Ptychography and Related Diffractive Imaging Methods
Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
Ptychography is a nonholographic solution of the phase problem. It is a method of calculating the phase relationships between different parts of a scattered wave disturbance in a situation where only the magnitude (intensity or flux) of the wave can be physically measured. Its usefulness lies in its ability (like holography) to obtain images without the use of lenses, and hence to lead to resolution improvements and access to properties of the scattering medium (such as the phase changes
PTYCHOGRAPHY IN CONTEXT
In this section, we place ptychography in the context of other phase-retrieval methods in both historical and conceptual terms.
COORDINATES, NOMENCLATURE, AND SCATTERING APPROXIMATIONS
In this section, we set up the basic geometry of the ptychographical data set for both small and large angle scattering and for 2D and 3D object functions. We also briefly explore the breakdown of various scattering approximations. This background is useful in our discussions of the various experimental configurations of some principal variants of ptychography and how their associated methods of calculating the ptychographical image may or may not yield a useful representation of object
THE VARIANTS: DATA, DATA PROCESSING, AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this section, we briefly describe the relationship between the main variants of ptychography and present some examples of experimental results in the fields of visible light optical, hard X-ray, and high-energy electron radiation. As far as I am aware, there have been no experimental demonstrations of the “classical” forms of ptychography (as defined above) using subatomic wavelengths (high-energy electrons or X-rays) and employing only the minimal two diffraction patterns or illumination
CONCLUSIONS
The scope of this Chapter has been limited to a particular definition of the rarely used term ptychography. I believe the definition chosen is in the spirit of that intended by its inventor, Walter Hoppe. However, there is no doubt that I have stretched this definition to embrace some techniques that are more comprehensive than the original concepts outlined in Hoppe's 1969 papers. Indeed, my chosen formal definition excludes one of the techniques (the two-beam technique) published under the
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