ReviewBiomarkers of inflammation and endothelial function: The holy grail of experimental and clinical medicine?
Graphical abstract
The figure summarized the issues discussed in the review: human and rodent drug-induced vasculitides induce the release in the blood stream of a number of biomarkers, in part also present in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. The aim of current and future research will be to establish the analytical performance and specificity of these biomarkers in order to set a panel of them that may help in planning studies in humans and laboratory animals and improve diagnosis and prognostication in humans.
sE-selectin: soluble endothelial selectin; vWF: von Willebrand factor; MPO: myeloperoxidase; sPLA2: secretory phospholipase A2; Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PIGF: placental growth factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; PAPP-A: pregnancy-associated plasma peptide; sCD40L: soluble CD40 ligand; sP-selectin: soluble platelet selectin ; EMPs: endothelial microparticles; primary AAVs: associated small vessel vasculitis; DIVI: drug-induced vascular injury.
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