232–1492) (Paris, 1st. ed. 1973, 2nd ed. 1990), p.92Google Scholar.

4 Iḥdṭa, Escorial MS 1673, 355Google Scholar. Arie, R., L’Espagne musulmamane, pp. 219–22, esp. 220Google Scholar.

5 Arie, R., L’Espagne musulmam, p. 73Google Scholar.

6 Mata, M.J. Rubiera, “El arraez Abū Sa’īd”, pp. 128–9Google Scholar, states that “The anonymous author of al-Dakhīra al-Saniyya10 affirms that Abū Sa’īd married a daughter of Muḥammad I in the year 664/1265 and that this marriage caused the rebellion of the Banū Ashqīlūla. Although it is possible that Abū Muḥammad b. Ashqīlūla looked on any signs of favour towards Abū Sa’īd with distrust, as a possible substitution of him in the wilāya of Málaga, this item of information is not confirmed in any other source. Moreover in this same Dakhira it is said that ‘Ibn al-Aḥmar’ married his daughter to his ‘cousin’. Although it is Muḥammad I who is usually called ‘Ibn al-Aḥmar’, he was not a cousin of Abū Sa‘īd but his uncle. We believe that the report refers to the marriage of the arraez with the daughter of Muḥammad II, Fāṭima, which is documented in all the sources,11 although if it did take place in the year 1265 the young [princess] would not have reached a nubile age. The fact is that the first known child of the marriage was born much later in the year 127912”. The author refers us in her note 10 to: “Ed. Argel, , 1920, p. 111Google Scholar, Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 66Google Scholar”; in note 11 to the Iḥāṭa, ‘Inān edn (1955), p. 387Google Scholar; in note 12 again to the Iḥāṭa, 'Inān edn (1955), p. 387Google Scholar.

7 al-Khaṭib, Ibn, Lamḥa, Cairo edn (1928), pp. 6577Google Scholar; Beirut, edn, pp. 7090Google Scholar; Iḥāṭa, ‘Inān edn (1955), pp. 385405Google Scholar.

8 Cairo edn (1901–2), vol. ii, p. 97. Mata, M.J. Rubiera, “El arraez Abū Sa‘īd”, p. 129, note 14Google Scholar.

9 de la Granja, F., “La maqāma de la Fiesta de Ibn al-Murābī al-Azdi”, Études d’Orientalisme dédiées à la mémoire de Lévi-Provençal (Paris, 1962), vol. ii, pp. 591603Google Scholar.

10 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa, Cairo edn (19011902), vol. ii, pp. 99100Google Scholar.

11 Rubiera, M.J., “El arraez Abu Sa‘īd ”, p. 132Google Scholar, note 32 where he cites the Iḥāṭa, p. 131Google Scholar.

12 Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 93Google Scholar.

13 Iḥāṭa, Escorial MS 1673, p. 355Google Scholar.

14 Castrillo, R., “Salobrena, prisión real de la dinastía naṣri”, Al-Andalus (AA), XXVIII (1963), pp. 463–72Google Scholar.

15 Lévi-Provençal, E., Inscriptions arabes d’Espagne, 2 vols (Leiden-Paris, 1931), pp. 148–9Google Scholar. His threnody and the texts on his tombstone were written by the ra‘īs of the Dīwān al-inshā’, al-Jayyāb, Ibn. Mata, M.J. Rubiera, “Los poemas epigráficos de Ibn al-Ŷayyāb en la Alhambra”, AA, XXXV (1970), p. 467;Google Scholar Ibn al-Ŷayyāb el otro poeta de la Alhambra, de la Alhambra, Patronato (Granada, 1982), pp. 127–8Google Scholar: “LII. DI rhyme, tawīl metre. Poetic epigraph of the arraéz Faraj Abū Sa‘īd … Eighteen verses”.

