Selection of Avibacterium paragallinarum Page serovar B strains for an infectious coryza vaccine
Introduction
Infectious coryza is an important respiratory disease of chickens around the world. In parts of Asia, Africa, America and continental Europe, the disease causes marked economic losses due to the drop of egg production (10–40%) and increased culling rate in growing chickens (Blackall and Soriano-Vargas, 2013). The disease is characterized by acute respiratory signs, often with facial swelling and nasal discharge, accompanied by reduced egg production. When the infection is mixed with other pathogens, the disease becomes complicated (Blackall, 1999).
Infectious coryza is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (Blackall et al., 2005). Isolates of Av. paragallinarum can be serotyped by two inter-related Schemes – the Page scheme which recognizes serovars A, B and C (Page, 1962) and the Kume scheme which recognizes three serogroups (A, B and C) and nine serovars (A1–A4, B-1 and C1–C4) (Blackall et al., 1990a; Kume et al., 1983). Both schemes use a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test (Blackall et al., 1990b; Kume et al., 1983) and the Kume serogroups correspond to the Page serovars (Blackall et al., 1990a).
It is generally accepted that the Page or Kume serogroups represent three distinct immunovars (Blackall, 1999). A subsequent study showed that within serogroup A, there was generally good cross-protection among all four serovars. However, within serogroup C, there was evidence of a reduced level of cross-protection between some of the four serovars (Soriano et al., 2004). While there is only one Kume serovar B (B-1), there is evidence of only partial cross-protection among different serovar B isolates (Jacobs et al., 2003; Terzolo et al., 1997; Yamaguchi et al., 1991).
In China, Av. paragallinarum Page serovar B was first reported in 2003 (Zhang et al., 2003). After that, serovar B isolates were reported in Beijing and Tianjin (Miao De-yuan et al., 2006; Sun et al., 2005). In recent years, 28 isolates of Page serovar B were obtained from poultry in Beijing, Liaoning, Hebei, Guangdong, Shandong, Anhui, Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces. The infected flocks had been administered killed trivalent (A + B + C) or bivalent (A + C) infectious coryza vaccines, indicating that some cases were possibly associated with vaccine failure.
The aim of this study was to select candidate vaccine strains against Page serovar B Av. paragallinarum for use in China. The reference strain 0222 and five local Page serovar B isolates were used, and vaccination and challenge trials were conducted. Next, an experimental trivalent vaccine containing a candidate local Page serovar B strain was prepared to compare efficacy with two commercial trivalent vaccines.
Section snippets
Bacteria and media
The Av. paragallinarum Page serovar B reference strain (0222) and the Kume serovar C-1 reference strain (H-18) were kindly provided by Dr Blackall (The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia). As well, five NAD-dependent Page serovar B field isolates and a NAD-dependent Page serovar A field isolate were isolated from flocks that had been vaccinated with inactivated coryza vaccines. The origin of the strains/isolates is presented in Table 1. All these strains/isolates have
Selection of Page serovar B vaccine candidate
The five Page serovar B isolates used in this study were from poultry located in different areas of China and possibly from the coryza outbreaks associated with vaccine failure. In China, Page serovar B isolates of Av. paragallinarum has become the major serotype causing outbreaks of infectious coryza in recent years (Sun et al., 2012). Using a direct approach to select cross-protective vaccine candidates, therefore, will contribute to improvement of current vaccines.
Over the years, increasing
Conflict of interest
The authors of this research have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (grant number 6182010); National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2016YFD0500800).
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