Elsevier

Vaccine

Volume 37, Issue 12, 14 March 2019, Pages 1702-1709
Vaccine

Cross-protective efficacy of the O1 Manisa + O 3039 bivalent vaccine and the O 3039 monovalent vaccine against heterologous challenge with FMDV O/Jincheon/SKR/2014 in pig

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.080Get rights and content

Abstract

After massive foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks originated from Jincheon County from Dec. 2014 to Apr. 2015, the effectiveness of the previous FMD vaccine containing only the O1 Manisa as the O antigen, O1 Manisa + A Malaysia 97 + Asia 1 Sharmir trivalent vaccine, was questioned in South Korea, and a change in the O antigen in FMD vaccines was demanded to control the FMD caused by FMDV O/Jincheon/SKR/2014, the O Jincheon strain. Therefore, the efficacies of O1 Manisa + O 3039 bivalent vaccine and O 3039 monovalent vaccine were studied for cross-protection against heterologous challenge with the O Jincheon strain. In this study, the efficacy of the O1 Manisa + O 3039 bivalent vaccine was better than that of the O 3039 monovalent vaccine, even though the serological relationship (r1 value) between O Jincheon and O 3039 was matched according to the OIE Terrestrial Manual. According to serological test results from vaccinated specific pathogen free pigs, virus neutralization test titers against Jincheon were good estimates for predicting protection against challenge. A field trial of the O1 Manisa + O 3039 bivalent vaccine was performed to estimate the possibility of field application in conventional pig farms, especially due to concerns about the effect of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) in field application of the FMD vaccine. According to the result of the field trial, the O1 Manisa + O 3039 bivalent vaccine was considered to overcome MDA. The results of the efficacy and field trials indicated that the O1 Manisa + O3039 vaccine could be suitable to replace previous FMD vaccines to control the FMD field situation caused by O Jincheon FMDV.

Introduction

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of many cloven-hoofed animals, such as cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. FMD is caused by FMD virus (FMDV), which is a single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus (genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae), and consists of seven serotypes: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 [1]. Among the seven serotypes, O and A have been distributed globally, and the O type occurs most frequently worldwide. Serotype C was assumed to be extinct after the last outbreaks in Brazil and Kenya in 2004 [2], [3], [4].

Since 2000, 10 major FMD outbreaks have occurred in the Republic of Korea [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. On Nov. 28th, 2010, a FMD outbreak occurred in Andong city and spread nationwide, affecting 3,748 farms [6], [10]. A couple of weeks after the first outbreak in Andong city, Korean authorities renounced the stamping out policy and decided to use commercial FMD vaccines to control the outbreak due to the devastating nationwide spread of FMD [5].

Although FMD vaccines containing the O1 Manisa strain have been successfully used for nationwide mandatory vaccination in South Korea since 2011, the O1 Manisa strain was not effective in controlling the FMD situation of the Jincheon outbreak after Dec 2014 [8]. Therefore, O type strain changes in FMD vaccines were inevitable to reinforce the efficacy of the vaccine. Several vaccine efficacy studies were conducted to select the potential candidates to change the O type vaccine strains to prevent the sporadic FMD outbreaks in Korea.

In this study, the O1 Manisa + O 3039 bivalent vaccine (O1 Manisa + O 3039 vaccine) and O 3039 monovalent vaccine (O 3039 vaccine) were evaluated to determine their protective immunity against infection with the O/Jincheon/SKR/2014 (O Jincheon) strain in pigs. Additionally, a field trial of the O1 Manisa + O 3039 vaccine was conducted to evaluate the serological performance of the vaccine in the field.

Section snippets

Vaccine matching

When FMD occurs in Korea, the FMD samples are sent to the FMD World Reference Laboratory (WRL) at Pirbright, UK. We then receive the vaccine matching results from the test organizations. Vaccine matching was performed in the manner of a two-dimensional neutralization test described previously [11].

Challenge virus and cells used in the study

FMDV O/Jincheon/SKR/2014 (Mya-98 lineage strain) originated from the FMD outbreak in Jincheon County, Chungcheongbuk-do Province, in 2014. This isolate was propagated and titrated in bovine calf

Vaccine matching

According to results of the FMD WRL, the r1 value between the O1 Manisa strain and the O Jincheon strain was 0.10 ∼ 0.30, and the r1 value between the O 3039 strain and the O Jincheon strain was 0.42 ∼ 0.73.

Clinical signs

All vaccinated animals in group A and unvaccinated control animals were not protected against challenge. Of 5 pigs in group B, only 1 pig was protected. All vaccinated pigs in group C were protected. In unvaccinated control animals, lesions were observed starting at 3 days postchallenge

Discussion and conclusions

In general, one of the considerations to select the FMD vaccine strain is the r1 value between the vaccine strain and the field FMDV [15]. According to vaccine matching results reported by FMD WRL, the r1 values of O1 Manisa and O 3039 with the O Jincheon strain were 0.10 ∼ 0.30 and 0.42 ∼ 0.73, respectively. If the r1 value between the vaccine strain and the field virus is greater than 0.3, it is generally assumed that the vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection

Acknowledgments

We thank the staff of the Center for FMD Vaccine Research at the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA). This research was supported by a grant from the APQA’s National Animal Disease Research Project.

Grant sponsor: Supported by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk, Republic of Korea.

Conflict of interest

None.

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