16 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Lamḥa, Cairo edn (1928), pp. 6577Google Scholar; Beirut, edn (1978), pp. 7890Google Scholar; Iḥāṭa, ‘Inān edn (1955), pp. 385401Google Scholar; Kitāb A‘māl al-a‘lām fimam būyi‘a qabl al-iḥtilām min mulūk al-Islām, partial trans. Lévi-Provencal, (Beirut, 1956), pp. 294–5Google Scholar.

17 Khaldūn, Ibn, Histoire des Banū l-Aḥmar, rois de Grenade, extracts from Kitāb al-‘Ibar, French translation by Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M., Journal Asiatique, 9C serie, XII (Paris, 1898), p. 26Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 96–7, notes 1, 2, 3Google Scholar. Prof. Rachel Arié is the leading scholar in the world on Naṣrid history and her works, cited here, are fundamental to our knowledge of the Naṣrid period. Latham, J. D.'s article on the political history of the ‘Nasrids’ in the EI 2 (vol. vii, 1993) is largely based on her workGoogle Scholar.

18 A‘māl al-a‘lām, p. 295Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 97, note 3Google Scholar. Mata, M.J. Rubiera, Ibn al-Ŷayyāb, pp. 107–11Google Scholar, Dlwān, Index no. CXCVIII, notes 53–9.

19 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn calls Ismā‘īl a cousin of Naṣr, cf. Lamha (Cairo edn), p. 65Google Scholar; (Beirut, edn), p. 78Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 92Google Scholar, follows this text of Ibn al-Khaṭīb. The grand vizier explains all these family links in his Iḥāṭa (Escorial Ms. 1673), pp. 354–6Google Scholar.

20 M.J. Rubiera Mata, Ibn al-Ŷayyāb, Dīwān, Index nos. XXXIV, XL, XLV, LX, LXXI, CXIX, CXXXVI, CXLVII, CLV, CLXXIV, CLXXV, CXCIV, CXCVIII. Poems XLV and LXXI appear inscribed on the ṭāqas of the north portico of the Dār al-Mamlaka al-Sa‘īda in the Generalife, which the author has published together with others from the Qalahurra Nueva of Yūsuf, I, “Los poemas epigrafiados”, pp. 453–73Google Scholar. Rodríguez, D. Cabanelas and Fernández-Puertas, A., “Las inscripciones poéticas del Generalife”, Cuademos de la Alhambra (CA), XIV (1978), pp. 186Google Scholar.

21 Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn, 1319/1901), pp. 391–2Google Scholar; (‘Inān, edn, 1955), pp. 398400Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 98, note 5Google Scholar. Fernández-Puertas, A., La fachada del palacio de Comares. Vol. I: Situatión, Función, Génesis. Vie Façade of the Palace of Comares: Vol. I: Location, Function and Origins, I (Patronato de la Alhambra, Granada, 1980), pp. 16, 208, note 3Google Scholar.

22 Khaldūn, Ibn, Histoire des Banū l-Ahmar, p. 28Google Scholar. al-Khatlb, Ibn, Lamḥa, (Cairo edn.) pp. 83–4Google Scholar, (Beirut, edn.) 98, 99100Google Scholar; Iḥāṭa (Escorial MS 1.673), pp 387–9Google Scholar. “Crónica de los Reyes de Castilla desde Alfonso X hasta los Reyes Católicos”, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (BAE), ed. Rosell, (Madrid, 1953), vol. LXVI:Google Scholar “Cronica de D. Alfonso XI”, ch. 128, p. 258.Google Scholar Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 101, note 6Google Scholar. Lévi-Provençal, E., Inscriptions arabes, pp. 160–3Google Scholar.

23 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), pp. 77, 89Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 197, notes 4, 5Google Scholar.

24 A‘mal al-a‘lam, ed. Lévi-Provençal, (Beirut, 1956), pp. 302–3Google Scholar. Mata, M.J. Rubiera, “Los poemas epigráficos”, p. 455, note 13Google Scholar.

