Research of Correlation Between the Amount of Leukocyte in EPS and NIH-CPSI: Result From 1242 Men in Fangchenggang Area in Guangxi Province

doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.09.032

Urology

Volume 79, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 403-408

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2011.09.032 Get rights and content

Objective

To investigate the correlation between the leukocyte in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) and National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) in a large Chinese male population.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected from 1242 men who participated in the population-based Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES), which was carried out in Guangxi, China from September 2009 to December 2009. The severity and symptoms of chronic prostatitis were accessed by the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Meanwhile, the leukocyte in EPS was counted. Demographic information, lifestyle characteristic, and medical history were also obtained through questionnaire.

Results

There was no linear correlation between the leukocyte in EPS and NIH-CPSI scores in all subjects (n = 1242) (P >.05). Regardless of whether subjects had prostatitis-like symptoms (n = 107), there was no linear correlation between the leukocyte in EPS and NIH-CPSI scores (P >.05). After using chi-square tests linear-by-linear association, there were also no linear correlation between the leukocyte in EPS and NIH-CPSI scores (P >.05).

Conclusion

The results of this study have demonstrated that either in all subjects or in the subjects with prostatitis-like symptoms, there was no linear correlation between the leukocyte in EPS and the severity symptom. So the amount of leukocyte in EPS was unsuitable to apply as the only index of diagnosis, evaluating and observing curative effect. The index should be taken into account for a variety of factors. The improvement of clinical symptom and quality of life were the key points.

Section snippets

Study Population

The Male Health and Examination Survey in the Fangchenggang area in Guangxi was a population-based study conducted among noninstitutionalized Chinese men aged 17-88 years and was designed to investigate the effects of environmental and genetic factors and their interaction with the development of age-related chronic diseases. A comprehensive demographic and health survey was conducted among 4303 continuous men who participated in a large-scale physical examination in the Medical Examination

Principal Characteristics of the Participants

A total of 4303 individuals were recruited to the FAMHES from September 2009 to December 2009, and 3349 people completed the data collection interviews. The response rate was 77.8%. A total of 1242 men aged 17-88 years were included in the current cross-sectional study according to exclusion criteria. The mean age of all 1242 men participating in the event was 38.59 years. Age distribution and detail characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1.

The Result of NIH-CPSI

According to the evaluated

Comment

CP is caused by a variety of infective and noninfective factors and is characterized by a rather long remitting and relapsing clinical course.¹¹ However, the etiology and pathogens of CP are still not clear and treatment is often unsatisfactory to the patient.¹² Pontari et al¹³ hold that the symptoms of CP/CPPS appear to result from interaction between psychological factors and dysfunction in the immune, neurological, and endocrine systems.

In December 1995, the NIH proposed a new classification

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrated that whether in all subjects or in the subjects with prostatitis-like symptoms, there was no linear correlation between the amount of leukocytes in EPS and the severity of symptoms. So the amount of leukocytes in EPS was unsuitable to apply as the only index of diagnosis, evaluation, and observation of a curative effect. The index should be taken into account in a variety of factors. The improvement of clinical symptom and quality of life were the key

Acknowledgments

We express our sincere thanks to the local research teams from Fangchenggang First People's Hospital, Fangchenggang, China, for their contribution to the survey.

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Cited by (7)

