ReviewPlatelet-derived bio-products: Classification update, applications, concerns and new perspectives
Section snippets
Background: an overview of platelet biology and key functional aspects
Platelets are circulating anucleate blood components (2−4 μm in diameter) and key players in maintaining hemostasis [1]. Platelets have a limited life-span in the circulation (around 7–12 days), and therefore, the right balance between platelet production (approximately 1011 platelets daily) and clearance must be tightly regulated [2]. In addition to their key role in hemostasis, many other functions have been attributed to platelets, such as immunomodulation or lymph and blood vessel
Not quite yet platelet rich plasma: fibrin and platelet-rich fibrin
Among the fibrinogen-based biomaterials, fibrin sealant (also called fibrin glue) is amongst the best-known. This product mimics the last step of the coagulation cascade through the activation of fibrinogen by the biologically active alpha thrombin, leading to the formation of a semisolid fibrin clot. Its network architecture provides the required scaffold to support tissues or materials, while retaining its hemostatic and healing properties [12]. It is widely used as a biodegradable tissue
Clinical uses of platelet-derived bio-products and concerns: does it work?
The effect of PRP on tissue regeneration has been supported by in vitro and in vivo studies that suggest a positive impact on the proliferation, differentiation and migration of several cell types. Its clinical use initially developed in the areas of dental and maxillofacial surgery. PRP and platelet-based biomaterials were found to accelerate endosseous wound healing in oral surgery [[32], [33], [34]]. Using these products combined with autologous and allogeneic bone grafts provides better
Classification of PRP products
As clinical technology products in development, the above-mentioned blood-products are prone to high variability that leads to different product types and compositions, due to a lack of consensus in the preparation method/application form or product characteristics (purity, content, quality) with severe impact on their potential clinical efficacy [39]. For example, just reviewing the literature on the use of PRP as intra-articular injury therapy, only around 5 % of the reports specify the type
Platelet-derived factors in tissue engineering and advanced therapies
To date, the most widely used animal serum supplement in cell culture is fetal bovine serum (FBS), which stimulates cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival of many cell types [90]. However, whenever a therapeutic approach requires cell culture, the use of animal-derived biomaterials is associated with different types of risks that should be avoided in order to abide by good manufacture procedure (GMP) requisites. In particular, a major concern is the immunogenicity associated with
Future perspectives in platelet applications
The harnessing of the biological functions of platelets to develop novel therapeutic strategies has been widely explored in the last few years. In this section we will focus on the most important advances in the field, opening up new methodologies and applications of platelets and their derived bio-products.
Final remarks/conclusions
While there is a tremendous expansion of the use of platelet-derived bio-products for various purposes in the clinic, the clinicians in favour equal the sceptic ones. The use of different nomenclatures and the lack of information in reported works make it difficult not only to obtain data on effectiveness, but also on such an important aspect as safety. Most products, especially PRP products, are used (in some countries) in an autologous manner, which minimizes the risk of infectious disease
Funding
LG is supported by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2013-12587, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad – Spain) and an I+D Excellence Research Project (SAF2017-85489-P, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Spain – and Fondos FEDER). AAH is supported by a postdoctoral ISPA 2018 intramural fellowship.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Platelet-rich plasma, their growth factors, cytokines and clinical use
2022, Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine: History, Techniques, Frontiers, and ApplicationsUmbilical cord blood: Current uses for transfusion and regenerative medicine
2020, Transfusion and Apheresis ScienceCitation Excerpt :Moreover, the UCB-platelet derivative use is supported by several in vitro data, below summarized. UCB-platelet derivatives revised in this study include platelet-rich plasma bio-products (gel and lysate), and serum containing platelet factors [10]. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) emerged amongst the most innovative autologous blood products used to enhance tissue healing and regeneration and can be defined as a portion of the plasma fraction with a platelet concentration above the baseline (i.e. before the centrifugation) [9].
A compound of concentrated growth factor and periodontal ligament stem cell-derived conditioned medium
2020, Tissue and CellCitation Excerpt :In recent years, the application of platelet-derived bio-products like platelet-rich-plasma (PRP), plasma-rich in growth factors (PRGF), or platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) from the patient's own blood in periodontal regeneration has received much attention. Alpha-granules in platelets contain various growth factors which can be released by platelets activation and stimulate tissue regeneration (Acebes-Huerta et al., 2019). Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is the latest introduced form of platelet derivative that contains thick fibrin matrix and a high amount of growth factors and cytokines.
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Equal contribution.