25 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 89Google Scholar. On the physiognomy of the Granadines, see Iḥāta (‘Inān edn), p. 140Google Scholar and Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 27Google Scholar. Paredes, L. Seco de Lucena, Historia de los sultanes de Granada (León, n.d.), p. 36Google Scholar.

26 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), pp. 92, 93, 96Google Scholar. Khaldūn, Ibn, Histoire des Banū I-Ahmar, p. 29Google Scholar. Crónica de D. Alfonso XI, ch. 251, pp. 325–8Google Scholar. de Lucena, L. Seco, “La fecha de la batalla del Salado”, Al-Andalus, XIX (1954), pp. 228–31Google Scholar. Miranda, A. Huici, Las grandes batallas de la Reconquista durante las invasiones africanas, (Madrid, 1956), pp. 342–77Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 102, 103, note 1Google Scholar; “Espana musulmana (siglos VIII–XV)”, Historia de Espana, directed by de Lara, Manuel Tunón (Labor, Barcelona, 1982), iii, p. 195, note 1Google Scholar.

27 Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn 1901), ii, p. 129Google Scholar. al-Tilimsānī, Al-Maqqarī, Nafḥ ai-tīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb, ed. ‘Abbās, Iḥsān, 8 vols. (Beirut, 1968), iv, p. 215Google Scholar.

28 Lamḥa, (Cairo edn.) p. 96Google Scholar. Al-Umarī, (Ibn Faḍl Allāh), Masālik al-absār fi mamālik al-amsār: l’Afrique moins I’Egypte. Partial trans, by Gaudefroy-Demombynes, (Paris, 1927), p. 167Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 185, note 7, pp. 214–15, note 1;Google Scholar “Espaiia musulmana”, p. 73Google Scholar.

29 Miranda, A. Huici, Las grandes balalles de la Reconquista, p. 367Google Scholar. Arié, R., “Espana musulmana”, pp. 129–30Google Scholar.

30 Arié, R., “Espana musulmana”, p. 164Google Scholar; L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 104, 105, notes 4–7Google Scholar.

31 de Lucena, L. Seco, “El hāŷib Ridwān, la madraza de Granada y las murallas del Albaycin”, Al-Andatus, XXI (1956).Google Scholar Mata, M.J. Rubiera, Ibn al-Ŷaγγāb, p. 40, notes 119, 120.Google Scholar

32 lḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, p. 12;Google Scholar (‘Inān, edn), i, pp. 532, 545, ii, pp. 26, 27Google Scholar; Lamḥa (Cairo edn), pp. 81, 90, 103, 108Google Scholar. Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitab al-‘Ibar, iv, p. 390Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 201, note 2Google Scholar; “Espana musulmana”, pp. 63, 65Google Scholar. Fernández-Puertas, A., Lafachada … The Façade, pp. 17, 209, note 11Google Scholar.

33 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 90Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 204–6Google Scholar.

34 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 91Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 201, note 1Google Scholar; “Espana musulmana”, p. 68Google Scholar.

35 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 91Google Scholar. Arié, R., “Espana musulmana”, p. 71Google Scholar

36 Archivo de la Corona de Aragón (ACA), Arab documents nos. 82 and 84. Santón, M. Alarcón y and de Linares, R. Garcīa, Los Documentos árabes diplomátics del Archivo de la Corona de Aragón (Madrid/Granada, 1940), pp. 411–15Google Scholar. Hoenerbach, W., Spanisch-Islamische Urkunden aus der Zeit der Nasriden und Moriscos (Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1965), XXVII, XXVIIIGoogle Scholar, where he compares the function of the Nasrid kātib with that of the scribes in the Christian Kingdoms. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 211, note 2.Google Scholar

37 Lamḥa, (Cairo edn.) p. 95Google Scholar. Crónica de D. Alfonso XI, ch. CCCXXXIX, p. 392Google Scholar. Arió, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 103Google Scholar.

38 Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭīb (Cairo edn, 1949), 10 vols, vii, p. 376, ix, p. 309Google Scholar.