Lifestyle and Risk of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in a Cohort of United States Male Health Professionals
2015, Journal of Urology
Citation Excerpt :
Similar to obesity, the literature on smoking and CP/CPPS is also conflicting. Two previous studies demonstrated positive associations for smoking status5,14 whereas the remaining 7 studies showed no associations for smoking status7,8,11,13,25,26 or pack-years smoked.12 However, like the aforementioned studies of body size, each of these studies was cross-sectional and many were small, did not adjust for potential confounders and considered fairly crude definitions of smoking (eg ever vs never).
Although chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a prevalent urological disorder among men of all ages, its etiology remains unknown. Only a few previous studies have examined associations between lifestyle factors and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, of which most were limited by the cross-sectional study design and lack of control for possible confounders. To address these limitations we performed a cohort study of major lifestyle factors (obesity, smoking and hypertension) and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome risk in the HPFS (Health Professionals Follow-up Study), a large ongoing cohort of United States based male health professionals.
The HPFS includes 51,529 men who were 40 to 75 years old at baseline in 1986. At enrollment and every 2 years thereafter participants have completed questionnaires on lifestyle and health conditions. In 2008 participants completed an additional set of questions on recent chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome pain symptoms modified from the NIH (National Institutes of Health)-CPSI (Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index) as well as questions on approximate date of symptom onset. The 653 participants with NIH-CPSI pain scores 8 or greater who first experienced symptoms after 1986 were considered incident chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome cases and the 19,138 who completed chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome questions but did not report chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome related pain were considered noncases.
No associations were observed for baseline body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, cigarette smoking and hypertension with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome risk (each OR ≤1.34).
In this large cohort study none of the lifestyle factors examined was associated with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome risk. As the etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome remains unknown, additional prospective studies are needed to elucidate modifiable risk factors for this common condition.
Sex Hormones Predict the Incidence of Erectile Dysfunction: From a Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study (FAMHES)
2015, Journal of Sexual Medicine
Citation Excerpt :
To further explore the cause–effect relationship between sex hormones and ED, we performed this prospective cohort study based on previous cross-sectional study [19] using data from the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES). Our analyses were based on the data from the FAMHES, a prospective cohort study designed to explore the effects of environment and genetic factors on age-related chronic diseases [20,21]. From September 2009 to December 2009, in Medical Center of Fangchenggang First People's Hospital, a comprehensive demographic and health survey was performed among 926 continuous men (aged 20–69) who underwent a large scale of physical examination in our baseline evaluation.
The decline of testosterone has been known to be associated with the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), but the causal relationship between sex hormones and ED is still uncertain.
To prove the association between sex hormones and ED, we carried out a prospective cohort study based on our previous cross-sectional study.
We performed a prospective cohort study of 733 Chinese men who participated in Fangchenggang Area Males Health and Examination Survey from September 2009 to December 2009 and were followed for 4 years. Erectile function was estimated by scores of the five-item International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF-5) and relative ratios (RRs) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Data were collected at follow-up visit and included sex hormone measurements, IIEF-5 scores, physical examination, and health questionnaires.
Men with the highest tertile of free testosterone (FT) (RR = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09–0.46) and the lowest tertile of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (RR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19–0.73) had decreased risk of ED. In young men (aged 21–40), a decreased risk was observed with the increase of FT and bioavailable testosterone (BT) (adjusted RR and 95% CI: 0.78 [0.67–0.92] and 0.75 [0.62–0.95], respectively). Total testosterone (TT) (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81–0.98) was inversely associated with ED after adjusting for SHBG, while SHBG (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06) remained positively associated with ED after further adjusting for TT. Men with both low FT and high SHBG had highest ED risk (adjusted RR = 4.61, 95% CI: 1.33–16.0).
High FT and BT levels independently predicted a decreased risk of ED in young men. Further studies are urgently needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of testosterone acting on ED. Luo Y, Zhang H, Liao M, Tang Q, Huang Y, Xie J, Tang Y, Tan A, Gao Y, Lu Z, Yao Z, Jiang Y, Lin X, Wu C, Yang X, and Mo Z. Sex hormones predict the incidence of erectile dysfunction: From a population-based prospective cohort study (FAMHES). J Sex Med 2015;12:1165–1174.
Distribution characteristics of leukocytes in EPS and correlation with serum PSA levels: Results from a Chinese male population survey
2013, Urology
Citation Excerpt :
The study was performed as a part of the Fangchenggang Area Male Healthy and Examination Survey from September to December 2009. Detailed information for the Fangchenggang Area Male Healthy and Examination Survey was previously reported.10 The present cross-sectional study was confined to men aged 20-69 years.
To explore the distribution characteristics of leukocytes in expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) in a large Chinese male population and the correlation with leukocytes and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.
From September to December 2009, EPS specimens were collected from 2504 men (age 20-69 years) who had undergone prostatic massage and were recruited from a large-scale community-based population survey in Southern China. The EPS specimens were divided into 5 categories according to the leukocyte count. The lifestyle and demographic characteristics were obtained by questionnaire. Asymptomatic and symptomatic men were defined according to the findings from the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index questionnaire.
EPS specimens were successfully collected from 1779 of the 2504 participants (71%). The degree of inflammation in the EPS specimens progressively increased with age, education, and body mass index (P <.001 for trend for all). A similar result was observed for men living with a partner compared with those living alone (P <.001) but not for men who smoked (P = .084) or consumed alcohol (P = .461). Moreover, a trend for PSA levels increasing progressively across leukocyte categories was observed (P <.001). The PSA levels were greater in all participants with inflammation than in those without (P <.001 for all) when inflammation was defined at 5+, 10+, and 20+ but not for 20+ in asymptomatic men and or not for 5+ and 10+ in symptomatic men.
The results of the present study have shown that the degree of inflammation in EPS progressively increases with increasing age, body mass index, and education. Moreover, an increase of leukocytes in the EPS specimen correlated with increasing PSA levels. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether the minor elevations have clinical significance for prostatitis assessment.
Proposal and thinking of renaming type Ⅲ prostatitis to prostate-pelvic syndrome
2020, Chinese Journal of Urology
Component analysis of prostatic calculi and the causes of calculus formation
2016, Biomedical Research (India)
Smoking is associated with acute and chronic prostatic inflammation: Results from the REDUCE study
2015, Cancer Prevention Research

View all citing articles on Scopus

: Hua Mi and Yong Gao have contributed equally to this work.

: Funding Support: The work described in this paper was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 30945204) and the Provincial departments of Finance and Education, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (grant No. 2009GJCJ150).

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Prostatic Diseases and Male Voiding DysfunctionResearch of Correlation Between the Amount of Leukocyte in EPS and NIH-CPSI: Result From 1242 Men in Fangchenggang Area in Guangxi Province

Objective

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

Section snippets

Study Population

Principal Characteristics of the Participants

The Result of NIH-CPSI

Comment

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

J Urol

J Urol

J Urol

J Urol

J Urol

Urology

Urology

J Urol

Urology

J Urol

Prog Urol

Prostatic Diseases and Male Voiding Dysfunction
Research of Correlation Between the Amount of Leukocyte in EPS and NIH-CPSI: Result From 1242 Men in Fangchenggang Area in Guangxi Province