39 al-Nubāhī, Ibn al-Ḥasan, Kitāb al-Marqaba al-‘ ulyā fiman yastahiqqu al-qādā’, Histoire des juges d’Andalousie, Lévi-Provençal, E. (Cairo, 1948), pp. 20–1, 148Google Scholar.

40 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Mushāhadāt Lisān al-Dīn b. al-Khaṭīb fī bilād al-Maghrib wa-l-Andalus, ed. al-‘Abbādī, A. M. (Alexandria, 1958 and 1984), pp. 44, 50Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 367, note 4, p. 318, note 3Google Scholar; “España musulmana”, pp. 295, 272, 251–2Google Scholar.

41 lḥāṭa (‘Inān edn), i, pp. 475–6Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 433, note 2Google Scholar; “España musulmana”, p. 421Google Scholar.

42 Iḥāṭa (Escorial MS 1.673), folios 146, 261, 354. Khaldūn, Ibn, al-Ta‘rif bi Ibn Khaldūn wa riḥlatuh” gharban washarqan, ed. al-Tanjī, M. Tāwit (Cairo, 1370/1951), p. 130Google Scholar. Renaud, H.P.J., “Un médecin du royaume de Grenade: Muḥammad al-Shaqūrī”, Hespéris, XXXIII (1946), pp. 3164Google Scholar. Bosch-Vilá, J., “Ibn al-Khaṭīb”, El2, iii, pp. 859–60Google Scholar. Arié, R., L‘Espagne musulmane, p. 431, notes 2, 3Google Scholar.

43 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 31Google Scholar. Al-‘Umarī, , Masālik al-abṣār, p. 234Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 194, notes 2, 3, 292, note 6;Google Scholar “Espana musulmana”, p. 57Google Scholar.

44 Fernández-Puertas, A., Lafachada … The Façade, pp. 33–8, 197200, figs. 1–2, plan 3Google Scholar.

45 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 91Google Scholar.

46 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 91Google Scholar.

47 Fernández-Puertas, A., “Mulk-chair”, entry in the catalogue, Art and Culture around 1492 (Seville, 1992), pp. 218–20Google Scholar.

48 Another word for throne is sarīr (possibly a divan throne): see Lamḥa (Cairo edn), pp. 48, 63, 74Google Scholar. Alcántara, E. Lafuente, Inscripciones árabes de Granada, precedidas de una reseña histórica γ de la genealogīa detallada de los reyes Alahmares (Madrid, 1860), pp. 113, 14Google Scholar. Rodríguez, D. Cabanelas, Discurso de apertura del curso académico 1984–85 (Universidad de Granada, 1984), pp. 41–2;Google Scholar Discurso de entrada en la Real Academia de Bellas/Artes Nuestra Señora de las Angustias (Granada, 1984), p. 28Google Scholar, where he translates it as Irono del imperio (throne of the empire). Gómez, E. García, Poemas árabes en los muros γ fuentes de la Alhambra. Edited and translated into verse, with Introduction and notes, Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islárnicos in Madrid (Madrid, 1985), pp. 107–8Google Scholar, ‘Trono … del reino”. A third word for throne is arīka’

49 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, A’māl al-a‘lām, p. 307Google Scholar.

50 Al-Nubāhī, , Nuzhat al-baṢā’ir wa-l-abṢār (Escorial MS 1.653), folio 46Google Scholar. Arié, R., “España musulmana”, p. 275Google Scholar.

51 A‘māl al-a‘lām, section trans. by Márquez, R. Castrillo as El Africa del Norte en el A‘māl al-a‘lām de Ibn al-Jātịb (Madrid, 1958), p. 306Google Scholar. Arié, R., “España musulmana”, p. 59Google Scholar.

52 Lamḥa (Cairo edn, 19271928), p. 97Google Scholar; (Beirut, edn 1978), p. 100Google Scholar; Iḥāṭa (‘Inān edn, 1978), iv, p. 333, note 2Google Scholar.

53 Iḥāṭa (‘Inān edn), i, p. 517Google Scholar, where he gives the biography of Riḍwān. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 341, note 5Google Scholar.

54 Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 96Google Scholar; Mushāhadāt, p. 58Google Scholar. Dozy, R., Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, 3rd ed., 2 vols (Leiden/Paris, 1967), i, p. 676Google Scholar. Fernāndez-Puertas, A., “Naṣrids”, EI2, vii (1993), pp. 1028–9Google Scholar.

55 Mata, M.J. Rubiera, Ibn al-Ŷayyāb, p. 136, no. CXCVIGoogle Scholar of the Dīwān consists of eleven verses which are part of a qaṣīda sulṭāniyya celebrating the birth of the first-born son of Yūsuf I, namely Muḥammad V.

56 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, A‘māl al-a‘lām, p. 307Google Scholar. Alcántara, E. Lafuente, Inscripciones, pp. 62, 63Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, Aḥmad Mukhtār, El reino de Granada en la época de Muḥammad V (Instituto de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, Madrid, 1973), p. 161Google Scholar.

57 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, A‘māl al-a‘lām, p. 354Google Scholar

58 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, A‘māl al-a‘lām, pp. 306, 357Google Scholar. Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al- ‘Ibar, vii, p. 306Google Scholar.

59 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 108Google Scholar.

60 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 4, 5Google Scholar. Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-‘Ibar, vii, p. 374Google Scholar. al-Tilimsānī, A. Al-Maqqarī, Azhār al-riyād fī akhbār al-qādī‘Iyādh, 3 vols (Cairo, 1358–1370/1939–1942), i, p. 206Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 22, note 2Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 106, note 1Google Scholar; “España musulmana”, pp 54, 55Google Scholar.

61 Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-‘Ibar, vii, p. 304Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭīb, vi, p. 162Google Scholar.

62 Santón, M. Alarcón y and de Linares, R. García, Los Documentos árabes, pp. 135–6Google Scholar.

63 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 6, 7Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Azhār al-riyāḍ, i, pp. 206–7Google Scholar.

64 Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-℈Ibar, vii, p. 304.Google Scholar al-℈Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 25, notes 1–6, p. 26, note 1.Google Scholar

65 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Nufāḍat al-jirāb fī ‘ulālat al-ightirāb (Escorial MS 1.755 of the unpublished Nufāḍa II), folios 35, 64, 65Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 36Google Scholar, notes 4–7, 37. When he dethroned his half-brother, Ismā‘īl II had Muḥammad V's marriage with his cousin annulled by means of a divorce, and married the cousin himself. He installed his uncle and father-in-law in what had been the house known as the “casa de los mármoles” of Ibn al-Khaṭīb, in the Alhambra's Calle de Arraeces, and transferred them there with great pomp in the presence of the new sultan's mother Maryam, and her friends. The present names given to the Alhambra streets (Calle Real and Calle Real Baja) are not the Naṣrid names, as can be inferred from this example. They were given from the time of the Reyes Católicos.

66 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, p. 12Google Scholar; (‘Inān edn, 1955), p. 407; (‘Inān edn, 1975), ii, pp. 26–7; Lamḥa (Cairo edn), pp. 108–9Google Scholar; A‘māl al-a‘lām, pp. 310–11; Nufāḍa II, (Escorial MS 1.755), folios 30–8. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 30Google Scholar, notes 4–7, 31, note 1. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 108Google Scholar, notes 4–6, 368, note 3. Fernández-Puertas, A., La fachada … The Façade, i, pp. 17, 209Google Scholar note 11.

67 Khaldūn, Ibn, ‘Ibar, vii, pp. 306–9Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Azhār al-riyāḍ, i, p. 208Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 35Google Scholar.

68 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Nufāḍa II, (Escorial MS 1.755), fol. 36–7; (ed. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār), p. 118Google Scholar.

69 Nufāḍa II, (Escorial MS 1.755), fol. 117v. Gómez, E. García, Foco de antigua luz sobre la Alhambra desde un texto de Ibn al-Jāṭīb en 1362, Publicaciones del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos (Madrid, 1988), p. 53Google Scholar. Arabic text p. 129, trans. p. 151.

70 Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-‘Ibar, vii, p. 309.Google Scholar Khaldūn, Ibn, Al-Muqaddima: Prolégomènes, trans. Slane, ,(Paris, 18621868, re-ed. Paris 1938), pp. 274.Google Scholar Al-Maqqarī, , Azhār al-riyāḍ, i, p. 203, note 3Google Scholar; Nafḥ al-ṭīb, x, p. 44Google Scholar. Dozy, R., Supplément, ii, p. 159Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 127, notes 7–10, 160 note 2Google Scholar. His reading of ma‘lūgīn” on p. 127Google Scholar is a printing error for. “ma‘ lūgīn

71 al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, pp. 32 and 35 note 1Google Scholar.

72 Lamḥa, (Beirut edn), p. 128.Google Scholar Martínez, M. Gómez-Moreno in his work “Granada en el siglo XIII”, Cuademos de la Alhambra, II (1966), p. 9Google Scholar calls it the “torre mayor” by using the superlative of the Arabic text, and mistakenly publishing the adjective “al-amzam” instead of “a‘zam” quoted in note 9 of the Iḥāṭa, (Cairo edn), i, p. 343Google Scholar.

73 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Nufāḍa II, (Escorial MS 1.755), fol 30Google Scholar; A‘māl al-a‘lām, pp. 353.

74 Nufāḍa II (Escorial MS 1.755), folio 65v; (ed. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār), p. 183.Google Scholar al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, pp. 33 note 4, 157 note 1Google Scholar. Arié, R., “España musulmana”, p. 326Google Scholar.

75 He is now called by Ibn al-Khaṭīb, al-sulṭān ḍun Badr al-rūmī (the Sultan Don Pedro the Christian) in his Nufāḍa II (Escorial MS 1.755), 641Google Scholar. In the Mudéjar palace in the Reales Alcázares of Seville, the cartouches above the alicatado dados are arranged as rectangles separated by squares, and the laudatory inscription is written in Kufic, thus: ‘izz li-mawlā-nā al-sulṭān ḍun Badr ayyada-hu Allāh, “Glory to our lord the Sultan Don Pedro I, may God assist him!” Sometimes the invocation to God is omitted. This inscription is also found on occasions written upside down, or has been restored with a repeat of the first or second part of the phrase since the restorers have not understood the meaning of what they were recomposing.

76 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Nufāḍa II (Escorial MS 1.755), folios 66v and 67Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, P. 45Google Scholar.

77 Remiro, M. Gaspar, Correspondencia diplomática, v (Granada, 1916), pp. 345, 355, 359Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 53 note 2Google Scholar.

78 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Lamḥa (Cairo edn), p. 117Google Scholar; A‘māl al-a‘lām, p. 355; lḥāṭa, (Escorial MS 1673), folio 429Google Scholar; (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 15, 23Google Scholar. Remiro, A. Gaspar, Correspondencia, p. 346Google Scholar. Crónica del Rey Don Pedro I, año 1362, pp. 517–19Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 56Google Scholar, note 2. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 112Google Scholar notes 1, 2.

79 Khaldūn, Ibn, al-Ta’rīf, ed. Tanjī, , p. 79Google Scholar. Al-Qalqashandī, , Subḥ al-a'shā fi ṣinā‘at al-inshā’, 14 vols (Cairo, 1331–1370/1913–1919)Google Scholar. The chapter on Spain (in vol. v) translated by de Lucena, L. Seco, pp. 211–72Google Scholar, is called Subḥ al- A'šā (Valencia, , 1975); vol. vii, p. 412Google Scholar. Arié, R., L‘Espagne musulmane, p. 186, note 8Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 35, note 2Google Scholar.

80 Hoenerbach, W., Spanisch Islamische Urkunden, p. 90Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 2Google Scholar. Khaldūn, Ibn, al-Ta‘rīf, ed. Tanjī, , p. 120Google Scholar.

81 A‘māl al-a‘lām (Beirut edn), pp. 356–70Google Scholar; Lamḥa (Beirut edn), pp. 100–1Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Cranada, p. 22, note 1Google Scholar.

82 Remiro, M. Gaspar, “Correspondencia”, pp. 390–3Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭīb, (Cairo edn), ix, pp. 108–10Google Scholar; and x, pp. 246–7. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 121, note 3Google Scholar.

83 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Rayḥānat al-kuttāb wa-nuj‘ at al-muntāb (Escorial MS 1.825), folio 36Google Scholar. Remiro, M. Gaspar, “Correspondencia”, pp. 302–8Google Scholar. Arié, R., L‘Espagne musulmane, p. 195, note 2Google Scholar.

84 y Santón, M. Alarcón and de Linares, R. García, Los Documentos árabes diplomáticos, p. 140Google Scholar. Arié, R., L‘Espagne musulmane, p. 249, note 4Google Scholar. I interpret the plural diyār here as having the value of a collective singular. The name appears in a letter of the time of Muḥammad VI addressed to the Aragonese sovereign Pedro IV.

85 Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-‘Ibar,vii, p. 334, 375Google Scholar.

86 Khaldūn, Ibn, al-Ta‘rīf, pp. 84–5Google Scholar.

87 Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 330Google Scholar.

88 Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 330–4Google Scholar.

89 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 30, 31Google Scholar and following pages. Remiro, Gaspar, “Correspondencia”, vol. 5. p. 137, no. 137, no. 3Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 215, 216 note 1Google Scholar.

90 Khaldūn, Ibn, Prolégomènes, ii, p. 83Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭib, ix, pp. 109–10Google Scholar; Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 219, notes 1 and 4Google Scholar.

91 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 15Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭib, vii, p. 6, ix, p. 47Google Scholar.

92 Khaldūn, Ibn, al-Ta‘rīf, ed. Tanjī, , pp. 8093Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 103, note 4Google Scholar.

93 Khaldūn, Ibn, Bughyat al-ruunuād fi dhikr al-mulūk min Banī ‘Abd al-Wād, Arabic text and French trans, of Bel, A., 3 vols. (Algiers, 19031913), iii, Arabic text, p. 174, trans., p. 216Google Scholar. Remiro, M. Gaspar, “Correspondencia”, pp. 384–5Google Scholar. al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 39Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 113, note 9Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 65, notes 2, 3Google Scholar.

94 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 28, 39, 40, 45–7Google Scholar.

95 CrÓnica del Rey Don Pedro I, p. 545Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 114, note 5Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 66, 67Google Scholar.

96 Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 131,319, note 3,Google Scholar.

97 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), i, pp. 37, ii, pp. 56–8Google Scholar; (‘Inān edn, 1975), ii, pp. 83–4Google Scholar. Khaldūn, Ibn, al-Ta‘rīf, ed. Tanjī, , pp. 120Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 74–7,Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 141, 186Google Scholar. Fernández-Puertas, A., La fachada … The Façade, i, pp. 26, 215, note 3Google Scholar.

98 Khaldūn, Ibn, Ta‘rīf, p. 120Google Scholar.

99 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 54–5, 59Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 115, note 4Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 82, 83 note 2Google Scholar.

100 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa (Cairo edn), ii, pp. 327, 328Google Scholar; Histoire des Berbères, iv, p. 381Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 86, note 4–10, 113 note 5Google Scholar.

101 Fernández-Puertas, A., La fachada … The Façade, i, pp. 27, 216Google Scholar,

102 Zurita, J., Anales de la Corona de Aragón (Zaragoza, 1610), ii, p. 359Google Scholar.

103 y Santón, M. Alarcón and Garcīa de Linares, R., Los Documentos ārabes diplomātics, p. 414Google Scholar. Soler, A. Giménez, “La Corona de Aragón y Granada”, Boletīn de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras (Barcelona), vol. iv, pp. 342–8Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 115, 116, note 2Google Scholar.

104 Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, pp. 116, notes 6, 7Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Cranada, p. 90, notes 2–4Google Scholar. This author also notes that – according to the work of de Molina, Argote, Nobleza de Andalucía (Seville, 1588)Google Scholar — Muḥammad V used to go hunting.

105 Crónica del Rey Don Pedro I, p. 142. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 117, note 3Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 91, note 4Google Scholar.

106 Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-‘Ibar, vii, pp. 335, 338Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭib, vii, p. 38Google Scholar; Azhār al-riyād, i, p. 225Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 104, notes 1–3Google Scholar.

107 Khaldūn, Ibn, Kitāb al-’Ibar, vii, pp. 338, 379Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭīb, ix, pp. 4752Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 18, notes 2–4Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, pp. 88–9, 105Google Scholar.

108 Brunschvig, R., La Berbérie orientale sous les Ḥafṣides, des origines à la fin du XVe siècle, 2 vols (Paris, 19401947), i, pp. 182–4Google Scholar.

109 Remiro, M. Gaspar, Correspondencia, pp. 158, 352Google Scholar, Rayhānat. (Escorial, MS 1.825), fols. 74V and 13trGoogle Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Nafḥ al-ṭīb, i, pp. 300–5Google Scholar. Al-Qalqashandī, , Subḥ al-a’shā, vii, pp. 415–17Google Scholar. Arié, R., L’Espagne musulmane, p. 118, notes 3, 4Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 118 notes 4, 5Google Scholar.

110 A1-‘Umarī, Masālik al-Abṣār (the parts referring to Africa and al-Andalus), published by ‘Abd al- Wahhāb, Ḥasan Ḥusni, in the Review, Al-Badr, p. 42, note 1Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 121, notes 1, 2Google Scholar.

111 Fernández-Puertas, A., La fachada … The Façade, pp. 117, 263, note 137Google Scholar.

112 Fernández-Puertas, A., La fachada … The Façade, pp. 114, 262, note 130Google Scholar; El trazado de dos pórticos proto-nazaríes: el del exconvento de San Francisco y el del Patio de la Acequia del Generalife”, Miscelánea de Estudios Arabes y Hebráicos (MEAH), XXXI (Universidad de Granada, Granada, 1982), p. 129, note 13Google Scholar.

113 Fernández-Puertas, A., “El trazado de dos pórticos”, pp. 127–9, 131–40, figs. 1, 2, 4, 17–26Google Scholar.

114 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa, (Cairo edn), ii, p. 30Google Scholar.

115 al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, El reino de Granada, p. 161, note 1Google Scholar.

116 “Calligraphy in al-Andalus”, in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, ed. by Jayyusi, Salma Khadra, Handbook of Oriental Studies, E.J. Brill (Leiden, 1992), p. 665 note 73Google Scholar.

117 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa, (Cairo edn), ii, p. 30Google Scholar.

118 al-Khaṭīb, Ibn, Iḥāṭa, (Cairo edn), ii, p. 30Google Scholar.

119 Khaldūn, Y. ibn, Bughyat al-ruwwād, ii, p. 40Google Scholar. Al-Maqqarī, , Azhār al-riyāḍ, i, pp. 243–5, ii, p. 46Google Scholar. Nafḥ al-ṭīb, viii, p. 294, x, 215, 217Google Scholar. al-‘Abbādī, A. Mukhtār, Elreino de Granada, pp. 158–9, notes 6 and 1Google Scholar.

120 Nufāḍa III, ed. Fāghiya, al-Sa‘adiyya (Casablanca, 1989), MS pp. 213–27, 227–90; pp. 275327Google Scholar. Gómez, E. Garcia, Foco, Arabic text, pp. 123–41, trans., pp. 142–69Google Scholar.